鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴地区海陆过渡相页岩气地质特征及成藏潜力

海陆过渡相页岩气是我国页岩气增储上产的重要接替领域,基于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴地区海陆过渡相页岩实验和研究资料,选取山西组、太原组和本溪组页岩层系为研究对象,从沉积环境、页岩展布、有机地球化学特征、矿物学特征、物性特征和含气性特征等方面,系统总结解剖研究区海陆过渡相页岩气地质特征,分析其富集成藏潜力。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地在晚石炭世–早二叠世受区域内部构造活动影响,水体环境变化频繁,形成多期次的滨浅海–三角洲前缘–滨浅湖组合的沉积旋回,沉积多套海陆过渡相富有机质页岩;临兴地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地东部晋西挠折带的中北地区,区内沉积环境稳定,海陆过渡相富有机质页岩广泛分布;岩性主要为灰白色–浅灰色细粒砂岩和暗色泥页岩互层发育,垂向上页岩累计厚度大,为60~180 m;页岩有机质类型为Ⅱ₂–Ⅲ型干酪根,总有机质碳含量较高,平均TOC质量分数为3.07%,处于成熟生气阶段;页岩矿物成分以石英和黏土类矿物为主,长石和碳酸盐岩类矿物含量较少;宏观上主要孔隙类型为无机孔隙和有机质孔隙,裂缝不发育,微观上孔隙受黏土矿物控制,孔隙形态多为开放狭缝状的微孔和介孔。研究区海陆过渡相页岩具有低孔低渗的物性特征,但平均含气量为1.15 m3/t,具有较好的含气特征,确定研究区内山西组北部、太原组东北部、本溪组东部和北部为页岩气潜力区。研究认识为该区后期页岩气勘探开发提供理论据。      

The geochemistry of primary and weathered oil shale and coquina across the Julia Creek vanadium deposit (Queensland, Australia)

A significant resource of vanadium and molybdenum exists near Julia Creek, Australia, where the middle Cretaceous organic-rich Toolebuc Formation lies between 0 and 25 m of the surface. We present and discuss a comprehensive geochemical study of the Toolebuc Formation and its enclosing stratigraphy near Julia Creek to understand this ore deposit. V and Mo contents in fresh facies are strongly associated with total organic carbon (TOC) contents, but not with Al or CaCO₃; this suggests that V and Mo were originally concentrated in the organic fraction. However, chemical extractions using H₂O₂ indicate that Mo was originally concentrated in pyrite. The data also suggest that V was mobilised from organic matter during early diagenesis and became associated with clays as little V was extracted by H₂O₂ in the fresh samples. TOC contents in the Toolebuc Formation were removed during weathering, residually enriching trace metals including V and Mo, and as a result, the TOC relationship with V and Mo disintegrates. With weathering, both V and Mo predominantly became associated with iron oxide/hydroxide phases (and possibly other unidentified phases) as these elements in the weathered facies were highly soluble in the sodium citrate–sodium dithionite digestion. Large shale-hosted V and Mo deposits such as Julia Creek offer a potentially viable alternative to the currently mined magnetite-hosted deposits. A thorough understanding of the formation and host mineral phases for V and Mo of these shale deposits, however, is critical to ensure that these valuable metals can be feasibly extracted.     

广东三水盆地古近系(土布)心组地球化学特征及其所指示的氧化还原条件

古近系心组红岗段是广东三水盆地的主要生油层,以一套黑—灰黑色页岩沉积为主,其富含有机质、纹层理发育良好的岩层与相对贫有机质、含微体生物化石的微扰动层交替出现。根据纹层状页岩与生物扰动页岩的C-S-Fe关系以及对氧化还原条件敏感的痕量元素(Mo、U、V、Co、Ni、Pb和Cu)地球化学记录,对这两种不同岩相的地球化学特征及其所反映的水体氧化还原条件进行了分析。纹层状页岩的TOC、S含量和DOPT值均较高,TOC-S、TOC-DOPT显示较弱的相关性;而生物扰动页岩的TOC、S含量和DOPT值相对较低,TOC-S、TOC-DOPT相关性显著。痕量元素在两种岩相中的分布也有差别,各元素在纹层状页岩中的丰度均高于生物扰动页岩,尤其是Mo和U具有较高的丰度水平、且在不同岩相中显示明显差别。黑色页岩中的C-S-Fe关系和痕量元素(特别是Mo和U)分布反映了心组红岗段沉积时期湖盆水体的氧化还原条件变化。生物扰动页岩沉积期间,底部水体主要为氧化环境,间歇性出现贫氧条件,硫酸盐还原作用发生于沉积物/水界面及其以下沉积物中。纹层状页岩形成于缺氧的底部水体条件下,水体和沉积物中均可含H2S,为有机质保存以及对氧化还原条件敏感的痕量元素的富集提供了有利条件。     

