辽西城子山遗址夏家店下层文化期农业活动特征及环境效应

以辽西城子山文化遗存剖面为研究对象,运用花粉、炭屑、炭化种子和果壳等指标,重建城子山地区夏家店下层文化期农业活动特征及环境效应.研究显示城子山原生植被主要为松属针叶林,先民采用"刀耕火种"农业模式毁林开荒,导致原生植被消失以及次生榛属灌丛和杂草增加.城子山剖面中禾本科花粉含量峰值与炭屑浓度峰值相对应,表明先民高强度或频...     

从中沟与王圪垱遗址看公元前三千纪前后洛阳盆地的生业经济

作为早期王权国家诞生的核心区域,洛阳盆地新石器时代晚期至青铜时代早期发生了剧烈的社会变革,对这一过程中该地区生业经济状况的研究主要集中于动植物考古方面,尚需其他证据予以全面评估。为此,本文对仰韶晚期的中沟遗址和龙山晚期至二里头早期的王圪垱遗址出土人骨开展了碳氮稳定同位素分析。研究发现,中沟(δ^13C=-7.5±1.4 ‰,δ^15N=8.5±0.8 ‰,n=28)与王圪垱遗址人群(δ^13C=-9.9±1.9 ‰,δ^15N=8.8±1.1 ‰,n=14)的δ^13C值略有差异,而δ^15N却比较接近。结合植物考古等相关研究结果,我们认为两遗址先民虽然均主要以粟、黍等C4类食物为食,但王圪垱先民食物中水稻的比例有所增加。这种状况可能与龙山晚期之后本地与南方稻作农业人群文化交流更加密切有关。本研究的另一发现是,中沟与王圪垱遗址中墓葬人群(δ^15N=8.9±0.6 ‰,n=17;δ^15N=9.2±1.0 ‰,n=9)的δ^15N值明显高于灰坑人群(δ^15N=7.8±0.7 ‰,n=11;δ^15N=7.9±0.7 ‰,n=5),即前者饮食中肉类比例高于后者。考虑到仰韶中期以来中原地区社会分层越演愈烈,肉食消费的多少一定程度上是人群分化的体现。     

Natural radionuclides and trace elements in rice field soils in relation to fertilizer application: study of a chronic kidney disease area in Sri Lanka

The rising number of chronic kidney disease patients with no identifiable cause (CKD of uncertain aetiology), prevalent in some areas of the dry zone of Sri Lanka is suspected to be related to the environmental exposure to heavy metals. Agricultural soils are well recognized as being contaminated with potentially toxic metals from various forms of fertilizers and agro-chemicals, which could easily enter the human body through the food chain. The objective of this paper is to determine the content of heavy metals and activity concentration of background radionuclides such as K-40, Ra-226 and Th-232, in rice field soils. Rice farming is the most common agricultural practice in the affected region and possible heavy metal sources such as fertilizers are applied in abundance in the rice fields. Soils collected from a rice field in a non-CKD region was used for the comparison. In dry zone soils, Ca, K, Ba, Pb and Zr contents were higher and Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Zn contents were lower compared to that of soils from the wet zone non-CKD region. However, the activity concentration of soils was mostly the same in all samples, except for the K-40 contents of the soils, which were higher in the rice field soils compared to the undisturbed forest soils and also to the world averages. The mean U content was 3.6 mg/kg in the studied soils, although extremely high uranium contents were found in some fertilizer samples particularly in the triple superphosphates. Most uranium applied via fertilizer could contaminate the drinking water sources and even low uranium concentrations in drinking water may cause nephrotoxic effects.     

Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Soil salinity and sodicity are environmental problems in the shrimp farming areas of the Cai Nuoc district, Ca Mau province, Vietnam. In 2000, farmers in the district switched en masse from rice cropping to shrimp culture. Due to recent failure in shrimp farming, many farmers wish to revert to a rotational system with rice in the wet season and shrimps in the dry season. So far, all their attempts to grow rice have failed. To assess soil salinity and sodicity, 25 boreholes in shrimp ponds were analysed in four consecutive seasons from 2002 to 2004. The results showed that soil salinity was quite serious (mean EC_e 29.25 dS m⁻¹), particularly in the dry season (mean EC_e 33.44 dS m⁻¹). In the wet season, significant amounts of salts still remained in the soil (mean EC_e 24.65 dS m⁻¹) and the highest soil salinity levels were found near the sea. Soil sodicity is also a problem in the district (exchangeable sodium percentage range 9.63–72.07%). Sodicity is mainly a phenomenon of topsoils and of soils near the sea. Both soil salinity and sodicity are regulated by seasonal rainfall patterns. They could together result in disastrous soil degradation in the Cai Nuoc district.     

全新世中期郑州地区古代农业的时空演变及其影响因素

郑州地区地处中原腹地,是我国旱作农业起源和稻作农业早期传播的重要区域之一,在华夏文明形成与发展过程中具有非常重要的地位。然而,由于区域性系统植物考古研究较少,目前全新世中期郑州地区古代农业的时空演变过程及其影响因素仍不清晰。文章在郑州地区选择位于不同地貌部位、不同等级规模的13处裴李岗-仰韶文化遗址进行系统采样,通过植硅体分析和AMS 14C测年,揭示出郑州地区在裴李岗文化和仰韶文化中晚期均属于以黍为主的稻-旱混作的农业模式,其形成得益于全新世适宜期暖湿气候下的稻作北传。裴李岗时期,黍粟旱作分布在浅山丘陵区的黄土台塬沟谷地带,稻-旱混作仅存在于冲积平原,农业模式的选择主要受地形和水文因素影响;仰韶中晚期,粟和稻的比例显著提高,稻作不再局限于冲积平原和大型聚落,在台塬沟谷和中小聚落也有分布,标志着农耕技术的进步和作物结构的优化,这意味着农业生产开始打破自然条件限制,为郑州地区农业社会的建立和文明化进程奠定了基础。     

Phytolith evidence for rice cultivation and spread in Mid‐Late Neolithic archaeological sites in central North China

Zhang, J., Lu, H., Wu, N., Li, F., Yang, X., Wang, W., Ma, M. & Zhang, X. 2010: Phytolith evidence for rice cultivation and spread in Mid‐Late Neolithic archaeological sites in central North China. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 592–602. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00145.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. The history of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation in North China is ambiguous owing to a lack of evidence from rice remains with precise ages in archaeological sites. In this paper, we present rice phytolith evidence from six archaeological sites in the Guanzhong Basin, central North China, dating from c. 5500 to 2100 cal. a BP (calibrated/calendar ages) based on 19 AMS‐dates. The phytoliths found in the three archaeological sites located on the second river terrace (Quanhu, Yangguanzhai and Anban) include three types of phytoliths from rice, namely bulliform, parallel‐bilobe and double‐peaked. These findings suggest that the earliest cultivated rice in central North China occurred not later than c. 5690 cal. a BP. After c. 5500 cal. a BP, the farming pattern in the Guanzhong Basin was characterized by dominant dry crops (e.g. millets) and locally cultivated rice. A likely spread route of rice from the lower reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River towards the Guanzhong Basin in central North China is speculated to have happened at c. 5690 cal. a BP. The findings of this study help us to understand the farming pattern in the area and how rice spread across the semi‐arid regions of East Asia.     

