海洋钢筋混凝土结构牺牲阳极保护系统电极行为的研究

于１９８９－１９９０年在室内条件下，用牺牲阳极保护浸泡于海水中的多种钢筋凝土试件测试不同试件中钢筋极化与阳极布局、涂层质量，涂层厚度及试件浸水情况的关系。结果表明，牺牲阳极能有效地保护全浸海水中的混凝土试件，对间断浸淋海水的试件也有一定的保护作用，通过改善阳极安装工艺，保护作用可望提高；电偶电流在各阴阳极上的分布将随涂层质量，涂层厚度和试件浸水情况不同而异，回路中电阻和电极极化情况是影响电流分布的     

合金成分对Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti牺牲阳极性能的影响

利用正交试验的配比方法炼制了不同Zn、In、Mg、Ti含量Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti牺牲阳极9组,采用恒电流和极化曲线方法评价了牺牲阳极的电化学性能。结果表明:电流效率随着钛含量的增加呈上升趋势,随着铟含量的增加而呈下降趋势,随着锌、镁含量的增加先下降后升高。阳极为均匀溶解,未出现钝化现象,溶解过程表现出2种放电过程。最佳阳极配比(wt%)为:Zn 6.0,In 0.020,Mg 1.5,Ti 0.080,余量为Al。     

南海A平台导管架阴极保护监测结果讨论与分析

通过对南海A平台导管架阴极保护监测结果的分析,研究了该平台下水一年后导管架的阴极保护状态。结果表明,该平台下水后,导管架各节点电位及牺牲阳极电位均达到保护,阴极保护状态良好。阴极保护监测系统运行稳定,双电极探头未发现损坏,所得监测结果翔实可靠,对该海域新建平台导管架监测系统有着重要的借鉴价值。     

海运石脑油储罐水相区阴极保护电场的数值模拟

采用边界元方法对石脑油储罐罐底水相区的阴极保护系统设计方案进行了数值模拟.结果表明,传统设计方案中电场参数分布不均匀、过保护现象明显;通过适当减少牺牲阳极数量并调整其布设位置,可对其阴极保护设计进行优化,过保护现象明显减小,且电位和电流密度分布也更为均匀.     

中国南海涠洲油田W114A平台服役15年的水下钢结构腐蚀防护调查

介绍了W114A平台在南海服役15年的水下钢结构的腐蚀与防护特检报告.检测表明,生物污损严重,最大附着厚度可达20 cm,阴极保护系统正常,保护效果良好.对检测方法和结果进行了分析发现,电位测量程序不妥,牺牲阳极物理尺寸的测量方法不准确,测厚点的基面清理不干净,不能准确地对平台的阴极防护效果进行评估,并对此提出了修改意...     

Al基牺牲阳极的生物污损——“阳极苞”的解析

本文介绍了铝(Al)基牺牲阳极在青岛中港海鸥浮码头超期服役五年半的阴极保护情况。现场勘查结果发现少部分Al阳极是以"苞"状出现,暂命名为"阳极苞"。其外层为以苔藓虫(Bryozoa/Polyzoa)为主体的生物群落构成的具有一定强度的生物硬壳,内层为白色膏状物,暂命名为"阳极泥"。对生物硬壳进行了生物鉴定,利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)测试其微观结构,红外光谱(infrared spectroscopy,IR)测定其化学组成,结果表明该生物硬壳由复杂的有机混合物组成,并且具有微米级多孔结构;对"阳极泥"进行了酸碱性测定、能谱分析(energy dispersive spectrometer, EDS)及X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析,结果表明"阳极泥"主要由铝的水合氧化物和污损生物的代谢产物及机体分解产物组成。在此基础上初步讨论了"阳极苞"的形成过程及其对阴极保护的影响。     

Effect of Sacrificial Anode Protection for Steel Pipe Piles at Dandong Port

The sacrificial anode protection system for the steel pipe piles of the 3rd berth of Dandongwharf at Dandong port has operated for eight years.In this paper,the program design and the protectioneffect of the sacrificial anode protection system are presented.The results of various,inspections show thatthe piles are protected very satisfactorily.     

掺硼金刚石膜电极降解水中全氟辛酸

采用掺硼金刚石膜电极(Boron-doped diamond,BDD)为阳极的电化学氧化法降解全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA);对比不同电解质体系中PFOA的脱氟效果,考察初始pH、流速、电流密度、初始浓度和电解质浓度对PFOA脱氟率的影响,估算体系能耗;以甲醇(MeOH)和叔丁醇(TBA)为淬灭剂进行自由基淬灭实验,分析PFOA的降解机理。结果表明:Na2SO4电解质体系中,PFOA具有良好的降解效果;酸性条件下(pH为3~4.2)PFOA脱氟效果较佳,中性条件下较差,脱氟效果随初始浓度的增加而降低,随电流密度的增大先提升后趋于稳定。初始pH为3、电流密度30 mA·cm^-2、流速32.5 mL·min^-1、初始浓度100 mg·L^-1、Na2SO4浓度0.05 mol·L^-1条件下,电解180 min,PFOA脱氟率达53.45%,能耗约为1.13 kWh·(g F)-1;硫酸盐体系产生的·OH、SO-4·两种自由基均能氧化降解PFOA。     