北美典型混合页岩油系统特征及其启示

北美Williston 盆地Bakken组属典型的混合页岩油系统.笔者系统剖析了Bakken组混合页岩油系统富有机质层段和贫有机质层段的地质与地球化学、物性与裂缝发育以及页岩油特征,揭示了页岩油"甜点"主要受高含轻质油的富有机质成熟页岩、异常压力、微裂缝以及贫有机质层的白云石化作用共同控制,同时由于贫有机质层具有相对高的孔隙度、渗透率以及低的吸附量,因此可认为其是混合型页岩油系统中的主要产层.这对目前我国东部陆相页岩油勘探效果不佳的因素分析具有重要启示.把页岩油勘探目标层仅仅聚焦于富有机质泥页岩层段是勘探效果欠佳的主观因素;而富有机质泥页岩层段天然微裂缝发育局限、滞留油主要赋存在有机质中、热演化程度偏低使滞留油较重以及湖相Ⅰ型烃源岩生成的油含蜡量高等因素,是导致可采的页岩油量十分有限的客观因素.为此,针对我国东部湖盆页岩油的勘探,建议:加强成熟富有机质层系中贫有机质碳酸盐岩或粉砂、细砂岩薄夹层的精细评价与勘探;加强成熟富有机质泥页岩层段裂缝型页岩油的评价与勘探.     

川南—黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组沉积相展布及演化

川南-黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组发育了一套富含有机质的页岩,属于浅海陆棚沉积环境,基于野外实测剖面和岩心观察,结合有机碳含量（TOC）以及测井资料等,对龙马溪组进行了详细的沉积相研究。根据岩性标志,沉积构造特征,古生物特征,地球化学特征,识别出龙马溪组浅海陆棚相,包括浅水陆棚亚相和深水陆棚亚相。并进一步划分出风暴层,砂泥质浅水陆棚,泥质浅水陆棚,灰泥质浅水陆棚,灰质浅水陆棚,浊积砂,砂泥质深水陆棚,泥质深水陆棚,灰泥质深水陆棚等微相。龙马溪组自下而上划分出SSQ1和SSQ2两个沉积旋回,整体显示出水体变浅的趋势,并控制富有机质黑色页岩储层的分布。SSQ1的TST中泥质深水陆棚微相是最有利页岩储层发育的有利相带。     

Late Cretaceous Transpressional Fault System: A Case Study of the Yishu Fault Belt, Shandong Province, Eastern China

On the basis of field observations of the structures of three profiles from the Linshu region, deformation characteristics and the tectonic background of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic have been discussed in detail.Three structural profiles, whose deformations consist mainly of earlier transpressional faults and later normal faults, were developed for the Mengtuan Formation of the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group.Typical positive flower structures, duplex structures, and break-through faults were found in these profiles.On the basis of analyses of the structural deformation and previous geochronological studies, it was concluded that the earlier transpressional faults of the profiles were triggered by the sinistral transpression of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene, and that the later normal faults, formed during the Late Paleogene–Neogene extension, truncated the earlier transpressional faults.With consideration of the tectonic evolution of the Tan-Lu fault belt and the different drift directions of the Pacific plate since the Cretaceous, we suggest that the major tectonic events of the Late Cretaceous–Neogene in eastern China were mainly controlled by the subduction of the Pacific plate.     

