海洋地球物理在国家安全领域的应用

要建设海洋强国,首先要“知海、懂海”.只有认识海洋,才能从战略上部署好海洋,才能因势利导,走向海洋,开发海洋.海洋地球物理有着极为重要的作用,特别是海防和海洋地质灾害预警这些关系到国家安全的领域更是意义重大.通过对海洋地球物理环境的“全局、精细、实时”监控,及早发现,及时预警,达到维护国家安全的目的.和平时期,唤醒全民...     

试论中国海的地球物理监控

构筑中国海地球物理三维立体监控体系,建立海防的"千里眼"和"顺风耳",实现基于地球物理的监控、预警与预测的战略部署与方法研究,是海洋军事地球物理的重要组成部分.海洋强,国则强.要建设海洋强国,首先要"知海、懂海".只有认识海洋,才能从战略上部署好海洋,才能因势利导,走向海洋,开发海洋.推动海洋地球物理场的研究,拥有详细...     

南海台风与上层海洋相互作用的数值模拟研究

本文建立了一个综合考虑大气-海流-海浪相互作用的区域海-气耦合模式系统,利用该系统模拟研究了南海台风发生发展的大气、海洋动力学机理.结果表明:耦合模式较真实地反映了台风和上层海洋的相互作用过程,提高了对台风路径和强度的模拟准确率;在台风充分发展阶段,上层海洋的反馈作用使台风路径发生左偏,并抑制了台风强度的发展;三种海洋反馈作用(海面降温、飞沫效应和波浪作用)对台风系统的影响程度不同,海面降温和波浪作用阻碍台风系统的发展,而飞沫效应增强了海气界面的热量传递,促进台风系统的发展;与海面降温和飞沫效应相比,波浪作用对台风系统的影响较小.只有综合考虑各种海洋反馈作用才能更好地解释和预测台风等海上灾害性天气的发生和演变过程.     

国家级海洋特别保护区

正国家级海洋特别保护区是指对具有特殊地理条件、生态系统、生物与非生物资源及海洋开发利用特殊需要的区域采取有效的保护措施和科学的开发方式进行特殊管理的区域。海洋特别保护区分为国家级和地方级,其中具有重大区域海洋生态保护和重要资源开发价值、涉及维护国家海洋权益及其它需要申报国家级的海洋特别保护区,列为国家级海洋特别保护区,报国家海洋局批准。海洋特别保护区按照"科学规划、统一管理、保护优先、适度利用"的原则,在     

海洋也有保护区

正海洋自然保护区是国家为保护海洋环境和海洋资源而划出界限加以特殊保护的具有代表性的自然地带,是保护海洋生物多样性,防止海洋生态环境恶化的措施之一。20世纪70年代初,美国率先建立国家级海洋自然     

第23个全国“土地日”宣传口号

正1.十分珍惜、合理利用土地和切实保护耕地是我国的基本国策2.坚持最严格的耕地保护制度和最严格的节约用地制度3.发展是硬道理节约是大战略4.保障科学发展坚守耕地红线维护农民权益5.严把土地供应闸门促进节约集约用地     

关于印度洋地震海啸紧急救援的两个问题

海退是海浪剧变的重要信号,发生海退现象之后,应当立即撤离沿海,跑到高地上去,才能避免人员的重大伤亡。红树林在印度洋地震海啸中起到减缓作用。红树林生态系统是生产率最高的海洋四大自然生态系统之一,是国际上生物多样性保护和湿地保护对象,被誉为“地球的肾”。在全球红树林锐减的情况下,广西防城港红树林项目的启动是被全球环境基金会称为典范。     

世界湿地日:我们的未来

<正>湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统具有维护生态安全、保护生物多样性等功能。人们把湿地称为"地球之肾"、天然水库和天然物种库。1971年2月2日,历时8年之久,一个旨在保护和合理利用全球湿地的公约《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》(简称《湿地公约》)在伊朗拉姆萨尔签署,1975年12月21日正式生效至1999年12月,有106个缔约国。中国于199年1月3日批准加入该公约,1992年3月31日递交加入书,1992年7月31日对中国生效。为纪念这一重要国际公约的签署,并提高公众的湿地保护意识,1996年《湿地公约》常务委员会     

资源开发、环境保护与地球物理学

人口、资源、灾害与环境是困扰当代人类的几个重大问题.人口的增长,要求有更多的资源,而资源开发、利用的合理与否,又势必对环境产生有利或有害的影响;环境的改善或恶化,反过来又必然影响到资源的增减.因此,如何处理好它们之间的关系,使资源得到合理的开发和利用,同时又保护或改善环境,形成资源开发利用与环境保护改善之间的良性循环,应当是人类共同奋斗的一个目标. 本文依据一些实际资料论述了上述问题以及地球物理学在解决这些问题中所应起的作用.     

