汶川8.0级地震前地震趋势分析意见的回顾

该文在系统整理自2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震到汶川8.0级地震前年度地震趋势预测中提出的地震活动异常和分析意见的基础上, 研究汶川地震未能做出中长期预测的原因。 结果表明: 2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震发生后, 判定中国大陆处于强震连发阶段, 仍有发生8级大震危险, 但此后的2002—2007年中国大陆周边接连发生大震, 而内部连续6年的7级地震平静, 以及中国大陆5、 6级地震相继出现的显著平静, 是导致2006年以后对中国大陆地震活动水平预测明显偏低的原因。 南北地震带中段一直是作为近几年可能发生强震的危险地区, 但2007年云南宁洱6.4级地震后, 对西南地区强震危险的紧迫性估计不足。 而汶川地震所在的龙门山地震带历史上没有7级以上地震记录, 也是该地震带未作为近几年地震重点危险区的原因之一。     

2010年玉树7.1级地震趋势预测研究回顾

本文整理了自2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震至2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震前, 年度地震趋势预测和日常会商中提出的地震活动和前兆异常及其分析意见。 结果表明, 玉树7.1级地震前存在一些较为明确的有关地震活动水平和危险区域判定的预测依据, 但由于玉树地区地震监测能力较弱, 缺乏较为可靠的中短期前兆异常, 因此未将该区划定为年度地震重点危险区, 仅在我国大陆地震形势预测和强震主体活动地区估计上有所涉及。 2010年青藏块体中东部地区强震危险性增强, 但由于玉树地区震前地震活动性异常以平静为主, 地震前兆数量也较少, 因此未能在玉树7.1级地震前形成短临预测意见。     

关于汶川8.0级地震前电磁扰动异常的讨论

通过对汶川8.0级地震前四川金河台电磁扰动数据变化的研究,结果显示:①电磁扰动0.001～1 Hz在震前每天06:00～22:00出现非脉冲性高值波动变化,在12:00和18:00达到最大;1～10 Hz在2008年1～3月出现与超低频类似的高值变化,最大幅度为300 mV; 10～20Hz无明显异常.②分析了电磁扰动...     

Preliminary Research on the Characteristics of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake Hazard

The M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008 caused heavy casualties and economic loss. According to the field investigations, the characteristics can be described as follows: The meizoseismal region with an intensity of XI shows an obviously zonal distribution and suffered serious destruction from the earthquake, and the destruction perpendicular to the earthquake surface rupture decreased sharply. At the same time, the intensity X and IX regions perpendicular to the rupture are narrow and therefore their coverage area is small. The intensity on both sides of the rupture attenuates rapidly, but intensity VII and the VI regions are wide, the latter covering about 240,000 km~2. In intensity VI region, the damage area perpendicular to the rupture in the southern part is much larger than that of the northern part. Also, much new understanding about destruction types and destructive modes for all kinds of buildings, landforms and terrain is achieved in this paper.     

