煤炭地下气化炉选址的地质影响因素

煤炭地下气化是对传统采煤技术的变革,气化炉选址是煤炭地下气化能否成功的先决条件。基于煤炭地下气化的研究进展和存在的问题,分析煤炭地下气化原理和气化炉选址的地质影响因素,重点分析煤级、煤层、地下水、围岩、构造等地质条件。结果表明:褐煤最适合地下气化;地下气化煤厚度应大于2 m、煤层倾角小于70°、埋深300~2 000 m适宜。同时,煤炭地下气化过程可能会对地下水造成污染,地下水涌入气化盘区也会导致气化失败;煤炭地下气化容易引起围岩破裂,造成地下水贯入气化区以及地表沉降;煤炭地下气化炉选址应避开构造复杂区域;地下气化可能会影响附近含水层微生物的活性,破坏地下生态环境系统。      

煤炭地下气化地质可行性和工艺适用性研究现状与进展

煤炭地下气化技术(UCG)是一种潜在的煤炭利用新方法,对于缓解我国能源危机,保障国家能源安全,实现碳达峰碳中和的“双碳”目标具有重大意义,其探索研究一直受到世界各国的重视。针对UCG资源条件的适宜性、工艺技术的可行性、环境影响的可控性3个方面,综述了煤炭地下气化技术的发展现状,阐明了适合UCG技术的煤炭资源储量情况、地质选区选址技术的不同标准、气化工艺的发展历程与适用条件、影响气化实施的工程与环境因素。分析认为,UCG的地质选区技术多为定性分析特定地质条件下的有利区,缺乏定量化的指标体系和方法,并且主要针对浅部和中部煤层,评价体系有待完善,特别是多煤层地区和深部煤层的开发;环境因素对于UCG产业化发展的影响越来越大,将是未来研究的主要方向之一。      

煤炭地下气化技术及其应用前景

煤炭地下气化是一种煤炭原位开采技术。文中介绍了煤炭地下气化的工艺过程、技术特征、技术发展历程及其应用前景,特别强调煤炭地下气化应用过程的科学选址及地下水污染防控问题。煤炭地下气化的析气过程是基于煤岩混杂的渗滤通道反应,包含沿径向及沿轴向的煤气化反应过程。随气化通道扩展形成单个稳定气化周期。基于长距离定向钻井及连续油管的移动注气点后退气化工艺,奠定了煤炭地下气化商业化应用的技术基础。地下气化煤气可用于燃气蒸汽联合循环发电,并逐步用作化工原料气。通过科学选址并采取地下水污染防控措施,可以使煤炭地下气化成为新一代的绿色化学采煤技术,具有广阔的应用前景。     

国内外煤炭地下气化技术现状及新奥攻关进展

介绍了国内外煤层地下气化的发展状况及最新进展,阐明了煤炭地下气化的优越性及技术发展过程中的坎坷历程,指出煤炭地下气化（UCG）是解决传统煤炭开采方法存在的一系列技术和环境问题的重要途径。介绍了新奥无井式煤炭地下气化技术攻关成果,展望了地下气化采煤的前景。     

江苏省煤炭资源现状及开发利用建议

通过对江苏省煤炭资源特征及利用现状分析,在安全、高效、环保优先的前提下,建议选择新兴煤炭地下气化高新技术,开启江苏省煤炭资源开发利用的新模式,详细分析了采用煤炭地下气化高新技术开发利用江苏省煤炭资源的五大优点,为江苏省煤炭资源开发利用探求一条新路子。     

Experimental Investigation on Coal Deterioration Deformation Mechanism and Energy Evolution Law after High Temperature Pre-damage

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Deep coals are generally in a high geothermal environment, and when UCG (underground coal gasification) is carried out, the long-term high temperature...     