Aalenian to Cenomanian Radiolaria of the Bermeja Complex (Puerto Rico) and Pacific origin of radiolarites on the Caribbean Plate

The study of the radiolarian ribbon chert is a key in determining the origins of associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes and may help to achieve a general agreement regarding the basic principles on the evolution of the Caribbean Plate. The Bermeja Complex of Puerto Rico, which contains serpentinized peridotite, altered basalt, amphibolite, and chert (Mariquita Chert Formation), is one of these crucial oceanic terranes. The radiolarian biochronology presented in this work is mainly based by correlation on the biozonations of Baumgartner et al. (1995) and O??Dogherty (1994) and indicates an early Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Bajocian?Cearly Callovian to late early Albian?Cearly middle Cenomanian) age. The illustrated assemblages contain about 120 species, of which one is new (Pantanellium karinae), and belonging to about 50 genera. A review of the previous radiolarian published works on the Mariquita Chert Formation and the results of this study suggest that this formation ranges in age from Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Aalenian to early?Cmiddle Cenomanian) and also reveal a possible feature of the Bermeja Complex, which is the younging of radiolarian cherts from north to south, evoking a polarity of accretion. On the basis of a currently exhaustive inventory of the radiolarite facies s.s. on the Caribbean Plate, a re-examination of the regional distribution of Middle Jurassic sediments associated with oceanic crust, and a paleoceanographic argumentation on the water currents, we come to the conclusion that the radiolarite and associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes of the Caribbean Plate are of Pacific origin. Eventually, a discussion on the origin of the cherts of the Mariquita Formation illustrated by Middle Jurassic to middle Cretaceous geodynamic models of the Pacific and Caribbean realms bring up the possibility that the rocks of the Bermeja Complex are remnants of two different oceans.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁–吉县地区山西组山2 3亚段海陆过渡相页岩岩相与沉积环境变化

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁–吉县地区二叠系山西组山₂ 3亚段海陆过渡相页岩是未来非常规油气勘探的重点目标,通过野外露头观察、岩心描述、薄片鉴定,结合全岩衍射、特征微量元素测试等手段,划分出硅质页岩相、硅质黏土质页岩相、钙质硅质(或硅质钙质)页岩相、黏土质页岩相4种页岩岩相类型。岩石学特征、地球化学指标表明,山₂ 3亚段继承了太原组沉积晚期地形平缓的陆表海格局,大规模海侵导致本区在山₂ 3沉积早期快速演化为海湾环境,沉积环境由氧化转为还原,水体盐度接近正常海水,有机质保存有利,形成了该亚段下部富有机质页岩相,其中钙质硅质(或硅质钙质)页岩相是相对优质的富有机质页岩岩相,具有高有机质含量、高脆性矿物含量、低黏土含量的特点,为页岩气开发有利层段。进入山₂ 3沉积晚期,区内逐渐演化为障壁岛沉积体系,在潟湖、滨岸沼泽环境中发育硅质黏土质页岩相、黏土质页岩相,虽多次受海侵影响,但海水影响程度总体上逐渐减弱,水体盐度呈降低趋势,沉积环境趋于氧化,有机质的保存条件变差,导致有机质含量总体偏低,同时脆性矿物含量偏少,不利于勘探开发。      

Analysis of wax hydrocarbons in petroleum source rocks from the Damintun depression, eastern China, using high temperature gas chromatography

