红青三维立体地形地质图的制作及其地质应用

应用红青滤色三维立体图对制作立体地形图是一个十分重要而简单的方法。文中简述了红青滤色立体图的原理,应用SRTM-DEM数据制作红青滤色三维立体地形图,结合地质图获得红青滤色三维立体地形地质图。立体地形地质图是地质填图成果的直观形象,是活动构造地貌研究的重要工具。     

基于DEM视立体图合成制作方法的比对分析

传统地质图以二维地质图为主,然而在环境、地灾、水文等各类专题图件上,带有实际地形起伏的假三维叠加图件,其辨识度更高、可读性更强。视立体图是一种基于DEM的具有显著正立体视觉效果的二维地质图,地形变化直观,地质信息空间特征清晰易读。文章对视立体图这一图面表达方式的精准配准及合成原理上进行了分析,总结了基于DEM的多种地质图件视觉表达方法,并结合MapGIS、ArcGIS和Envi等GIS软件对视立体图的制作方法进行了对比研究,剖析了各种方法的使用条件及视觉表达效果。     

基于VRML的网上虚拟地质地形的实现

三维地质图网上浏览的关键在于如何基于现有网络快速实现三维地形.探讨如何利用VRML技术在Internet上实现虚拟地形图,并介绍VRML的主要特点以及虚拟地形实现的关键技术.     

MAPGIS格式地形图图切剖面绘制的又一种方法

本文给出了利用南方CASS7．0软件改造MAPGIS格式地形地质图,在其基础上图切勘探线剖面的另外一种绘制方法。     

云南羊拉铜矿三维地质建模及储量计算

以云南羊拉铜矿的断层、地层、岩体、矿体为研究对象,在分析研究建模技术方案的基础上,依据收集到的钻孔柱状图、勘探线剖面图、中段地质图和地形地质图,结合野外踏勘与认识,利用Micromine软件建立了研究区的地形、地层、断层以及矿体的三维实体模型,直观展示了区内地表、断层、地层、岩体以及矿体的空间展布以及相互的空间位置关系。运用克里格法对里农矿段的铜矿体进行品位估值,获得了矿体的储量。     

地质图件与矿产资源数据库系统(GS系统)简介

这里介绍的“地质图件处理系统和矿产资源数据库管理系统”(简称GS系统),是美国地质调查局80年代末期开发的计算机图形处理软件。它适应于IBM PC系列微机及绘图仪、数字化仪等设备。与同类系统相比,该系统硬件配置成本低,应用范围广,操作简单。它既可处理一般的地质图、地形地质图、剖面图、柱状图、异常定位定点图及一些其它地质图件,也可处理小比例尺地图。当系统具有较高级的硬件配置时,这些图件可达到出版要求。GS系统     

地质模型制作法

地质模型是按照地质图,把一个地形缩小到一定的大小,并将地质图上所表明的地质情况用立体模型表示出来。具体的说就是先做出地形模型,然后加做断层和填绘各种代表地质情况的符号或颜色。在制作过程中工作虽然很简单,但手续却非常细致,因此在制作任何部分时,都不能草率,尤其是在计算垂直此     

重庆沙坪坝穹窿层地质

重庆附近沙坪壩穹窿层构造,历经四川省地质调查所派买调查,认为有产生油气之可能,惟详细地形及地贸测勘尚付缺如,作者等奉命办理此项工作,于四月初开始,至六月中旬始告完成,计测制五千分之一地形地质图一幅,理想油田构造图     

如何使用AutoGAD 2004编制图切剖面图

MAPGIS和AutoCAD 2004是地质勘查行业使用较为广泛的数字制图软件,二者各有优劣。本文介绍了一种在MAPGIS制作完成的地形地质图上,利用AutoCAD 2004制图程序完成图切剖面图编制的方法。     

利用DEM进行地形高程剖面分析的新方法

地形分析是地质地貌研究的重要手段,是以地形、地质图,数字图像资料以及详细野外地质调查等为研究基础,在新构造研究中,特别是活动构造地貌研究中占有举足轻重的地位。进行地形地貌分析研究,主要包括高程剖面分析,坡度、坡向分析以及流域分析等。     

MapGIS K9软件在数字地质图中的应用

从制图的角度,结合工作实践阐述了MapGISK9在地形地质图的绘制、图形数据库的建立等方面的应用.使制图专业人员对MapGIS K9软件更加了解,并对其基本功能与应用由感性上升到理性认识,从而更好地掌握MapGIS K9,提高制图质量及精度要求.     