针对海洋水层反射的处理方法研究

在海洋地震勘探过程中,逐步发展到可以利用反射地震法研究海洋水体运动现象及海水温盐结构,而处理好水体反射信号则是地震海洋学研究的关键.目前地震海洋学正处在起步阶段,鲜有专门针对水层反射的处理方法研究,本文根据水体反射特征,形成了专门针对水体反射的处理技术.首先,与海底地层反射不同,因水介质间差异较小,水层反射信号相对较弱,常规地震处理技术直接应用到水层反射难以取得预期处理效果.针对这一特点,本文提出了水层弱信号保护技术,通过有效分离水层反射信号达到保真效果;其次,常规海洋地震勘探中使用的空气枪震源位于水下一定深度,激发过程中产生强烈的气泡效应,对水层有效弱信号干扰极强,本文在单子波气泡效应压制的基础上,利用分段提取多子波的方式,对气泡效应进行分段压制,避免因子波发生变化影响处理结果;针对水层噪声强、信噪比低的特点,利用高精度LIFT技术去噪得到高品质道集;最后,利用鬼波压制技术消除鬼波调谐效应,提高地震资料的分辨率.在这些处理技术应用的基础上,本文总结了一套针对水层弱反射的处理流程,并且在海洋地震资料水体反射处理中取得了较好的应用效果.     

中国海地球物理场与油气资源

中国海是祖国的神圣国土,它面积近300万平方千米,包括渤海、黄海、东海和南海四大海域.中国海关系到国家的主权和权益.而在维护主权和权益的斗争中,核心问题是海底矿产资源,特别是油气资源.地球物理方法是认识海底矿产资源的主要技术手段.本文概述了过去50年中国海地球物理场的数据采集与编图工作,经过地质、地球物理综合研究所取得的基本认识、油气勘探在四大海域中所取得的成就,及其前景展望.     

我国海底大地电磁探测技术研究的进展

几年以前 ,我国尚未独立开展过海洋电磁探测 ,没有获取海洋岩石层电性资料的技术手段。然而 ,地下岩层的电性参数较之其他物性参数能更好地反映岩石的性质以及岩石所处的物理状态 ,因此迫切需要发展海底大地电磁探测技术。海底大地电磁探测是把仪器布置在海底 ,采集海底大地电磁场数据 ,从而研究海底以下不同深度上介质导电性的分布规律 ,达到了解地下不同深度地质情况的目的。经过两年的努力 ,我们已基本实现了海底大地电磁探测技术的研究目标     

气温增加对长江流域参照黑散发的影响研究

本文以联合国粮农组织推荐的改进彭曼-蒙特斯公式为基础,通过日气温计算年蒸发总量并验证,用典型年预测全流域年平均气温增加时,参照蒸散发的变化情况。研究表明:长江流域的年蒸发量将随年平均气温的上升而增加;上游增幅大于中下游,各月增幅相近;气温增幅的年内分布不容忽视,考虑到年内气温不等量增长后的计算结果相对更为合理。研究结果表明:当流域年平均气温升高1℃时,流域上、中下游参照蒸散发分别将增加5%和4%.研究中未考虑气温日较差的变化.     