Laboratory testing and numerical simulation of properties and thermal-induced cracking of Eibenstock granite at elevated temperatures

The knowledge about thermo-mechanical properties of granite is still limited to some extent. Individual measurements are necessary to obtain reliable properties for specific granite types. A reliable numerical model of thermal cracking behaviours of granite exposed to extreme high temperatures (e.g. 800–1000 °C) is missing. In this study, the impact of temperature up to 1000 °C on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties as well as thermo-mechanical coupled behaviour of Eibenstock granite was investigated by laboratory testing and numerical simulations. The physical properties including mineral composition, density, P-wave velocity, and open porosity are measured to be temperature dependent. Uniaxial compression and Brazilian tests were carried out to measure uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Young’s modulus, stress–strain relationship, and tensile strength of Eibenstock granite before and after thermal treatment, respectively. Thermal properties including specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and linear thermal expansion coefficient are also measured and found to be temperature dependent, especially the expansion coefficient which shows a steep increase around 573 °C as well as at 870 °C. The numerical simulation code FLAC^3D was used to develop a numerical scheme to simulate the thermal-induced damage of granite at high temperatures. Statistical methods combined with real mineral composition were used to characterize the heterogeneity of granite. The numerical model is featured with reliable temperature-dependent parameters obtained from laboratory tests. It can well reproduce the laboratory results in form of thermal-induced micro- and macrocracks, as well as the stress–strain behaviour and the final failure pattern of Eibenstock granite after elevated temperatures up to 1000 °C. The simulation results also reveal that the thermal-induced microcracks are randomly distributed across the whole sample. Although most thermal-induced damages are tensile failures, shear failure begins to develop quickly after 500 °C. The obvious UCS reduction in granite due to heating is mainly caused by the increase in shear failure. The simulation also shows that the dominant impact of α–β quartz transition is widening pre-existing cracks rather than the formation of new microcracks.

     

煤化作用与构造 热事件的耦合效应研究——盆地动力学过程的地质记录

煤是一种对温度、压力等地质环境因素特别敏感的有机岩。煤化作用实质上是煤与外界进行能量和物质交换的一个开放系统。地质历史演化过程中的各种构造 热事件必然导致煤发生一系列物理、化学、结构和构造变化,煤中有机组分和无机组分在各种地质营力作用下迁移、分异和改造,从而影响煤层现今赋存状况、煤化程度和煤质特征,在一定程度上记录了沉积盆地动力学过程的地质信息。文中介绍了国内外在煤化作用与构造 热事件的耦合效应方面的研究进展,讨论了存在的问题,提出了重点研究课题。     

煤炭地下气化过程中顶板岩层移动特征的研究

采用热弹塑性模型,运用有限元软件,对煤炭地下气化的整个过程进行模拟,得出了煤炭地下气化过程中顶板岩层不同位置处的位移,并将其结果与传统煤炭开采的结果进行对比。结果表明:煤炭地下气化和煤炭开采过程中,顶板岩层移动曲线符合负指数函数关系;煤炭气化顶板岩层下沉速度比煤炭开采下沉速度快,且垂直位移较大;离煤层顶板越近,垂直位移越大,特别是直接顶位移急剧增大。     

趋势面分析法圈定氡异常

测氡技术能有效圈定煤炭气化燃空区范围。为了准确圈定氡异常的位置和范围,采用趋势面分析方法,以不同次数的多项式拟合氡元素的整体分布趋势;基于拟合度分析和F分布检验确定最佳趋势面多项式的次数,在此基础上进行残差(剩余)分析,识别局部异常,进而圈定氡值异常范围。以内蒙乌兰察布新奥集团煤炭地下气化燃空区测氡数据为例,验证了该分析方法在圈定地下气化燃空区范围方面的可行性。结果表明:该方法圈定的氡异常与验证钻孔点吻合程度好,明显优于使用传统方法圈定氡异常的方法,为低放射性地区氡异常的圈定提供了一种快速、简单并且有效的方法。      

Thermogravimetric and model-free kinetic studies on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> gasification of low-quality,high-sulphur Indian coals

