2001-2012年新疆融雪型洪水时空分布特征

利用2001-2012年新疆区域内发生的融雪型洪水资料,分析研究了近12 a新疆融雪型洪水时空分布特征.结果表明:新疆融雪型洪水与前一年10月至当年3月新疆全站总累计降水量大小相关,降水量大的年份,对应的融雪型洪水发生次数也多;冬末至夏季融雪型洪水在北疆地区基本上是从西向东、从南向北的先后顺序出现,而在南疆地区的融雪洪水基本上是从西向东、从北向南先后顺序出现.新疆融雪型洪水主要集中出现在春夏季,其中,北疆地区在3月,南疆地区在7月发生较多;伊犁河谷、昌吉、阿勒泰、和田等地区及青河、乌鲁木齐、阿克陶、民丰等市县是新疆融雪型洪水的高发区.     

阿克苏河洪水类型及其形成的500hPa环流特征

利用阿克苏河两条支流和干流的月径流量以及年最大洪峰流量资料,分析了阿克苏河的洪水特征.阿克苏河西支托什干河主汛期在5~8月,北支库玛拉克河与阿克苏河干流的主汛期在7~8月,库玛拉克河的洪水对阿克苏河干流洪水作用更大.托什干河洪水以融雪型、融雪叠加暴雨型两种类型为主,库玛拉克河洪水以融雪(冰)型、融雪(冰)叠加冰湖溃坝型为主,阿克苏河干流洪水以混合型最多见,其次是融雪(冰)型.年最大流量排名前15位的洪水中,阿克苏河两条支流与干流在1987年以后分别出现了7~9a,在此基础上分析归纳了三类形成阿克苏河流域主要洪水的500hPa环流模型.阿克苏河流域主汛期形成混合型洪水的500hPa环流特征为:新疆高压脊稳定在天山山区中部及以东地区,5880gpm等高线北界稳定在天山上空或天山以北,西部边界在帕米尔高原以东的南疆盆地上空,中亚地区为副热带低槽活动区,环流形势相对稳定.主汛期形成融雪(冰)型洪水的500hPa环流特征为:新疆高压脊向北发展且稳定维持3d以上,5880gpm等高线北界稳定在天山以北,西部边界在帕米尔高原以西.春季形成融雪型洪水的500hPa环流特征为:帕米尔高原及西天山受新疆高压脊控制,稳定维持3d以上,高压脊内5840gpm等高线北边界维持在40°N以北.     

新疆阿克苏河洪水类型特征分析

利用阿克苏河两条史流和干流的月径流量以及年最大洪峰流量资料,分析了阿克苏河的洪水特征,阿克苏河西史托什干河主汛期在5—8月,北支库玛拉克河与阿克苏河干流的主汛期在7—8月,库玛拉克河的洪水对阿克苏河干流洪水的作用更大。托什干河洪水以融雪型、融雪叠加暴雨型两种类型为主,库玛拉克河洪水以融雷（冰）型、融雪（冰）叠加冰湖渍坝型为主,阿克苏河干流洪水以混合型最多见,其次是融雪（冰）型,对阿克苏河1987年气候转型之后的年最大洪峰流量排名在有正式水文记录以来前15位的洪水进行分类。     

北疆地区融雪洪水及其前期气候积雪特征分析

依据水文观测资料,对北疆地区发生融雪洪水前期气温、降水、积雪和诱发洪水的升温条件进行了分析,得出了发生融雪洪水的定量指标,有助于今后开展融雪洪水预报。     

铁勒克厄肯河暴雨洪水类型特征及调查成果合理性探析

针对铁勒克厄肯河缺少水文监测资料的实际,选择其下游的卡普斯浪河上的卡木鲁克水文站为参证站,对铁勒克厄肯河暴雨洪水类型成因、时空分布规律进行研究,并在此基础上对流域洪水进行调查,研究结果可知:铁勒克厄肯河属于山溪性河流,主要以暴雨洪水、地下水为补给源,季节积雪在夏季6-8月中消融补给河流,洪水类型为暴雨型、融雪型、融雪和暴雨混合型,洪水主要发生在中低山区;洪水调查过程中断面选择合理,测量成果可靠,选用基础参数合理,洪水调查资料确定为较可靠。     