A detailed organic geochemical study; utilising petrography, biomarker hydrocarbon analysis and high temperature GC analysis of extractable wax hydrocarbon constituents was performed on four marginally oil window-mature source rocks from the Shahejie Formation (Eocene), Damintun depression in eastern China. The main maceral components in the source rocks were vitrinite, liptinite and exinite, with vitrinite being more abundant (>50 vol.%) in organic-lean samples whose TOC contents were between 1 and 2 wt.%. Large differences in pristane/phytane ratios suggested that the organic-rich samples were deposited in a less oxic depositional environment than that for the organic-lean rocks. The distribution of extractable wax hydrocarbons, determined by high temperature GC, showed a marked difference between these two sample types. The organic-rich samples contained high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HMWHCs) dominated by macrocrystalline n-alkanes (n-C₂₃–n-C₃₇, typically maximising at n-C₂₉), while the organic-lean samples contained lower amounts of extractable wax hydrocarbons but were relatively rich in microcrystalline components (> n-C₃₅). In all source rocks (Es3 and Es4), a noticeable odd-over-even predominance (OEP) of n-alkane chain lengths (up to n-C₆₅) was evident, consistent with a direct biological origin for the long n-alkyl chains. They were most probably formed during diagenesis from decarboxylation of predominantly even-carbon-numbered aliphatic acids originating from higher plant or lacustrine algal sources and/or were directly biosynthesised in hydrocarbon form. At least two other homologous series of branched/cyclic HMWHCs were observed, one of which was confirmed as a series of branched alkanes (probably methyl-branched). The carbon number distribution patterns of HMWHCs may be primarily controlled by thermal maturity and biogenic source input as well as being influenced by diagenetic reactions governed by depositional environmental conditions, as shown previously [Carlson, R.M.K., Teerman, S.C., Moldowan, J.M., Jacobson, S.R., Chan, E.I., Dorrough, K.S., Seetoo, W.C., Mertani, B., 1993. High temperature gas chromatography of high wax oils. In: Indonesian Petroleum Association, 22nd Annual Convention Proceedings. Jakarta, Indonesian, pp. 483–507. Carlson, R.M.K., Jacobsen, S.R., Moldowan, J.M., Chan E.I., 1994. Potential application of high temperature gas chromatography to Middle Eastern petroleum exploration and production. In: Al-Husseini, M.I. (Ed.), Geo'94, Vol 1., Selected Middle East Papers from The Middle East Petroleum Geoscience Conference, 1994; Gulf PetroLink. Manama, Bahrain, pp. 258–267]. Our study indicates for the first time that Es3 source rocks as well as Es4 facies contain HMWHCs. The distributions of extractable wax hydrocarbons suggest that both Es4 and Es3 members may potentially serve as important parent source rocks for generating waxy petroleum in this region.     

湘中—湘南烟溪组沉积特征及页岩气勘探潜力

湖南地区,尤其是湘中—湘南区域奥陶系烟溪组是我国新发现的页岩气勘探层位,该地层具有岩性变化大、有机碳含量高、成熟度高的特点。通过野外露头资料、钻井资料分析表明烟溪组岩性以硅质岩和碳质页岩为主,砂质页岩和砂岩次之。根据岩性、沉积构造以及纵向上岩石组合特征分析,认为烟溪组沉积相类型多样,包括深水盆地相、浅水盆地相、浅水陆棚相和浊积扇相等。研究表明:深水盆地相分布在湘南,浅水盆地和浅水陆棚相分布在湘中中部,而浊积扇相分布在湘中西北部、北部和东部等区域,沉积相的分布规律决定了烟溪组页岩气的勘探方向。横向上,湘南深水盆地硅质岩和碳质页岩TOC含量较低,而湘中浅水盆地相碳质页岩TOC含量高、厚度大,是烟溪组最有利的勘探区域;纵向上,烟溪组第三岩性段碳质页岩有机质丰度最高,脆性矿物含量高,是页岩气勘探的“甜点”层位。     

Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Potential of Mesozoic Strata in Eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin, Northern South China Sea

The well LF35-1-1 in the eastern Pearl River Mouth basin (PRMB) of the northern South China Sea revealed nnmetamorphosed Middle-Late Jurassic neritic-bathyal sediments and Cretaceous fluvial-lacustrine sediments.Three tectonic movements were identified in Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous,late Early Cretaceous,and Late Cretaceous to Paleocene,respectively.The Late Jurassic marine facies mainly contain the hydrocarbon source and reservoir-seal assemblages,providing a main exploration target.     

吉林延边和龙地区泉水村组火山岩锆石U—Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过对延边地区泉水村组火山岩的岩相学、年代学以及地球化学研究来约束该地区的构造演化。泉水村组火山岩分为两段,上段为流纹岩、流纹质凝灰岩、流纹质角砾岩,下段为安山岩、安山质角砾岩。整体为两个喷发旋回,呈爆发相-喷溢相的持续。锆石U—Pb测年表明流纹质凝灰岩形成年龄为(115. 5±5. 3) Ma,为早白垩世晚期,其地球化学特征表明原始岩浆来源于地壳的部分熔融;安山岩地球化学特征显示其岩浆源区是地幔楔由于遭受俯冲流体交代作用从而发生部分熔融,同时有较多地壳物质的混染,表现出活动大陆边缘构造背景下岩浆岩的特征。结合其他证据推断古太平洋板块至少在早中侏罗世就已经向吉黑东部开始俯冲,晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期俯冲作用消减,早白垩世晚期又发生强烈俯冲。     