Salinization and arsenic contamination of surface water in southwest Bangladesh

To identify the causes of salinization and arsenic contamination of surface water on an embanked island (i.e., polder) in the tidal delta plain of SW Bangladesh we collected and analyzed water samples in the dry (May) and wet (October) seasons in 2012–2013. Samples were collected from rice paddies (wet season), saltwater ponds used for brine shrimp aquaculture (dry season), freshwater ponds and tidal channels (both wet and dry season), and rainwater collectors. Continuous measurements of salinity from March 2012 to February 2013 show that tidal channel water increases from ~0.15 ppt in the wet season up to ~20 ppt in the dry season. On the polder, surface water exceeds the World Health Organization drinking water guideline of 10 μg As/L in 78% of shrimp ponds and 27% of rice paddies, raising concerns that produced shrimp and rice could have unsafe levels of As. Drinking water sources also often have unsafe As levels, with 83% of tubewell and 43% of freshwater pond samples having >10 μg As/L. Water compositions and field observations are consistent with shrimp pond water being sourced from tidal channels during the dry season, rather than the locally saline groundwater from tubewells. Irrigation water for rice paddies is also obtained from the tidal channels, but during the wet season when surface waters are fresh. Salts become concentrated in irrigation water through evaporation, with average salinity increasing from 0.43 ppt in the tidal channel source to 0.91 ppt in the rice paddies. Our observations suggest that the practice of seasonally alternating rice and shrimp farming in a field has a negligible effect on rice paddy water salinity. Also, shrimp ponds do not significantly affect the salinity of adjacent surface water bodies or subjacent groundwater because impermeable shallow surface deposits of silt and clay mostly isolate surface water bodies from each other and from the shallow groundwater aquifer. Bivariate plots of conservative element concentrations show that all surface water types lie on mixing lines between dry season tidal channel water and rainwater, i.e., all are related by varying degrees of salinization. High As concentrations in dry season tidal channel water and shrimp ponds likely result from groundwater exfiltration and upstream irrigation in the dry season. Arsenic is transferred from tidal channels to rice paddies through irrigation. Including groundwater samples from the same area (Ayers et al. in Geochem Trans 17:1–22, 2016), principal components analysis and correlation analysis reveal that salinization explains most variation in surface water compositions, whereas progressive reduction of buried surface water by dissolved organic carbon is responsible for the nonconservative behavior of S, Fe, and As and changes in Eh and alkalinity of groundwater.     

陕西榆林和河南洛阳地区4 ka BP前后聚落演化差异及其古气候原因

陕西榆林和河南洛阳地区44 Ka BP前后聚落密度统计表明,44 Ka BP之前的龙山时期,两地区人类文化均得到充分发展,区域聚落密度位于中国同时期前列。44 Ka BP之后的夏商时期,洛阳地区聚落密度进一步增加,而榆林地区人口和聚落密度锐减,人类文化呈现明显的衰落趋势。由于地理位置的差异,两地现代年平均降水量相差约200mm。榆林地区人类活动区域主要为黄土丘陵地貌,有限的河流水资源难以利用,旱作农业主要依赖降水。洛阳地区降水丰沛,且盆地平原区可以便利地利用河流水资源,降水波动对区域文化发展影响较小。古气候研究表明,44 Ka BP前后存在1次重要的全新世气候干凉化事件。该事件之后,洛阳地区的年平均降水量大约从650mm降至500mm,仍高于旱作农业所需最低降水量,因而人类文化仍得到进一步发展。榆林地区的年平均降水量大约从450mm降至350mm,由半湿润气候转变为半干旱气候,导致主要依赖降水的旱作农业难以为继。两地区地理位置和环境特征的差异是影响各自文化演化的基础因素,44 Ka BP前后的气候干凉化事件是导致两地文化演化产生两种不同结果的直接原因。     

湖北荆门屈家岭遗址史前农业发展的植硅体证据

采用植硅体分析方法,对湖北荆门屈家岭遗址南部2015~2017年度主发掘区TN14W35探方内油子岭至石家河文化时期(5800~4200 a B.P.)的地层土样进行了系统取样分析,并重点对水稻扇型植硅体形态特征进行了研究.结果显示,遗址各文化时期土样中均含有丰富的水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体,表明稻作农业在屈家岭遗址各阶段先民植物资源的开发利用中始终占据着主导地位.同时,实验还在油子岭和屈家岭文化地层发现粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)植硅体,但从发现数量看,粟类作物在屈家岭遗址先民农作物利用结构中只占据极小的比重.论文通过对水稻扇型植硅体形态参数测量和鱼鳞状纹饰统计发现,屈家岭遗址的水稻遗存主要属于粳稻类型,且驯化程度在油子岭文化早期时期就已经达到现代栽培稻水平.本文研究揭示了屈家岭遗址先民的农业结构、水稻类型及驯化水平,为了解江汉平原汉水东部地区新石器时代晚期人类生业形式与水稻驯化水平等提供了重要科学依据.     