Coal gasification with CO₂ has emerged as a cleaner and more efficient way for the production of energy, and it offers the advantages of CO₂ mitigation policies through simultaneous CO₂ sequestration. In the present investigation, a feasibility study on the gasification of three low-quality, high-sulphur coals from the north-eastern region (NER) of India in a CO₂ atmosphere using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA) has been made in order to have a better understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics in the process of gasification of coal. Model-free kinetics was applied to determine the activation energies (E) and pre-exponential factors (A) of the CO₂ gasification process of the coals. Multivariate non-linear regression analyses were performed to find out the formal mechanisms, kinetic model, and the corresponding kinetic triplets. The results revealed that coal gasification with CO₂ mainly occurs in the temperature range of 800^°–1400^°C and a maximum of at around 1100^°C. The reaction mechanisms responsible for CO₂ gasification of the coals were observed to be of the ‘nth order with autocatalysis (CnB)’ and ‘nth order (Fn) mechanism’. The activation energy of the CO₂ gasification was found to be in the range 129.07–146.81 kJ mol^?1.     

A fully coupled numerical modeling to investigate the role of rock thermo-mechanical properties on reservoir uplifting in steam assisted gravity drainage

One of the crucial consequences of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is abnormal reservoir uplifting under thermal steam injection, which can significantly influence the reservoir rock deformation, specifically thin bed reservoirs and causes intensive failures and fractures into the cap rock formations. A thorough understanding of the influences of rock thermo-mechanical properties on reservoir uplifting plays an important role in preventing those aforementioned failures within design and optimization process in SAGD. In addition, coupling of reservoir porous medium and flowing of specific fluid with temperature as an additional degree of freedom with initial pore pressure and in-situ stress condition, are also very challenging parts of geomechanical coupled simulation which would be clearly explained. Thus, a fully coupled thermo-poro-elastic geomechanical model with finite element codes was performed in ABAQUS to investigate the role of rock thermo-mechanical parameters on reservoir vertical uplift during steam injection. It is clearly observed that, any increase in rock thermo-mechanical properties specifically rock’s thermal properties such as specific heat, thermal expansion, and formation’s thermal conductivity, have significant influences on reservoir uplift. So by coupling the temperature as an additional degree of freedom with the coupled pore-fluid stress and diffusion finite element model of SAGD process, the more realistic simulation will be conducted; hence, the errors related to not having heat as an additional degree of freedom will be diminished. In addition, Young’s modulus and specific heat are the rock thermo-mechanical parameters which have the maximum and minimum effects on the reservoir uplift, respectively.     

煤中硫的地质特征和洁净煤技术的发展(英文)

媒中硫的含量大都由煤层的沉积环境控制,并取决于成煤物质是否曾受过海水影响及其受海水影响的程度。煤中硫的含量对于煤的有效利用甚为重要。这主要是因为燃煤时有相当量的二氧化硫释放到大气中造成对环境有害的酸雨。因此,煤层中硫的分布和地质特征是评估煤的品质及解决有关环境问题的一个重要参数。洁净煤技术是为了有效解决能源需求并减少用煤对环境的影响而发展起来的。它包括煤燃烧前的洁净方法（物理、化学和微生物的煤洁净法）、烟气脱硫、吸附剂喷撒和各种媒燃烧技术（流化床、气化联合循环等）。     

掘进巷道过断层漏顶区域的施工工艺研究

清水营煤矿岩体节理与裂隙发育,富水性较好,属于典型的＂三软＂煤层。工作面推进过程中顶板易碎、易冒;煤层开采中,软岩巷道稳定性控制与支护问题,严重制约了该矿井的安全生产。该矿在掘进巷道过断层时,发生突发性漏顶事故,致使巷道停掘。在分析了研究区岩性、构造、地球物理特征以及煤岩的物理力学参数的基础上,针对现场地质条件变化先后采取了两套施工方案对漏顶区进行加固。最终依靠方案二获得了成功,即采用对掘进迎头冒顶区采用水泥、水玻璃浆液加固冒顶区,并对冒空区采用马丽散泡沫充填。施工完成后从迎头退后36m起底,由冒顶区下部通过。现场实践证明,方案二具备安全性与经济性,可为＂三软＂条件下的巷道开采系统设计、岩层控制、安全回采提供地质保障与技术支持。     