松辽盆地四五家子油田下白垩统泉头组沉积相研究

松辽盆地四五家子油田位于吉林省公主岭市内，在构造上是松辽盆地东南隆起区杨大城子背斜的一部分。油田的储层主要由下白垩统泉头组组成，它是在晚白垩世干旱和氧化环境中沉积的。其物源来自东北部的中央古隆起。本区储层岩性以岩屑长石砂岩为主，部分为岩屑质长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩。通过单井相分析，主要相标志为具有牵引流沉积机制为主的沉积构造和粒度分布特征。根据相标志分析，储层为曲流河相沉积，发育曲流河点坝、决口扇、天然堤及泛滥平原四种沉积微相类型。曲流河相自下而上为点坝-天然堤-决口扇-泛滥平原的正韵律组合。在建立各沉积微相测井相模式的基础上，对全区136口非取心井进行了沉积微相识别，而应用顺序指示模拟实现了沉积微相的平面展布，恢复其古地理面貌：主要发育两条自北北东向南南西方向延伸的曲流河道，具有河道点坝特征的泉头组6、7小层是主要的储集层。这个研究成果为下一步油田开发奠定了基础。     

西藏措勤盆地上侏罗统萨波直不勒组的发现及其烃源岩

措勤盆地东部班戈县保吉乡各昌茶玉地区发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石约10属15种及未定种,分别为Actinaraea?sp.,Allocoenia?sp.,A.matheyi(Koby),Clausastraea?sp.,Hydnophora?sp.,Latiastraea minima(Koby),Latiastraea?sp.,Meandraraea?sp.,Stylosmilia crassitheca Liao et al Li,S.corallina Koby,Thamnasteria?sp.,T.concinna(Goldfuss),Thecosmilia.baojiensis sp.nov.,Thecosmilia?sp.,Trocharaea cf.patelliformis Gregory等。化石指示各昌茶玉剖面第1—41层地层时代为晚侏罗世牛津期—基默里奇期。珊瑚化石产出的层位原来被认为是混杂在中侏罗世蛇绿岩中的中二叠统下拉组,本文根据剖面中化石及岩性组合特点将其修订为上侏罗统萨波直不勒组,并得出了该地区不存在原来所认为的中二叠统下拉组与中侏罗统蛇绿岩构造混杂现象的认识。本次萨波直不勒组与改则县物玛乡抢古村建组剖面相对比,其岩性更细、灰岩夹层更多,珊瑚化石更为丰富,代表了更远离陆源碎屑源区的沉积环境,进一步证明晚侏罗世冈底斯地区地势是从北向南逐渐加深的,措勤盆地在晚侏罗世处于活动型深海-半深海相和上斜坡相的沉积环境中。保吉地区萨波直不勒组顶部存在上斜坡相68 m厚黑色泥页岩,TOC(总有机碳)平均值为0.83%,属于中等-好烃源岩,剖面第20层12 m厚黑色泥岩TOC值为0.65%,属于中等烃源岩。萨波直不勒组顶部为上斜坡相沉积,分布范围应该比上覆的吐卡日组更广泛。经计算,措勤盆地内萨波直不勒组烃源岩的生烃量约为44.373亿吨。萨波直不勒组的泥页岩为措勤盆地提供了充足的油源保障,同时其中的碳酸盐岩夹层也可能是油气有利储层,建议对上侏罗统萨波直不勒组开展钻探取样工作,获取更为翔实丰富的有机地球化学参数。     

Late Mesozoic to Paleogene stratigraphy of the Salar de Atacama Basin, Antofagasta, Northern Chile: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Central Andes