A Preliminary Study of Classification Method on Lunar Topography and Landforms

Lunar topography and landform, resulting from endogenous and exogenous geophysical processes of various spatial and temporal scales, carry information of these processes and target properties. Geoscientists use morphometric analysis at different scales to study lunar topography, which is one of the four scientific objectives of China's lunar exploration project. This article first reviewed the lunar topographic types from different researchers, analyzed classifying method and progress, discussed geological mapping method of 1∶ 5 000 000 complied by United States Geological Survey in the 1970s. In consideration of the present situation of the lunar surface morphological characteristics, the pattern of macroscopic forcing, morphologic variation and combination characteristics and function way, etc., a matrix combining multi-stage classification method was put forward based on the characteristics of the topography and geologic age, which included 7 geologic ages and 14 morphologic classes. Geological ages can be divided into Copernican System (C), Copernican-Eartosthenian System (CE), Eartosthenian System (E), Eartosthenian-Imbrian System (EI), Imbrian System (I), Imbrian-PreImbrian System (IpI) and Pre-Imbrian System (pI). As to topographic types, the first class can be divided into lunar mare, lunar basin, lunar terra and lunar crater. As to their second class according to morphological differences, the lunar basin can be divided into basin plain and circum-basin, and lunar mare can be divided into mare plain and mare dome; lunar terra can be divided into terra plain, plateau and hill, and craters can be divided into main sequence crater, crater plain, secondary crater, crater chains and clusters, rayed craters, irregular crater and undivided crater. Thus, 46 subclasses including geologic and morphologic features were obtained in this classification system. The test mapping method was addressed in Sheet H010, which shows the combination classification method is reasonable.     

航空摄影测量影像定向的若干探讨

简要叙述了现行航空摄影测量的作业模式和关键技术要求,分析了直接利用航摄像片外方位元素恢复立体模型所得到的目标点物空间位置精度以及模型点的上下视差。经对带有双频动态GPS数据的1∶2 500～1∶60 000各种摄影比例尺的覆盖多种地形航摄像片的试验表明,由摄影测量加密所获取的影像外方位元素可直接用于4D产品生产中的影像定向,而由POS系统提供的影像外方位元素还难以直接用于摄影测量测图。      

欧美国家地质填图的理念、管理与战略

欧美国家地质填图历史悠久,地质填图一直被各国地调机构视为一项十分重要的工作。从其发展规律、理念、管理与战略几个方面探讨了欧美国家地质填图的主要特点,认为欧美国家地质填图的核心理念200年来没有改变,其经验值得学习借鉴。     

Constraining Surface Interpolations Using Elastic Plate Bending Solutions with Applications to Geologic Folding

Geologic surface interpolations can be augmented by adding physical constraints to available data. Here a method is outlined that allows one to constrain surface interpolations for two geologic surfaces based on the apparent thickness of the bounded layer. The resulting interpolation scheme is posed as a quadratic programming in which the interpolation of each surface is solved approximately and subject to linear constraints on the apparent thickness. Results can be further improved by adding cubic polynomials to the interpolating functions to regularize the problem. In one-dimensional interpolations of geologic folds, the method improves the results over unconstrained interpolations by eliminating interpenetrations (negative apparent thicknesses) and regions of small apparent thicknesses. In a two-dimensional application for the monocline at Raplee Ridge, UT, the capability of this method is illustrated by overcoming interpenetration of two surfaces, the tops of the Mendenhall oil sand and the Unnamed limestone. The minimum curvature spline interpolation is applied to topographic data taken from an airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) survey and interpolated by detailed geologic mapping. This method can be extended to allow for multiple layers.     