长江三角洲地区全新世环境变化与人类活动的影响

长江三角洲地区全新世气候和环境曾发生过大的变迁,新石器时代文化伴随着全新世气候最暖期的到来,以及三角洲的形成和发展而出现,并由此向前推衍,奠定了以稻作农业为基础的经济形态。通过研究本区与农作物相关的现代植物花粉形态和代表性表土花粉,揭示出部分用于指示人类活动的综合指标、不同植被带表土花粉的组合特征和用于半定量界定不同植被类型的比值区间。研究区自然区域全新世孢粉反映当时植被3个主要发展阶段,即亚热带常绿-落叶阔叶混交林（11000～9500cal.aB.P.）、中亚热带常绿阔叶林（9500～3900cal.aB.P.）和次生性质的亚热带针阔叶混交林（3900cal.aB.P.以来）,其中8000～3900cal.aB.P.为全新世大暖期的鼎盛期,3900cal.aB.P.以来人类活动明显增强。人类活动区绰墩遗址孢粉植物群,反映新石器各主要文化期都以亚热带含针叶植物的常绿-落叶阔叶混交林为地带性植被,遗址周围一般都有较大面积的水域分布;  人类对植被的干预只是在后期才开始明显增强。区内人类文化几经兴衰,主要受制于环境的变迁,包括气候和地理状况的变化,以及由此产生的海平面升降和植被变化等。与此同时,人类活动的影响随着时间的推移而日趋加重,成为一种新的环境影响因素。     

杭州北郊两个文化遗址的孢粉分析与先人生活环境研究

杭州北郊良渚和梅园里两个文化遗址的孢粉分析表明,马家滨文化期为南亚热带常绿阔叶林,良渚文化早期为中亚热带常绿阔叶林,良渚文化晚期为北亚热带常绿阔叶与落叶阔叶混交林,宋代文化层的情况与良渚文化晚期类似。孢粉—气候对应分析揭示良渚文化早期及以前为温暖潮湿气候,良渚文化晚期及以后为温和略干气候,并定时地估算了不同时期的气温和降水值。研究表明,当时的自然景观主要为湖河平原,人类生活于林草茂盛的湖滨坡岗之地。     

山东沭河上游史前文化人地关系研究

山东沭河上游史前文化遗址的聚落考古调查、遗址动植物遗存的浮选、遗址及墓葬出土人骨的同位素微量元素分析和遗址文化层的植物硅酸体分析结果表明,该地区大汶口文化晚期至岳石文化时期的生业活动以农业经济为主,尤以粟、黍、水稻等农作物为主,其中人骨的食性分析结果表明,大汶口晚期的食物结构存在贫富差异,富有者的饮食以大米等C₃植物为主,普通老百姓的饮食以小米等C₄植物为主。借助GIS,SPSS软件所建立的人类居住场所的选择与自然环境之间的定量关系模型表明,人类居住场所的选择与地貌、水文等自然环境密切相关。坡度越大,遗址存在的概率越小;遗址距离大河流越远,受到洪水灾害的威胁越小,遗址存在的概率越大;遗址距离中等河流的垂直距离、小河流的水平垂直距离越大,人类不便于利用水资源,遗址存在的概率就越小。区域地质地貌考察及孢粉分析结果表明,该地区大汶口文化晚期至岳石文化时期的古气候有温和偏湿—温凉偏湿—冷凉干旱—温凉偏湿的变化过程。古植被主要为以针叶树为主的针阔混交林,但存在针叶林和阔叶林面积来回摆动的情况。暖湿时期人类居住海拔较高,冷干时期人类聚落也随水从高处往低处迁移。大汶口文化晚期及龙山早期阶段的温和适宜的气候条件促进了文化的继承和发展,龙山文化晚期及岳石文化初期出现的冷干气候事件有可能对龙山文化的结束和岳石文化发展进入一个低谷产生了巨大影响。     

Characteristics of high heating rate biomass chars prepared under N2 and CO2 atmospheres