Data use and information creation: challenges for marine scientists and for managers

In the coastal waters of European countries and in the offshore waters of the north-east Atlantic, there is an increasing need for scientists to meet challenging objectives, such as to identify meaningful measures of 'quality', and to recommend 'indicators' to underpin implementation of directives, conventions, statutes and other more informal national and international initiatives. Those indicators may relate to particular species or habitats, to changes in physical and chemical characteristics, and even to the use to which the system is put. The problems to be overcome are difficult, but new and developing approaches will make a significant contribution. The approaches include: criteria to identify 'sensitivity' and 'importance', structures to organise information and electronic information resources to access data.The real challenge is to make the results of the various scientific initiatives relevant to and understandable by a wide range of customers with similar overlapping requirements, and thus make a genuine contribution to protecting the marine environment. Above and beyond that is the need for scientists to drive the agenda to enable real and lasting progress to be made towards ecosystem-based management of our seas and a proper consideration of what 'sustainability' may mean in the marine environment and how we utilise its resources.     

Transboundary aquifers: conceptual models for development of international law

More than one-half of the world's population is dependent on ground water for everyday uses such as drinking, cooking, and hygiene. In fact, it is the most extracted natural resource in the world. As a result of growing populations and expanding economies, many aquifers today are being depleted while others are being contaminated. Notwithstanding the world's considerable reliance on this resource, ground water resources have long received only secondary attention as compared to surface water, especially among legislatures and policymakers. Today, while there are hundreds of treaties governing transboundary rivers and lakes, there is only one international agreement that directly addresses a transboundary aquifer. Given that many of the aquifers on which humanity so heavily relies cross international borders, there is a considerable gap in the sound management, allocation, and protection of such resources. In order to prevent future disputes over transboundary aquifers and to maximize the beneficial use of this resource, international law must be clarified as it applies to transboundary ground water resources. Moreover, it must be defined with a firm basis in sound scientific understanding. In this paper we offer six conceptual models is which ground water resources can have transboudary consequences. The models are intended to help in assessing the applicability and scientific soundness of existing and proposed rules governing transboundary ground water resources. In addition, we consider the development of international law as it applies to ground water resources and make recommendations based on the models and principles of hydrogeology. The objective is the development of clear, logical, and science-based norms of state conducts as they relate to aquifers that traverse political boundaries.     

海洋地球物理研究与海底探测声学技术的发展

海洋地球物理以物理学的思维与方法研究占地球三分之二面积的海洋系统.20世纪地球科学迅猛发展,它的重大进展是海底扩张说与板块构造说的出现和海底大洋的发现,以及前者所引发的地球科学思想革命,从固定论向活动论的思维转变.海底研究对于20世纪地球科学发展的贡献极为巨大,而海洋地球物理是推动海底科学研究的重要原动力.海洋地球物理在20世纪地球科学的发展中有过辉煌的成就,占有十分重要的地位;在新的21世纪里,海洋地球物理研究仍然保持着前沿科学的地位,继续推动着地球科学的进展.目前的海底探测主要还是依赖于声学探测技术.水下声学定位技术是实现水下探测系统精确定位和海底高精度探测的基础.传统性的海洋地震探测技术是研究海底构造与海洋岩石圈深部结构和寻找海底矿产的主力技术,它近年来无论在海上采集技术还是数据处理技术方面都发展得很快.多波束测深、侧扫声呐测图和海底地层剖面测量等则是近数十年快速发展起来探测海底浅部结构信息的技术.这些技术已经在当代海底科学研究、海底资源勘查、海洋工程和海洋开发,以及海洋军事活动等方面发挥出极其重要的作用.     

第二深度空间(5000~10000 m)油、气形成与聚集的深层物理与动力学响应

在当今全球各国对油、气能源的需求和我国在工业化进程中油气能源十分紧缺的前提下,共享世界油、气能源的同时,必须立足于本土,迅速建立起安全、稳定,且可保证持续供给的油、气能源战略后备基地.油、气田勘探和开采中,尚存在着大于或远大于通常所规范的油、气生成稳定温度和深度限定,而向深部勘察油、气的理念又受到传统油、气成因理论的严峻挑战.为此,近些年来,通过对沉积建造、结晶基底,深部油气生成的物理（主指温度、压力）条件、物源和聚集储存空间的研究,提出：①沉积盆地中存在双相（陆相+海相）沉积建造,而基底则分为中、新生代沉积基底和古老的变质岩结晶基底,即双层基底;②地壳深部介质的物理－化学属性和变质岩及存储空间为油、气的生成和聚集提供了物质基础;③厘定了在有机成因主导下,油、气混合成因（有机+无机）的新理念;④第二深度空间（5000~10000 m）的油、气探查和开发将必是未来深部发现大型和超大型油、气田和深化研究的必然轨迹.     