Research on the Dynamic Change of Regional Stress Fields before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Using the digital telemetric seismic waveform data of Chengdu and Kunming, this article studies the focal mechanism solutions and the apparent stress values of a large number of small earthquakes, and then analyzes the dynamic variation of regional stress fields and the spatio-temporal distribution of apparent stress values. The annual variation values of the azimuth of average principal stress field before the May 12, 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in the Sichuan-Yunnan region were 58° from 2003 to 2004, 85° from 2003 to 2005,61° from 2006 to 2007 and 90° from 2006 to April 2008 respectively. In recent years, deflection or disturbances occurred in the azimuth of the average principal stress field in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Analysis shows that this may be related to the change of stress field states of crustal blocks before and after the December 26, 2004 M_S9.0 Sumatra earthquake and the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. The ratio of thrust-type earthquakes in the Sichuan-Qinghai block was on the higher side in the period from 2006 to 2007, and the source faulting type of the regional moderate and small earthquakes had changed before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. The change of state of the stress field is consistent with the changes in block displacement fields revealed by GPS data and the crustal shortening velocity vertical to the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on the radiation energy calculated from all bands of the seismic waveform, the value of apparent stress σ_app is obtained. The fluctuation shape of the fitting trend of the apparent stress is related to the intensity of regional seismicity. It reveals that the micro-dynamic fluctuation process of the regional stress value is similar to the azimuth transition of the regional principal compressive stress field, which can be used to probe for pregnant physical processes. Areas with a higher value of apparent stress σ_app are possible areas of potential seismic risk. It can be seen from the spatial distribution of the medium and short-term apparent stress σ_app before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, the Longmenshan fault zone is in a low stress distribution area, and the relatively high apparent stress is in the peripheral area. These images may show medium and short-term locking phenomena near the seismogenic tectonics of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. For example, changes with time of the focal parameter consistency of the sub-blocks in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, continual increase of thrust-type earthquakes in the Sichuan-Qinghai block and the appearance of spatial distribution areas of high apparent σ_app stress. The work on this aspect was continued after the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, and the results seem to be shown a clearer relationship between these phenomena and future great earthquakes.     

汶川Ms8.0地震及余震序列重新定位

从2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震发震时刻起到2008年12月31日,四川省及其周边省区布设的区域台网、水库台网以及流动台共记录到10000余次余震序列(M≥2.0).我们采用双差定位法对主震及余震序列进行重新定位,得到7000多个地震的重新定位结果.结果表明,余震分布带长约350 km.在西南部,余震沿龙门山后山...     

Damage and Seismic Intensity in the Meizoseismal Region of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan,China

This paper presents the damage in the meizoseismal region of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China, and the seismic intensifies determined according to "the Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale", and discusses briefly the types of earthquake-generating faults and some features of seismic damage.     

The Geodynamic Mechanism of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Located on the east boundary of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake is the strongest event to hit the active block since the 2001 Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake. In this study, a simplified source model of the Wenchuan earthquake is constructed based on the deep/shallow tectonic settings and crust/mantle structure features of the Longmenshan thrust fault zone. On the basis of dynamic model abstraction, we construct a system of dynamical equations for the seismogenic process and obtain the analytical expressions of stress and strain in the seismogenic process. A preliminary study of the seismogenic process of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, based on the analytical solution of the model and observation of tectonic deformation in the Longmenshan region, indicates that the seismogenic process of the Wenchuan earthquake took place over a period of more than 3200 years. The slow process of seismogeny and the long recurrence period of strong earthquakes are attributed to the low deformation rate of the Longmenshan tectonic zone.     

汶川M_S8.0级地震发震构造大震复发间隔估算

汶川Ms8．0级地震发生在青藏高原东缘著名的龙门山断裂带上,造成了中央断裂和前山断裂共约330kin的地震地表破裂带。初步研究表明,龙门山断裂带上大震复发可能属特征地震模式。结合龙门山断裂带的地震地质情况和汶川地震地表破裂带的基本参数综合分析,本文从地质学、地震学和GPS数据分析三个方面评估了龙门山断裂带的大震复发周期。结果表明,上述三种方法获得的龙门山断裂带Ms8．0级地震的复发间隔分别为：3185a、170（02264a和4310a,平均为3000a左右：Ms7．5级地震的平均复发间隔为1000a左右;Ms7．0级地震的平均复发间隔为500a左右。这些结果与其他学者的研究结果相比,相差不多,基本反映了龙门山断裂带的地震能量水平和累积速度。     

汶川8.0级地震强震动特征初步分析

本文对国家强震动台网中心收集的2008年5月12日14时28分04秒汶川8．0级地震中获取的420组三分量加速度记录进行了处理和初步分析。在这次地震中布设在龙门山断裂带及其周围地区的50多个台站获得了大于100gal的加速度记录,有46组三分量加速度记录的断层距小于100km,使中国大陆近断层区域所获得的强震动加速度记录的数量成倍增加。本文依据这批数据,对汶川大地震强震动特性进行了初步分析,给出了此次地震断层附近地区的PGA衰减规律,并利用此规律模拟了断层附近的加速度峰值,绘制了PGA分布图、竖向PGA与水平向PGA比值图;给出了汶川地震断层附近的加速度反应谱、上盘效应、竖向效应、速度大脉冲效应等地震动特征,这些特征可作为抗震设计规范修订的依据并供灾区重建时参考。     