煤炭地下气化地质选区指标体系构建及有利区评价技术

为厘清影响煤炭地下气化的地质因素,构建科学的地质指标评价体系,对影响煤炭地下气化的七大类地质条件、41个次级地质指标进行了系统分析和分级量化,建立了地质选区指标体系;根据对选区的重要程度,将各地质指标分为基本地质指标（A）和关键地质指标（B）两类,基于这两大类指标,提出了两种新的煤炭地下气化有利区定量评价方法,精细型（A+B）和通用型（B）;利用专家打分法和层次分析法确定了这两种评价方法中所涉及到的地质指标权重;依据资源、开采技术、区域构造和环境四大类条件,厘定了评价结果的定性分级方案;综合定量评价和定性分级,提出了有利区优选的一般步骤,最终形成了一套完整的煤炭地下气化有利区评价技术体系.该评价技术体系的有效应用,可为煤炭地下气化科学选址和产业化进程推进提供重要理论支撑.      

宁东矿区气化渣基膏体充填材料性能优化研究

宁东矿区作为黄河流域的9个亿吨煤基地之一,年产出煤基固废近2×108 t且气化渣堆存量大、规模化利用困难、简单填埋处理空间有限,充填开采能解决空间堆存难题,但成本高、性能亟待优化。根据响应面法设计气化渣在固体中的掺量(A)、气化渣与水泥质量比(B)、料浆含量(C)3因素3水平共17组中心组合实验,对气化渣基膏体充填材料的坍落度、扩展度、7和14 d单轴抗压强度等性能进行了对比优化研究。实验前使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对原料的成分及微观形态进行观测分析,试块单轴压缩后通过SEM观测分析水化作用特点,揭示强度形成机制。综合强度和流动性得到最优配比及其性能特征为：A为48%,B为3,C为80%,脱硫石膏∶煤矸石∶炉底渣的质量按2∶1∶1配制,其7、14 d强度分别为1.15、2.41 MPa,坍落度为133 mm,扩展度为325.5 mm,坍落度与扩展度的比值为0.41。进一步基于响应面法分析得到7、14 d强度的单影响因素按显著性排序分别为：B>C=A、B>A>C;7、14 d强度的交互影响因素按显著性排序分别为：BC>AB>AC、AB&g...     

An improved permeability model of coal for coalbed methane recovery and CO2 geosequestration

An alternative approach is proposed to develop an improved permeability model for coalbed methane (CBM) and CO₂-enhanced CBM (ECBM) recovery, and CO₂ geosequestration in coal. This approach integrates the textural and mechanical properties to describe the anisotropy of gas permeability in coal reservoirs. The model accounts for the stress dependent deformation using a stress–strain correlation, which allows determination of directional permeability for coals. The stress–strain correlation was developed by combining mechanical strain with sorption-induced strain for any given direction. The mechanical strain of coal is described by the general thermo-poro-elastic constitutive equations for solid materials under isothermal conditions and the sorption-induced strain is approximated by treating the swelling/shrinkage of coal matrix equivalent to the thermal contraction/expansion of materials. With directional strains, the permeability of coal in any given direction can be modeled based on the theory of rock hydraulics. In this study, the proposed model was tested with both literature data and experiments. The experiments were carried out using a specially designed true tri-axial stress coal permeameter (TTSCP). The results show that the proposed model provides better predictions for the literature data compared with other conventional coal permeability models. The model also gives reasonable agreement between the predicted and measured stress–strains and directional permeabilities under laboratory conditions.     