西北干旱区融雪洪水灾害预报预警技术:进展与展望

针对全球变化背景下极端升温、暴雪和雪面雨等事件增多以及我国西北干旱区融雪洪水灾害风险增大问题,简要概述了干旱区融雪洪水预报预警系统及其关键技术的研究进展,重点阐述了近年来发生频率增加、灾害风险大,但在干旱区未引起重视的雪面雨洪水的研究进展,提出了西北干旱区融雪洪水高精度预报预警所面临的关键科学问题,指出需在揭示干旱区融雪洪水灾害致灾机理、成灾机制及其演化规律基础上,研发干旱区融雪洪水灾害监测预警装置并构建立体监测体系,研究雨雪冰混合洪水形成及演进过程并建立模型,构建洪水风险评估指标体系,建成干旱区融雪洪水智能化预报预警决策支持平台,动态展示流域实时、潜在及未来超标准融雪洪水的淹没范围,评估风险程度,并提出防洪技术和工程方案以及洪水资源化利用途径等应对措施.     

乌鲁木齐河来水途径与潜力初探

乌鲁木齐河来水主要是发源地一号冰川的融雪冰水、大西沟山口以上河两岸的泉水溢出带,还有山区暴雨形成的洪水,或者说是融雪型洪水,还有河中游乌拉泊地区水源地的泉水和地下水,并对乌鲁木齐河来水的途径和潜力进行了探讨,得出了结论。     

基于信息扩散理论的洪水风险评估模型的研究及应用--以阿克苏河流域新大河暴雨融雪型洪水为例

针对新疆一些河流实测洪水系列较短、传统的统计模型进行风险估计难以胜任的特点,引入了信息扩散理论的模糊数学方法,提出了洪水风险评估的实用模型,并以新疆阿克苏河流域新大河暴雨融雪型洪水为例,进行洪水风险估计,结果令人满意。     

库如克山洪沟洪水特性及水文资料“三性”分析

库如克山洪沟地处天山南部中段,由于库如克山洪沟上无任何水文监测资料,选用距离洪水调查点9 km的卡拉苏水文站作为参证站,基于2018年以前的长系列水文资料作为计算依据,对流域洪水特性和水文资料"三性"进行研究。结果可知:库如克山洪沟一般洪水主要为冰雪融水形成的融雪型洪水;而发生的较大的洪水则一般是高温融雪型与暴雨混合型洪水;水文资料的可靠性、代表性和一致性满足规范要求。研究结果以期为库如克山洪沟水利工程开发建设和水资源管理工作提供基础支撑。     

新疆阿勒泰地区的洪水特性

受洪水补给来源和阿尔泰山山势影响,阿勒泰地区洪水发生时间比新疆其他以高山永久积雪和冰川融水补给为主的河流偏早。因此,从认识洪水特性、预防洪水灾害角度出发,对阿勒泰地区洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析研究是很有必要的。利用阿勒泰地区各主要河流1960~2011年历年洪峰、冬季和汛期降水、气温和700hPa高空温度资料,对洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析。结果表明:(1)本区洪水类型有融雪型洪水、融雪与降水混合型洪水和暴雨型洪水;(2)洪水与冬季积雪和汛期气温、降雨有关;(3)汛期过程相对短,主汛期发生时间以5月下旬至6月中旬期为主;(4)洪水挟沙能力强,汛期含沙量占年含沙量近90%;(5)暴雨洪水多发生于阿勒泰地区的中东部区域河流上;(6)全区洪水具有同步性,洪水年际变化相对小。     

Reconstruction and post-event analysis of a flash flood in a small ungauged basin: a case study in Slovak territory