Emergency Seismic Damage Assessment of the M_S8.0 Great Wenchuan Earthquake Based on Remote Sensing Imagery

The fast processing, seismic damage data extraction and loss evaluation from RS imagery acquired immediately after a destructive earthquake occurs, are important means for compen-sating the insufficiency of seismic damage information from ground-based investigations and provide an important basis for emergency command and rescue. The paper introduces the method of emergency seismic damage assessment using remote sensing data and its application to the great Wenchuan earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurring in southwest Sichuan Province on May 12, 2008. The practical effectiveness of the method is also evaluated in the paper.     

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前地震活动异常特征

分析了汶川地震前地震活动时空演化特征．结果表明:①汶川地震前38a龙门山断裂带及其附近形成5级地震背景空区,震前6.5a形成ML4.0地震孕震空区,震前1a孕震空区内部及其两端相继发生多次ML4.0—5.0地震,空区缩小;②中国大陆西部及邻区2001年以来处于大震活跃时段,而中国大陆内部地震活动水平非常低,出现非常显著的7级、6级和5级地震平静;③南北地震带7级以上地震在时间上具有准周期特征,空间上存在由南向北迁移的特点,汶川地震的发生符合这一规律;④1998年以来南北地震带中段为7级地震空段,汶川地震就发生该空段内;⑤2003年云南大姚地震后,南北地震带地震活动显著增强,且在中、南段形成4.6级以上地震环形分布,四川及其附近表现为异常平静,同时震群活动显著,且在4.6级地震平静区内形成震群空区,汶川地震就发生震群空区的边缘,震前8个月,震群频度出现高值异常;⑥汶川地震前7个月,青藏块体大范围ML≥4.0地震平静103d,2008年1月13日以后平静区逐渐解体,至汶川地震前４级地震平静区缩小到巴颜喀拉地块,汶川地震就发生在巴颜喀拉地块的东边界带上,汶川地震前3 个多月,孕震空区内部出现NW走向的3级地震条带,与龙门山断裂带斜交．      

对汶川8级地震后群众咨询信息的分析及探讨

“5．12”四川汶川8．0级地震发生后,很多人打电话咨询有关情况,对5月12日至6月12日电话中的咨询信息进行了分析．就群众关心的地震问题、解答的效果以及暴露出的工作问题进行总结与分析,并提出一些建议。     

汶川8.0级地震前后表层水温的异常变化研究

对汶川8.0级地震震中周围800km范围内73个井孔的表层水温资料进行了分析。根据设定的异常与不确定性异常判定依据,发现有9个井孔出现了前兆异常;有5个井孔的异常不能确定是否为前兆异常;有3个井孔出现了典型非前兆异常变化;其余未出现任何异常变化。分析认为异常存在早期、中期和晚期三个阶段,表现为缓变、突变和向下的阶梯状变化。对9个异常井孔的同井水位、气氡等其它流体测项以及同台或邻近台站形变仪器(钻孔应变、钻孔倾斜、洞体应变等)在表层水温异常变化时段内的动态变化特征进行了对比,发现地壳形变与表层水温在异常的晚期阶段具有一定的相关关系;而同井水位与表层水温异常的关系不大。     

汶川8.0级地震前地下流体长趋势变化特征讨论

通过对汶川M_S8.0地震震中周围地区震前地下流体长期观测资料的分析表明, 震前地下流体出现了长趋势变化, 其特征是时间早、 范围广, 具有协调性以及向未来震中迁移等特征, 形态主要为趋势转折、 破年变、 加速等, 其中大多数为趋势转折变化。 进一步对比研究地壳形变、 地下流体长趋势变化发现, 地壳形变和地下流体长趋势变化迁移特征一致, 地壳形变长趋势时间较早于地下流体长趋势变化时间, 形变出现张压变化与水位变化有比较密切的关系, 即形变大部分出现缓慢压性变化或张性减缓变化, 水位大部分出现缓慢上升或下降减缓变化。 最后讨论了地下流体长趋势变化机理。     