The Salar de Atacama basin, the largest “pre-Andean” basin in Northern Chile, was formed in the early Late Cretaceous as a consequence of the tectonic closure and inversion of the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Tarapacá back arc basin. Inversion led to uplift of the Cordillera de Domeyko (CD), a thick-skinned basement range bounded by a system of reverse faults and blind thrusts with alternating vergence along strike. The almost 6000-m-thick, upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene sequences (Purilactis Group) infilling the Salar de Atacama basin reflects rapid local subsidence to the east of the CD. Its oldest outcropping unit (Tonel Formation) comprises more than 1000 m of continental red sandstones and evaporites, which began to accumulate as syntectonic growth strata during the initial stages of CD uplift. Tonel strata are capped by almost 3000 m of sandstones and conglomerates of western provenance, representing the sedimentary response to renewed pulses of tectonic shortening, which were deposited in alluvial fan, fluvial and eolian settings together with minor lacustrine mudstone (Purilactis Formation). These are covered by 500 m of coarse, proximal alluvial fan conglomerates (Barros Arana Formation). The top of the Purilactis Group consists of Maastrichtian-Danian alkaline lava and minor welded tuffs and red beds (Cerro Totola Formation: 70–64 Ma K/Ar) deposited during an interval of tectonic quiescence when the El Molino–Yacoraite Late Cretaceous sea covered large tracts of the nearby Altiplano-Puna domain. Limestones interbedded with the Totola volcanics indicate that this marine incursion advanced westwards to reach the eastern CD slope. CD shortening in the Late Cretaceous was accompanied by volcanism and continental sedimentation in fault bounded basins associated to strike slip along the north Chilean magmatic arc to the west of the CD domain, indicating that oblique plate convergence prevailed during the Late Cretaceous. Oblique convergence seems to have been resolved into a highly partitioned strain system where margin-parallel displacements along the thermally weakened arc coexisted with margin-orthogonal shortening associated with syntectonic sedimentation in the Salar de Atacama basin. A regionally important Early Paleocene compressional event is echoed, in the Salar de Atacama basin by a, distinctive, angular unconformity which separates Paleocene continental sediments from Purilactis Group strata. The basin also records the Eocene–Early Oligocene Incaic transpressional episode, which produced, renewed uplift in the Cordillera de Domeyko and triggered the accumulation of a thick blanket of syntectonic gravels (Loma Amarilla Formation).     

黑龙江鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世生物地层研究新进展

近年来鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世海相沟鞭藻及早期被子植物化石的不断发现,为确认了河组及其下伏滴组、上覆穆棱组的时代属早白垩世提供了重要的依据。通过海相及海陆交互相生物地层研究,恢复晚中生代黑龙江省东部古地理格局,为扩大找煤远景等提供了新的基础资料。     

A ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America,and implications for dinosaur biogeography

Tyrannosaurs and hadrosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America (Appalachia) are distinct from those found in western North America (Laramidia), suggesting that eastern North America was isolated during the Late Cretaceous. However, the Late Cretaceous fauna of Appalachia remains poorly known. Here, a partial maxilla from the Campanian Tar Heel Formation (Black Creek Group) of North Carolina is shown to represent the first ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America. The specimen has short alveolar slots, a ventrally projected toothrow, a long dentigerous process overlapped by the ectopterygoid, and a toothrow that curves laterally, a combination of characters unique to the Leptoceratopsidae. The maxilla has a uniquely long, slender and downcurved posterior dentigerous process, suggesting a specialized feeding strategy. The presence of a highly specialized ceratopsian in eastern North America supports the hypothesis that Appalachia underwent an extended period of isolation during the Late Cretaceous, leading the evolution of a distinct dinosaur fauna dominated by basal tyrannosauroids, basal hadrosaurs, ornithimimosaurs, nodosaurs, and leptoceratopsids. Appalachian vertebrate communities are most similar to those of Laramidia. However some taxa-including leptoceratopsids-are also shared with western Europe, raising the possibility of a Late Cretaceous dispersal route connecting Appalachia and Europe.     