Flash floods are one of the major natural hazards occurring in small streams with a negative effect on the country as well as on human lives. Heavy rainfall occurred on July 20, 2014 and July 21, 2014 and caused severe surface water flooding and a flash flood in the Malá Fatra National Park (Slovakia). The most affected was Vrátna Valley with the Varínka stream. This study presents a reconstruction and post-event analysis of a flash flood on small ungauged basin located in this protected area of Slovakia. The reconstruction included hydraulic terrain measurements on estimating the flood’s culmination and documenting the flood’s development. The measurements were taken at three cross sections of the Varínka stream. This paper is focused mainly on post-event analysis of the Varínka stream in two profiles: Strá?a (gauged profile) and Tiesňavy (ungauged cross section). Subsequently, the extremeness of the flash flood was preliminary evaluated. Results of the post-event analysis showed that the July 2014 flood was not the highest flood in this area despite its catastrophic consequences. By studying historical materials, we came to the conclusion that in the past (e.g. in 1848 or 1939) some devastating floods in this area had occurred, which had disastrous consequences for the population. The second part of the study is focused on comparing this flash flood with three major floods which have occurred in Slovak territory since 1998. The first flood occurred on the 20th of July, 1998 on the Malá Svinka stream, and the two others are floods which occurred on the 7th of June, 2011 in the Small Carpathian Mountains: on the Gidra stream in Píla village and on the Parná stream in Horné Ore?any village. Such comparison of flash floods from different geographical regions and different rainfall events can provide comprehensive information about their regimes, threats and disastrous effects.     

Cataclysmic Late pleistocene flooding from glacial Lake Missoula: A review

Late Wisconsin floods from glacial Lake Missoula occurred between approximately 16 and 12 ka BP. Many floods occurred; some were demonstrably cataclysmic. Early studies of Missoula flooding centered on the anomalous physiography of the Channeled Scabland, which J. Harlen Bretz hypothesized in 1923 to have developed during a debacle that he named ‘The Spokane Flood’. Among the ironies in the controversy over this hypothesis was a mistaken view of uniformitarianism held by Bretz's adversaries. After resolution of the scabland's origin by cataclysmic outburst flooding from glacial Lake Missoula, research since 1960 emphasized details of flood magnitudes, frequency, routing and number.Studies of flood hydraulics and other physical parameters need to utilize modern computerized procedures for flow modeling, lake-burst simulation, and sediment-transport analysis. Preliminary simulation models indicate the probability of multiple Late Wisconsin jökulhlaups from Lake Missoula, although these models predict a wide range of flood magnitudes.Major advances have been made in the study of low-energy, rhythmically bedded sediments that accumulated in flood slack-water areas. The ‘forty floods’ hypothesis postulates that each rhythmite represents the deposition in such slack-water areas of separate, distinct cataclysmic floods that can be traced from Lake Missoula to the vicinity of Portland, Oregon. However, the hypothesis has numerous unsubstantiated implications concerning flood magnitudes, sources, routing and sedimentation dynamics.There were multiple great Late Wisconsin floods in the Columbia River system of the northwestern United States. Studies of high-energy, high altitude flood deposits are necessary to evaluate the magnitudes of these floods. Improved geochronologic studies throughout the immense region impacted by the flooding will be required to properly evaluate flood frequency. The cataclysmic flood concept championed by J. Harlen Bretz continues to stimulate exciting and controversial research.     

Analysis of flood causes and associated socio-economic damages in the Hindukush region

Pakistan is exposed to numerous hazards, but the problem of recurrent floods has been causing massive losses to lives and other properties. Swat valley is no exception to it. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the causes and associated socio-economic impacts of floods on the Swat valley, Pakistan. Swat valley falls in the Hindukush region, North-west-Pakistan. The valley has been studied with special reference to its physical and socio-economic environment. Similarly, three-sample villages were also randomly selected from the active floodplain for micro-level analysis. The sample villages include Ningolai, Delay and Ghureijo. All the three-sample communities are located on the right bank of river Swat. This area is located in the active flood zone of Swat valley. The analysis revealed that in the study area, floods occur during summer season, which is mainly caused by heavy rainfall as well as rapid melting of snow and glacier. Besides these, there are some floods intensifying factors, which accelerate intensity of floods and enhance resultant damages in the valley. It was found that during flood season, water overflows the natural levees and trigger tremendous loses to housing, agricultural land, standing crops and other properties. The flood-related Government Departments have only implemented limited structural mitigation measures. However, in addition to structural measure, land-use zoning and flood abatement strategies would largely help in reducing the adverse consequences of this recurrent phenomenon.     