汶川8级大地震的地表破裂特征及分段

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县境内发生MS8.0地震.地表破裂多以跌水、陡坎形态发育在河流沟谷或晚新生代沉积层内,位移明显.山地受崩塌、滑坡影响,位移量较难获得.发震断裂主要有三条,即北川-映秀断裂、彭县-灌县断裂和小鱼洞断裂.北川-映秀断裂地表破裂由南向北活动性质从逆冲为主逐渐转变为走滑为主,长约220 km,平均垂直位移量约3 m,按位移量沿断裂走向的变化可以分为虹口段、北川段和南坝段;彭县-灌县断裂地表破裂以逆冲活动为主,长约82 km,平均垂直位移量约1.5 m,可以划分为白鹿段和汉旺段,断裂断距分布的几何特征与北川-映秀断裂的中南段相近;小鱼洞断裂是一条新生北西走向的次级破裂,长约5.6 km,平均垂直位移量约1.5 m,调节两侧构造单元变形差异,具有捩断层特征,活动以逆(左行)走滑为主,可划分出小鱼洞段和中坝段.姚都镇地表破裂可能说明南坝以北的地震具有不同的活动特征.活动断裂的运动方式反映区域应力场有北西西向挤压特征.     

海南地区5口井水位对汶川地震的同震响应及其频谱分析

对比海南地震台网记录的汶川MS8.0地震的地震波形,分析了海南5口井的高采样率数字化水震波波形特征。采用傅立叶变换和小波分解方法,对海南前兆台网5个台水位仪在汶川MS8.0地震中记录到的高采样率数字化水震波进行了频谱分析,结果显示地震波的不同波组激发的水震波波组差别较大,5口井的水震波周期跨度很大,从10多秒到1000多秒,不同井孔的水震波幅度差别较大。同时还初步分析了水震波的形态和水震波各个频率组的形成机理。     

汶川8.0级地震序列活动的分段性研究

在汶川8.0级地震序列的跟踪研究中, 发现汶川地震序列具有明显的空间分段活动特点。 根据对汶川地震余震序列的部分测震学指标计算, 结果表明, 汶川地震序列可能是由以绵竹为界, 其西南段的汶川主-余震序列和绵竹北东段的北川－青川6级震群地震序列组成, 汶川地震可能具有龙门山活动构造的继承性运动特点。     

汶川8.0级地震序列及震型判定

研究了2008年5月12日四川省汶川8.0级地震余震序列, 其特点是: 余震序列丰富, 持续时间长。 余震沿NE向龙门山构造带的中央断裂条形展布, 深度横剖面为锲形, 呈现地块间强烈汇聚、 挤压活动的特点。 跨不同断裂段, 余震震源机制解有逆冲、 斜滑或走滑型, 反映的局部构造应力场复杂。 汶川8.0级地震序列为主震-余震型, 文中给出了其判定的主要依据及分析预测结果。     

Tectonic Features of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake and Its Aftershocks

The M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on field investigation of the surface rupture and focal mechanism study of the aftershocks, we discuss the geological relationship of the main, secondary and triggered ruptures. The main rupture is about 200km long and can be divided into the south part and the north part. The south part consists of two parallel fault zones characterized by reverse faulting, with several parallel secondary ruptures on the hanging wall of the main fault, and the north part is a single main fault zone characterized by lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. Compared to a 300km long aftershock distribution, the surface rupture only occupies 200km, and the remaining 100km on the northeast of the main rupture was triggered by aftershocks. Study on the ruptures of this earthquake will be useful for studying the earthquake risk evolution on the Longmenshan fault system.