基于广义SMP破坏准则的柱形孔扩张问题理论分析

采用应力跌落的简化应力-应变模型考虑土的应变软化特性,同时采用简化的体积应变?v与大主应变?1及大主应变?1与小主应变?3之间的相互关系反映土的剪胀特性,根据空间准滑动面(SMP)理论和平面应变轴对称问题的柱形孔扩张基本方程,推导并给出一般黏性土中柱形孔扩张问题的应力场、应变场、位移场、塑性区半径和孔扩张压力。通过算例分析,探讨了土的剪胀因素、软化特性对孔扩张问题的影响程度。为了反映中主应力的影响,将本文解与基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的解答进行了比较。计算结果表明,土的剪胀性和软化特性及中主应力对孔扩张问题的影响是显著的,基于Mohr－Coulomb破坏准则的孔扩张解答往往偏于保守。     

Regional and economic geology of Pennsylvanian age coal beds of West Virginia

West Virginia is the only place in the United States where an entire section of Pennsylvanian age (Upper Carboniferous) strata can be seen. These strata occur within a wedge of rock that thins to the north and west from the southeastern part of the State. The progressive north-northwesterly termination of older Pennsylvanian geologic units beneath younger ones prominently outlines the center of the Appalachian basin of West Virginia. Over most of West Virginia, Lower and/or Middle Pennsylvanian strata unconformably overly Upper Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) strata. Sediment deposition was accomplished by a complex system of deltas prograding north and west from an eastern and southeastern source area.More than 100 named coal beds occur within the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of West Virginia and at least 60 of these have been or are currently being mined commercially. Collectively, these coal beds account for original in-ground coal resources of almost 106.1×10⁹ t (117×10⁹ tons). West Virginia ranks fourth in the United States in demonstrated coal reserves. In 1988, West Virginia produced 131.4×10⁶ t (144.9×10⁶ T) of coal, third highest in the United States. Of this annual production, 75% was from underground mines. In 1988, West Virginia led the nation in the number of longwall mining sections currently in place. West Virginia's low-volatile coal beds are known worldwide as important metallurgical-grade coals, while the higher-volatile coal beds are utilized primarily for steam production.     

Syngas production from South African coal sources using Sasol–Lurgi gasifiers

Sasol has been operating the Sasol–Lurgi fixed bed coal gasification process for more than fifty years, and with ninety seven units in operation still remains the world's largest commercial application of this technology. The combined operational and engineering expertise vested in Sasol represents a formidable capability in the field of coal and gasification science. Coal is a crucial feedstock for South Africa's unique synfuels and petrochemicals industry, and is used by Sasol as a feedstock to produce synthesis gas (CO and H₂) via the Sasol–Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom gasification process.South Africa, as well as many other countries in the world, will for many years to come rely on its abundant coal resources for energy and specifically for the production of petrochemical products. Synthesis gas production through gasification is growing at a rate of approximately 10% per annum [Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Gasification Technologies Council, 2000. Gasification: Worldwide use and acceptance. Contract DE-AMO1-98FE65271], indicating that gasification is definitely not a dying technology. The Sasol plants located in Secunda and Sasolburg (South Africa) gasify > 30 million tons per annum of bituminous coal to synthesis gas, which is converted to fuels and chemicals via the Fischer–Tropsch process. The production of chemicals is currently the dominant application for synthesis gas, followed by power generation, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and gaseous fuels.Sasol–Lurgi gasifiers are extremely robust devices, and coal from sources with widely varying properties (e.g. ash content < 10% to as high as 35% or “brown coal” with moisture content of approximately 30%) can be gasified provided that certain operational changes are implemented. Other properties, like high caking propensity for example, require blending to acceptable levels and /or mechanical modifications. Interpretation of coal characterization data gives an indication of expected gasifier performance and the suitability of a specific coal source for Sasol–Lurgi Fixed Bed Gasification process. It is therefore critically important to gain an accurate and fundamental understanding of the properties and expected behavior of the targeted coal feedstock in order to (1) prepare a suitable conceptual flow scheme and (2) to maximize the eventual probability of success in any proposed gasification venture and (3) to optimize the operation and profitability of existing plants and (4) effectively address the environmental aspects.It is the view of the authors that fixed bed gasification technology has a bright future in the areas mentioned above and that Sasol has a unique role in the future application and commercialization of gasification technology globally. The unique skills of Sasol could however be complementary to those of other parties who share our view on the future of gasification and related technologies.