盐度变化对铝牺牲阳极保护效果的影响

为研究河流入海口处盐度周期变化时铝牺牲阳极对钢结构的保护效果,测试对比了盐度固定与盐度循环条件下Q235钢有无阳极保护时的腐蚀失重和电位变化、铝牺牲阳极的电流效率。结果表明盐度循环会造成Q235钢的严重腐蚀,盐度差越大腐蚀越严重,甚至可能超过天然海水的腐蚀程度;在盐度循环条件下铝牺牲阳极对Q235钢具有良好的保护效果,但与稳定的盐度相比,阳极的消耗量增加、电流效率降低;在稳定的低盐度条件（0.5%）下,虽然铝牺牲阳极的电流效率较高,被保护的Q235钢电位足够负,但是保护效果不理想。本文通过Q235钢腐蚀失重数据检验铝牺牲阳极的保护效果,得到了不同盐度循环条件下铝牺牲阳极的初步性能数据,为河流入海口处钢结构设施的阴极保护提供了依据。     

海水冷凝塔阴极保护

青岛市许多工厂的热交换器多年来一直采用海水冷却。但由于海水含盐量高,浸蚀性强,冷凝塔的腐蚀损坏是长期存在的严重问题。一些工厂多年来的使用经验表明,腐蚀损坏最严重处,主要在管端附近。由于管端的腐     

Classifying levels of protection in Marine Protected Areas

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for the conservation of marine species and ecosystems. Yet despite the significant differences between marine and terrestrial systems in terms of their critical ecological processes, stresses, and relationships with cultural systems, methods used to characterize levels of protection for biological diversity in MPAs are all derived from schemes developed for terrestrial systems. A new system designed to classify levels of protection in MPAs is proposed, based on criteria specifically relevant to marine systems. MPAs are characterized by each of the seven criteria: designated use, quality of natural character, extent of protection throughout the year, extent of zoning into sub-areas for multiple uses, public access, extraction of resources, and size with respect to supporting critical ecological processes. Five levels of protection are defined, labeled I-V: Wilderness Management Area (Level I), Research Management Area, Ecological Management Area, Human Recreation Management Area, and Sustainable Resource Management Area (V). A level is assigned to an MPA based on the level that matches the largest number of categories across all seven criteria. The uses and benefits of this system of classification relative to existing systems are discussed and examples of its application are illustrated using data on 83 MPAs in California (USA) and 10 globally.     

模拟海底管道的阴极保护中数值计算边界条件的确定

根据相似论和因次分析,用钢丝来模拟实际海底管道.通过实验,研究了牺牲阳极及被保护钢丝的极化性能,从而得到了在阴极保护中进行数值计算的边界条件;对于从实验基础上建立的数学模型进行有限元计算,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,证明确定的边界条件是合理的,可以将建立的数学模型用于实际海底管道的阴极保护设计.     

Discussion on Cathodic Protection of HZ 21-1 Platform

The environmental conditions around the first offshore HZ 21- 1 steel wellhead platform in the South China Sea are characterized by deep water, frequent typhoons, rough waves, high water temperature, severely corrosive seawater, and thick fouling organism attachments. The design and effectiveness of galvanic anode protection system are presented, and several methods are described, which are the calculation method of the protective current density considering the variation of water depth, the method of determining protection parameters considering various factors, the arrangement of anodes based on potential distribution and current requirements at different water depths, and the method of anode installation. Finally the effect of the accuracy of selected cathodic protection parameters on the economic benefits of offshore projects is also discussed..     

枝管藻多糖对久效磷暴露水体中鱼类保护作用的研究

以金鱼(Carassius auratus)体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase，SOD)活力、乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesteras，AChE)活力变化为指标，观察了枝管藻多糖对久效磷暴露的水体中鱼类生理功能的影响。结果表明：用枝管藻多糖灌胃鲫鱼15d，枝管藻多糖能显著降低久效磷对鱼类体内SOD活力的诱导和有效阻止久效磷对鱼类中枢神经系统AChE活性的抑制，具有拮抗久效磷农药对鱼类毒害的作用。     

Spatial variation of intertidal assemblages at Tavolara-Capo Coda Cavallo MPA (NE Sardinia): geographical vs. protection effect

Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent a potentially useful management tool to preserve biodiversity. Protection effectiveness was investigated at Tavolara-Capo Coda Cavallo MPA by comparing assemblages of rocky shores at a location 'A' level of protection (island), with those at two locations at 'B' level of protection (one on an island and one on the mainland coast) and two at 'C' level of protection (one on an island and one on the mainland coast). Results did not indicate significant differences in structure of intertidal assemblages among locations under different levels of protection ('A', 'B' and 'C'). Protection was not found to be a significant source of variation to low-shore assemblages investigated. In contrast, assemblages seemed to be more dependent on the geographical location within the MPA. Results have important implications for conservation of marine coastal assemblages and would indicate that inclusion of representative assemblages within systems of marine protected areas should target rocky shores both on the mainland and on islands.     