库车坳陷晚白垩世地层存在的证据和沉积相分析

库车坳陷是我国重要的能源基地之一,白垩系是其主要储层。长期以来,该坳陷白垩系的地层划分存在较大争议,其中是否存在上白垩统是争议问题焦点之一。笔者等根据发现的晚白垩世钙质超微化石,证实了库车坳陷巴什基奇克组上部地层属于晚白垩世并存在海相沉积;根据前人在库车坳陷及塔东北井下发现的晚白垩世介形虫、轮藻等化石,证实了这些地区也同样存在上白垩统,古城组是其晚白垩世陆相沉积的代表。若干露头剖面和井下岩芯晚白垩世钙质超微化石的发现,表明特提斯海水曾侵进到该盆地。该坳陷及塔东北地区晚白垩世存在海相和陆相两类沉积体系。     

The La Luna formation: chemostratigraphy and organic facies in the Middle Magdalena Basin

A detailed geochemical study and a sequence stratigraphic interpretation have been conducted on a sedimentary sequence of the Upper Cretaceous La Luna Formation, in a section outcropping in the eastern flank of the Middle Magdalena Basin (MMB), Colombia. The goals were to evaluate geochemical variability related to lithofacies and organic facies changes, characterize depositional environment and investigate the possible relationship between geochemical data and sequence stratigraphic cycles. The La Luna Formation is composed of organic-rich sediments of monotonous appearance, with good to excellent potential for oil generation. Most of the bulk, petrographic and biomarker parameters display a relatively narrow range of variation. However, the geochemical variations are sufficient to differentiate organic facies types B, BC and C in the Salada Member, B and D in the Pujamana Member and B in the Galembo Member. Certain biomarker ratios are consistent within the La Luna Formation and are characteristic of its depositional environment, for example, average ratios of diasterane/sterane are lower than 1, Ts/Tm averages are less than 0.33, the C₃₅/C₃₄ hopane ratio is more than 0.92, and oleanane/C₃₀ hopane ratios range from 0.02 to 0.19. Regarding depositional condition indicators, the C₃₅/C₃₄ hopane ratio shows a good positive correlation with HI. This suggests that in carbonate environment changes in this parameter are more strongly related to redox condition than to changes in carbonate content. Regarding the possible relationship between organic matter characteristics and sea level changes, in regressive carbonate shelves during shallow stages, HI tends to increase and TOC tends to decrease, while in regressive siliciclastic shelves, both TOC and HI decrease continuously. Some biomarker ratios (oleanane/C₃₀ hopane, C₂₀/C₂₃ tricyclic, Ts/Tm) increase during base level falls. Regarding δ ¹³C/¹²C isotope composition, the aromatic fraction and whole bitumen display an isotopic shift associated to the main deepening event in the section.     

Sedimentary response to the intracontinental orogenic process: insight from the anatomy of a small Mesozoic basin in western Yanshan,northern North China

ABSTRACT

The intra-continental orogeny and tectonic evolution of the Mesozoic Yanshan fold-thrust belt (YFTB) in the northern North China Craton (NCC) have been strongly debated. Here, we focus on the Shangyi basin, located in the centre of the YFTB. An integrated analysis of sedimentary facies, palaeocurrents, clast compositions, and detrital zircon dating of sediments was adopted to determine the palaeogeography, provenance, basin evolution, and intra-continental orogenic process. The Shangyi basin comprises the well-exposed Early–early Middle Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation and the Longmen Formation, and the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Tuchengzi Formation. Based on the 18 measured sections, five facies associations – including alluvial fan, fluvial, delta, lacustrine, and eolian facies – have been identified and described in detail. The onset of the Shangyi basin was filled with fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine deposits controlled by the normal fault bounding the northern basin, corresponding to the pre-orogeny. In the Middle Jurassic, the cobble–boulder conglomerates of alluvial fan, as molasse deposits, were compatible with the syn-orogeny of the Yanshan movement, which played a critical role in northern North China and even East Asia. After the depositional break in the Middle–Late Jurassic, the Shangyi basin, controlled by the normal fault present in the north of the basin, re-subsided and quickly expanded southward with thick sedimentation, which is correlative with the post-orogeny. Combined with A-type granites, metamorphic core complexes, mafic dikes, and rift basins of the Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous present in the northern NCC and Mongolia, significant extension was widespread in the northern NCC and even in northeast Asia. Moreover, vertical changes of provenance indicate that the Taihang Mountain and the Inner Mongolia palaeo-uplift (IMPU) present at the west and north of the basin, respectively, experienced uplift twice in the Middle–Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, resulting in a regional depositional break.