South China Sea

The South China Sea is poorly understood in terms of its marine biota, ecology and the human impacts upon it. What is known is most often contained in reports and workshop and conference documents that are not available to the wider scientific community. The South China Sea has an area of some 3.3 million km² and depths range from the shallowest coastal fringe to 5377 m in the Manila Trench. It is also studded with numerous islets, atolls and reefs many of which are just awash at low tide. It is largely confined within the Tropic of Cancer and, therefore, experiences a monsoonal climate being influenced by the Southwest Monsoon in summer and the Northeast Monsoon in winter. The South China Sea is a marginal sea and, therefore, largely surrounded by land. Countries that have a major influence on and claims to the sea include China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, although Thailand, Indonesia and Taiwan have some too. The coastal fringes of the South China Sea are home to about 270 million people that have had some of the fastest developing and most vibrant economies on the globe. Consequently, anthropogenic impacts, such as over-exploitation of resources and pollution, are anticipated to be huge although, in reality, relatively little is known about them. The Indo-West Pacific biogeographic province, at the centre of which the South China Sea lies, is probably the world's most diverse shallow-water marine area. Of three major nearshore habitat types, i.e., coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses, 45 mangrove species out of a global total of 51, most of the currently recognised 70 coral genera and 20 of 50 known seagrass species have been recorded from the South China Sea. The island groups of the South China Sea are all disputed and sovereignty is claimed over them by a number of countries. Conflicts have in recent decades arisen over them because of perceived national rights. It is perhaps because of this that so little research has been undertaken on the South China Sea. What data are available, however, and if Hong Kong is used, as it is herein, as an indicator of what the perturbations of other regional cities upon the South China Sea are like, then it is impacted grossly and an ecological disaster has probably already, but unknowingly, happened.     

Modeling the impacts of drying trend scenarios on land systems in northern China using an integrated SD and CA model

Climate-induced drought has exerted obvious impacts on land systems in northern China. Although recent reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have suggested a high possibility of climate-induced drought in northern China, the potential impacts of such drying trends on land systems are still unclear. Land use models are powerful tools for assessing the impacts of future climate change. In this study, we first developed a land use scenario dynamic model (iLUSD) by integrating system dynamics and cellular automata. Then, we designed three drying trend scenarios (reversed drying trend, gradual drying trend, and acceleration of drying trend) for the next 25 years based on the IPCC emission scenarios and considering regional climatic predictions in northern China. Finally, the impacts of drying trend scenarios on the land system were simulated and compared. An accuracy assessment with historic data covering 2000 to 2005 indicated that the developed model is competent and reliable for understanding complex changes in the land use system. The results showed that water resources varied from 441.64 to 330.71 billion m³ among different drying trend scenarios, suggesting that future drying trends will have a significant influence on water resource and socioeconomic development. Under the pressures of climate change, water scarcity, and socioeconomic development, the ecotone (i.e., transition zone between cropping area and nomadic area) in northern China will become increasingly vulnerable and hotspots for land-use change. Urban land and grassland would have the most prominent response to the drying trends. Urban land will expand around major metropolitan areas and the conflict between urban and cultivated land will become more severe. The results also show that previous ecological control measures adopted by the government in these areas will play an important role in rehabilitating the environment. In order to achieve a sustainable development in northern China, issues need to be addressed such as how to arrange land use structure and patterns rationally, and how to adapt to the pressures of climate change and socioeconomic development together.     

流域管理若干问题的研究

流域管理是以水资源的自然流域特性和多功能属性为基础的管理制度,它的目标是使有限的水资源实现优化配置和发挥最大效益.流域管理的问题直接关系到以水资源的可持续利用支持经济社会的可持续发展的大局.通过分析我国流域管理存在的问题,借鉴国外成功的流域管理经验,提出要进一步明确流域管理和行政区域管理的事权,加快流域管理相应的法律法规建设,加大流域管理的支撑保障能力建设,充分发挥流域管理机构科学规划决策、有效配置调控和有力监督控制的作用,进一步探索适合不同流域的管理模式,加大构建公共参与和民主协商机制力度,探索建立流域水资源管理可持续利用的市场机制.