Partial substitution of coal by biomass in combustion systems in conjunction with advanced technologies for CO₂ capture and storage may result in a significant reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. This study investigates three biomass chars produced from rice husk, forest residuals and wood chips under N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres using a drop tube furnace (DTF) heated at 950 °C. The char constitutes an unburned residue which has been devolatilized under conditions resembling in thermal history those in full scale boilers. Higher weight losses were achieved under N₂ than under CO₂ for each type of biomass, and the highest weight loss was that of wood chips biomass, followed by forest residuals and then rice husk. The results indicate significant morphological differences between the biomass chars produced. The wood chips yielded thick-walled chars with a cenospheric shape very similar to those of low-rank vitrinite. The forest residual chars were angular in shape and often had a tenuinetwork structure, while the rice husk chars retained their vegetal structure. Overall, the studied biomass chars can be described as microporous solids. However, in the case of the rice husk, the silica associated to the char walls was essentially mesoporous, increasing the adsorption capacity of the rice husk chars. The atmosphere in the DTF affects the development of porosity in the chars. The pore volumes of the rice husk and forest residual chars prepared under a CO₂ atmosphere were higher than those of chars prepared under a N₂ atmosphere, whereas the opposite was the case with the wood chip chars. The chars that experienced the most drastic devolatilization were those with the lowest intrinsic reactivity. This indicates a more efficient reorganization of the chemical structure that reduces the number of active sites available for oxygen attack. Overall a similar morphology, optical texture, specific surface area and reactivity were found for the biomass chars generated under N₂ and CO₂, which is a similar result to that obtained for coal chars.     

上山遗址区沉积过程与人类活动的关系

上山遗址是上山文化(11～8.5 ka)的代表性遗址,位于钱塘江上游浦阳江北岸的二级阶地上,是迄今长江下游地区发现的最早的新石器时代遗址,也是研究稻作农业起源的重要遗址.近年来,国内外学者对上山遗址进行了大量的研究,主要集中于遗址的文化面貌、出土遗存等方面,对全新世早期人地关系演化、上山文化产生的环境背景研究相对薄弱....     

闽江下游白头山遗址稻旱混作农业的植硅体证据

稻作和旱作农业的起源与传播一直是植物考古和农业考古研究中的热点,闽江下游地区农业开始的时间及其发展过程对农业向南及向台湾传播的路径和时间研究至关重要,然而由于缺少详细的植物考古学工作,迄今为止关于该地区稻作和旱作农业开始的时间仍然是不清楚的。文章对闽江下游新发掘的闽侯县荆溪镇白头山遗址进行了系统的采样,通过考古学研究和14C测定确立了年代框架,对遗址进行了详细的植硅体分析。研究结果表明,白头山遗址主要包含闽江下游地区新石器时代晚期到末期的遗存(约5000~3000 cal.a B.P.),该遗址中植硅体类型丰富,自昙石山下层文化时期至黄瓜山文化时期,均发现有水稻特征型植硅体,黍子稃壳植硅体首次出现于昙石山文化层,说明在距今5000年左右稻作农业已经传播到了闽江下游,距今4700年左右的昙石山文化时期地层中黍子的出现则说明旱作农业的传入,形成了稻旱混作的原始农业格局。结合闽江流域及台湾地区其他的植物考古学工作,认为闽江是稻旱农业向台湾及东南亚地区传播的重要通道,研究结果为深入了解闽江流域新石器时代农业的发生、发展及其结构特征提供新的认识,为稻旱混作农业南传的时间及路径提供了新的证据。     

商末气候变化对于稻作农业的影响——基于济南大辛庄、刘家庄遗址商代植物遗存观察

气候变化影响着农作物的生长。文章通过对比济南大辛庄遗址中、晚商时期的植物遗存和济南刘家庄遗址商末周初的植物遗存,发现两个遗址主要农作物均包括粟(Setaria italica (L.)Beauv.)、黍(Panicum miliaceum L.)、大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)和小麦(Ttiticum aestivum L.),大辛庄遗址水稻(Oryza sativa L.)绝对数量较多,但刘家庄遗址未发现水稻。综合本地区其他遗址的植物考古研究结果,可以发现山东地区岳石文化时期、商代水稻仍是主要粮食作物之一,但到商末周初水稻数量急剧减少。同时,邻近的中原地区和关中地区,多处商周时期遗址水稻种植也普遍出现萎缩。多项地质记录表明,商末(3000 a B.P.前后)东亚夏季风快速减弱,降水量显著下降。山东地区受东亚季风影响,这一时期降水量减少,难以保证稻作农业所需的持续充足的水源,从而影响到水稻产量和种植规模。因此,商末气候变化很可能是刘家庄遗址商末周初水稻缺失以及山东地区商末周初水稻数量骤降的主要原因之一,也同时影响到整个黄河中下游这一时期的稻作农业。     