西江流域梧州站干支流洪水组成及遭遇规律分析

为分析西江流域灾害性洪水的风险,采用水文学分析法从洪水组成、遭遇时间以及洪峰重现期等方面,重点分析了梧州站干支流洪水遭遇规律。研究表明:梧州15场洪水中红水河、柳江、郁江及桂江的日平均流量平均比重分别为32.31%、40.57%、13.19%及9.13%;其中西江干流洪水发生时间集中在6～8月,柳江洪水发生时间集中在6～7月,桂江洪水发生时间集中在5～7月,郁江洪水发生时间集中在7～9月;西江上游红水河与柳江洪水遭遇频繁,而郁江、桂江遭遇洪水量级较小,其中全流域洪水、红水河—柳江—桂江洪水、柳江—郁江—桂江洪水三种遭遇类型所构成的梧州大洪水重现期依次约为100年、50年、20年一遇,揭示了西江干支流洪水遭遇后致使梧州站洪水重现期显著增大。研究结果可为西江流域防洪减灾提供水文分析参考。     

分期设计洪水频率与防洪标准关系研究

现行分期设计洪水模式估算的分期设计洪水值均小于或等于年最大设计值,达不到规定的防洪标准。采用Gumbel-Hougaard Copula函数描述两个分期的分期最大洪水之间的相关性结构,并构造边缘分布为P-Ⅲ分布的分期最大洪水联合分布,建立分期最大洪水与年最大洪水的关系式,讨论分期设计洪水频率与防洪标准应满足的关系,探讨能够满足防洪标准的新的分期设计洪水模式。应用示例表明,新模式主汛期设计值相对年最大设计值小幅度增加,而非主汛期设计值则小于年最大设计值,既满足不降低防洪标准的要求又能够起到优化设计洪水的作用,为分期设计洪水研究提供了一条新的思路。     

An assessment of multidimensional flood vulnerability at the provincial scale in China based on the DEA method

China suffers frequent and severe floods. A lot of studies have been done in the field of flood disaster, including flood vulnerability assessment. This paper develops assessment models of multidimensional flood vulnerability based on the data envelopment analysis method and identifies multidimensional flood vulnerability??population, death, agriculture and economy??at the provincial scale in China using flood damage data and socioeconomic statistical data from 2001 to 2010. Based on the characteristics of multidimensional flood vulnerability of each province, some suggestions for flood prevention and mitigation are suggested. The assessment models of multidimensional flood vulnerability are simple and can be used for vulnerability analysis of natural disaster at regional or national levels. The assessment of multidimensional flood vulnerability can provide multifaceted information that contributes to a deeper understanding of the flood vulnerability and provides a scientific base for the policy making and implementation of flood prevention and mitigation designs.     

Global Perspectives on Loss of Human Life Caused by Floods

Every year floods cause enormous damage all over the world. This study investigates loss of human life statistics for different types of floods and different regions on a global scale. The OFDA/CRED Database contains data on international disasters and is maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) in cooperation with United States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). Information from this source on a large number of flood events, which occurred between January 1975 and June 2002, is evaluated with respect to flood location and flood type. Due to the limited availability of information on coastal flood events, the scope of this study is limited to three types of freshwater flooding: river floods, flash floods and drainage problems. First, the development of loss of life statistics over time is discussed. Second, the dataset is analysed by region, by flood type and by the combination of type and region. The study shows that flash floods result in the highest average mortality per event (the number of fatalities divided by the number of affected persons). A cross analysis by flood type and location shows that average mortality is relatively constant for the different types over various continents, while the magnitude of the impacts (numbers of killed) and affected for a certain type varies between the different continents. On a worldwide scale Asian river floods are most significant in terms of number of persons killed and affected. Finally, a comparison with figures for other types of natural disasters shows that floods are the most significant disaster type in terms of the number of persons affected.     

2013年黑龙江、松花江暴雨洪水分析

2013年黑龙江、松花江分别发生1984、1998年以来最大的流域性洪水。针对此次暴雨洪水,概述了致洪暴雨的天气背景、降雨过程,重点从洪水过程、洪水组成、水利工程作用、历史大洪水对比及暴雨洪水特点等方面进行了分析总结,供流域防汛抗洪工作参考。     

延河流域雨洪特性及洪水预报

延河是黄河的一级支流，流经安塞、延安、延长等陕北南部地区的重要城镇，是引发该地区城镇洪水的主要河流，因此，延河洪水预报对这些城镇的防洪安全具有重要意义。在分析延河流域雨洪特性的基础上，以提高大洪水的预报精度为主、适当兼顾中小洪水的原则，采用具有成因概念的系统模型和相关图法，建立了以延安市为重点、包括安塞及延长县城的延河区段洪水预报方案，可供作业预报试用。