Application of Digital Elevation Model in the geological mapping of the coastal plain of Tianjin

Tianjin coastal plain is flat and its landform is not easy to be divided. The grain size of the sediments is fine, with poor remote sensing interpretation accuracy and field identification, which leads to weak geological map expression effect by the traditional geological survey method. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a digital representation of the topographic surface and it has 3D visual information that cannot be expressed by the general topographic map, which can truly reflect the features of the landform. The authors divided the geomorphic units of shallow sediments during the geological mapping process of Tianjin coastal plain based on DEM and the geological survey of the route, the construction of the shallow groove drilling and the sample testing. The shallow sediments can be divided into three sedimentary systems: fluvial sedimentary system, transgression sedimentary systm and deltaic sedimentary system. The fluvial sedimentary system includes several genetic types of point bar, oxbow lake, crevasse splay, natural levee, flood basin and lake marsh. And the transgression sedimentary system can be divided into beach ridge, overland fan, high tide flat, residual lagoon, while the deltaic sedimentary system includes the delta front. DEM can fully make up for the shortage of remote sensing images after the comparative analysis with the results of remote sensing interpretation of different types. Besides, DEM can also be used for the detailed genetic classification of the shallow sediments and improve the cognition about shallow geological process, which will guide the field mapping. The application of high-precision DEM data to the geological mapping on the covered areas of quaternary system can greatly improve the mapping accuracy and efficiency, and provide basic geological support for urban ecological security, territorial space planning and industrial structure layout.     

数字高程模型在天津滨海平原区地质填图中的应用

天津市滨海平原地区地势平坦,地貌类型不易划分,沉积物粒度较细,遥感解译精度及实地可识别性差,按照传统的地质调查方法开展填图,图面表达效果不佳。数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM)是地形的数字化表达,具有一般地形图无法表达的三维可视化信息,能够真实反映地形地貌特征。在开展天津滨海平原地质填图过程中,通过建立研究区DEM,并结合路线地质调查、槽型浅钻施工、样品测试分析,进行了地貌单元划分,将浅地表沉积物划分为河流、海侵和三角洲3个沉积体系: 河流沉积体系包含边滩(曲流砂坝)、充填河槽(牛轭湖)、决口扇、天然堤、洪泛盆地和湖沼沉积微相; 海侵沉积体系包含海滩脊、越岸扇、高潮坪和残留潟湖沉积微相; 三角洲沉积体系主要为三角洲前缘沉积。通过与不同类型遥感解译结果进行对比分析可知,DEM可充分弥补遥感影像的不足,对浅地表沉积物进行详细的成因类型划分,提升对浅地表地质作用过程的认知程度,较好地指导野外地质填图。将高精度DEM数据应用于第四系覆盖区地质填图,可以大大提高填图精度及效率,为城市生态安全保障、国土空间规划、产业结构布局等提供基础地质依据。     

1：5万数字地质填图标准图幅及背景图层制作技巧

1：5万数字地质填图,按照规范要求需要1：2.5万地形图作底图。因此,工作中需要制作1：2.5万标准图幅框与地形图匹配作为野外填图手图。本文就1：2.5万标准图幅制作、不同比例尺之间的投影转换及地形图比例参数设置等问题进行详细说明。     

数字区域地质调查系统技术研究

数字区域地质调查是地质调查主流程信息化迫切需要解决的问题。也是世界先进国家区调工作的普遍趋势，根据世界先进国家在野外地质调查与填图采集技术方面的研究现状，结合我国实际，基于3S技术野外地质调查与填图信息化的新一代野外数据采集（器）技术，从改变传统的填图手段、提高研究精度和程度、加快研究周期、改变成果表现形式的技术方法着手，对野外地质调查与填图数字化采集技术、数据模型、技术流程、实现的工具与方法等进行了初步探讨。     

基于FLAC~(3D)的复杂地貌三维地质建模

针对复杂地貌和地质构造条件下数值模拟的建模问题,基于FLAC3D平台提出了从局部到整体的建模思想,采用Brick单元和Tetrahedron单元通过编程生成复杂地貌条件下的三维地质体模型。利用趋势面分析法拟合出层状连续地质体,将其定义为不同的"群",建立了多层状三维地质体结构模型。采用interface界面模拟出了断层面,并与趋势面相结合,构建了断层上下盘中的地层。认为通过数学分析结合计算机编程,可以实现直接在FLAC3D中进行复杂地貌和地质构造条件下的地质体建模。