我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变

中国北方农牧交错带在１０～８．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．经历了三次阶段性增暖后进入全新世暖期。８．５～８．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．和４～３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．暖期的开始与结束事件中降水变化落后于温度变化３００～５００ａ；暖期盛期时的年均温较现代高２～３℃，降水多１００ｍｍ左右；暖期中存在多次短期寒冷事件，年均温最冷时较现代低３℃以上。３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来冷干趋势之上叠加着大致由３００ａ稳定与５００ａ波动构成的约８００ａ的周期性变化。全新世暖期原始农业文化的阶段性发展与暖期内环境波动相对应；暖期结束时发生了由农业向牧业文化转换的事件；暖期以后的冷干期为农牧交错文化时期，农业经济随冷干程度的变化而兴衰     

Trends and characteristics of part-time farming in post-war Japan

Part-time farming is a wide-spread phenomenon in contemporary rural Japan. Characterized by an extremely small-scale rice farming and by a unimodal equitable rural development, most Japanese farm households have combined farming with off-farm employment. In this article, after an examination of the definition of part-time farming (farm household as the unit), the trend of and factors for part-time farming are described and analyzed. Growth and expansion of off-farm employment opportunities, continued small-sized farming, rapid increase in farmland prices and development and diffusion of labor-saving technology are among the major forces which encouraged part-time farming in Japan. Although the overall performance of part-time farms appears less efficient in the use of non-labor resources (e.g., land and machinery), part-time farms still occupy a significant share in the aggregate agricultural production and in the total farmland cropped. Various on-farm and off-farm adjustments are pointed out which have enabled dual employment patterns to be adopted by these people. In essence, due to the limited opportunities for farm-size expansion, part-time farming is considered a necessity, rather than a choise, for most Japanese farm families. But this has also caused some serious agricultural problems, especially with respect to its impact on farmsize structure and inefficient land use. At least for the purpose of maintaining a high income level and for equitable access to opportunities, part-time farming has seemingly contributed beneficially to the farming population of Japan.     

富硒、高镉地质背景下水稻种植实验研究

富硒(Se)的土地常常富镉(Cd)，如何从该类土地中过滤掉Cd而安全地利用Se是农业生产的关键。本文以水稻种植为切入点，选取了7种水稻品种，以硅肥调节和农家常规种植方式作为对照进行了实验田与对照田实验。实验结果发现：(1)硅肥具有通过调节土壤理化性质、促进Se和Cd有效态的释放以及通过与Cd²⁺反应降低Cd有效态的双重效果，使水稻更有利于富集Se而不富集Cd；(2)“深两优5814”和“C两优华占”水稻品种，在富集Se和抑制Cd方面的效果上较好。     

Protecting the heritage of rice biodiversity

The development of improved rice varieties depends upon access to the genetic resources of rice. These are represented by the thousands of locally adapted varieties that farmers have grown for generations, and over 20 wild rice species native to Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Rice genetic resources are threatened with extinction in farming systems when farmers adopt improved varieties, and the wild species may be lost through destruction of their habitats.IRRI has been at the forefront of international efforts for three decades to collect and conserve the biodiversity of rice. More than 80,000 samples of cultivated and wild rices are conservedex situ in the genebank at IRRI.In situ conservation of rice genetic resources is likely to become an important complementary strategy in the future.Through utilization of rice germplasm, resistances to pests and diseases have been incorporated into improved varieties. These are shared worldwide through the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER). The impact of biotechnology and intellectual property rights on germplasm conservation is discussed.