海洋平台阴极保护监测系统的研制及应用

介绍了自行研制的海洋平台阴极保护监测系统，它由双电极电位测量探头，牺牲阳极输出电流测量探头，信号传输电缆系统和微机数据采集系统组成，并结合近10a其在南海北部近海石油开发区的应用和运行状况，对阴极保护监测系统的性能，作用及意义进行了系统论述，以期为进一步的工作奠定基础。     

Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations

Marine reserves are places where wildlife and habitats are protected from extractive and depositional uses of the sea. Although considered to be the pinnacle in marine conservation, many permit non-consumptive activities with little or no regulation. This paper examines the potential impacts of 16 non-consumptive activities including scuba diving, sailing, scientific research and motor boating, and how they might compromise the conservation objectives of marine reserves. Examination of 91 marine reserves from 36 countries found little agreement or consistency in what non-consumptive activities are permitted in marine reserves and how they are regulated. The two most common activities allowed without regulation were swimming (mentioned in 80% of marine reserves and allowed in 63% of these) and kayaking (mentioned in 85%, allowed in 53%). Scuba diving was mentioned in 91% and allowed without regulation in 41%. A risk score for the likely level of threat to wildlife and/or habitats that each activity could produce was then assigned based on effects reported in the literature. The risk analysis suggests that motor boating and activities which include or require it have a high potential to negatively impact wildlife and habitats if inadequately managed. Hence protection against extractive or depositional activities alone is insufficient to secure the high standard of protection usually assumed in marine reserves. For this to be achieved activities typically considered as benign must receive appropriate management, especially with increasing recreational use.     

枝管藻多糖的提取及其抗凝血活性的初步研究

探讨枝管藻多糖的提取方法 ,并对枝管藻多糖的抗凝血活性进行研究。采用酶解 -热水浸提法提取的枝管藻多糖能够显著延长小鼠全血凝血时间、大鼠体外凝血酶原时间和白陶土部分凝血活酶时间 ,且呈明显的量 -效关系。提示枝管藻多糖具有较强的抗凝血作用。     

The role of seagrasses in coastal protection in a changing climate

The contribution of seagrasses to coastal protection is examined through the review of the most relevant existing knowledge. Seagrasses are the largest submerged aquatic vegetation ecosystem protected in Europe and it is worth examining their contribution to coastal protection. The review performed highlights incident energy flux, density, standing biomass and plant stiffness as the main physical and biological factors influencing the efficiency of the protection provided by seagrasses. The main conclusion achieved is that seagrass meadows cannot protect shorelines in every location and/or scenario. The optimal conditions for enhancing the protection supplied might be achieved in shallow waters and low wave energy environments, with high interaction surface, at the vertical and horizontal dimension, between water flow and seagrasses. Likewise, the most favorable protection might be provided by large, long living and slow growing seagrass species, with biomass being largely independent of seasonal fluctuations and with the maximum standing biomass reached under the highest hydrodynamic forcings. It is shown that seawater warming, increasing storms and sea level rise, together with the increasing population and anthropogenic threats in the coastal area may lead to rates of change too fast to allow seagrasses to adapt and keep their coastal defense service. Finally, to amend the decline of seagrasses and consequent coastal protection loss, different artificial and natural adaptation measures are provided.     

Alternatives to whole animal testing: Use of cDNA probes for studies of phase I and II enzyme induction in isolated plaice hepatocytes

Studies of xenobiotic metabolism and the regulation of enzyme systems for their metabolism (Phase I and II enzyme systems) require large numbers of animals, intensive use of experimental aquarium systems and in some instances can pose major problems when the compounds are scarce, expensive or too toxic to be disposed of easily. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of isolated primary hepatocytes of fish for metabolic and enzyme induction studies. Functionally and structurally competent hepatocytes were isolated from juvenile plaice and after overnight acclimation to culture conditions, were exposed to a variety of PAHs for 24h. The levels of CYP1A1, phenol UDPGT and GST-A mRNAs were then estimated by slot blotting and hybridisation to their cDNA probes. The method enabled rapid and easy determination of the structure/activity relationships of these compounds as inducers of these key Phase I and II enzymes, and is potentially useful for screening large numbers of compounds both as an invitro toxicity test and for mechanistic studies.