超大型稀有稀土矿床的某些特征

稀有稀土超大型矿床的储量为大型矿床储量的５倍以上（ＲＥＥ、Ｂｅ）或１０倍以上（Ｌｉ、Ｃｓ、Ｎｂ、Ｔａ、Ｚｒ）。这类矿床大多与碱性岩类岩石有关，主要分布在地台区，成岩成矿时代以前寒武纪为主，其次为中生代。成矿作用具有多期次性，矿化往往发生在更为还原条件下。超大型富矿与深部成矿源有着直接联系     

Main types of rare-metal mineralization in Karelia

Rare-metal mineralization in Karelia is represented by V, Be, U deposits and In, Re, Nb, Ta, Li, Ce, La, and Y occurrences, which are combined into 17 types of magmatic, pegmatite, albitite–greisen, hydrothermal–metasomatic, sedimentary, and epigenetic groups. The main vanadium resources are localized in the Onega ore district. These are deposits of the Padma group (556 kt) and the Pudozhgorsky complex (1.5 Mt). The REE occurrences are primarily characterized by Ce–La specialization. The perspective of HREE is related to the Eletozero–Tiksheozero alkaline and Salmi anorthosite–rapakivi granite complexes. Rare-metal pegmatites bear complex mineralization with insignificant low-grade resources. The Lobash and Jalonvaara porphyry Cu–Mo deposits are potential sources of rhenium: Re contents in molybdenite are 20–70 and 50–246 ppm and hypothetical resources are 12 and 7.5 t, respectively. The high-grade (～100 ppm) and metallogenic potential of indium (～2400 t) make the deposits of the Pitkäranta ore district leading in the category of Russian ore objects most prospective for indium. Despite the diverse rare-metal mineralization known in Karelia, the current state of this kind of mineral commodities at the world market leaves real metallogenic perspective only for V, U, Re, In, and Nb.     

An Overview of Process Mineralogy of Tungsten and Its Associated Elements

China produces much tungsten metal every year. The tungsten deposits in China usually are low-grade and have complex mineralogy composition as well as many associated valuable elements. The associated elements include Sn, Mo, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb, Be, Co, Au, Ag, Nb, Ta, Re, Sc, REE, Li, As, S, P and the nonmetallic minerals such as quartz, fluorite, feldspar, etc. Therefore, only the tungsten ore dressing is done in accordance with the ore properties based on the detailed and full process mineralogy study can the valuable elements be reasonably and fully recovered and the maximization of resource utilization as well as environment-friendly is achieved eventually. This paper summarizes the status quo of process mineralogy of tungsten and its associated elements in China, focuses on the process mineralogy studies on major tungsten ore types including tungsten-molybdenum associated ore, tungsten-tin polymetallic ore and tungsten-copper polymetallic ore, suggests the future process mineralogy research on tungsten and its associated elements.     

川西可尔因地区伟晶岩型锂矿地球化学指标定位矿体的方法

可尔因地区是松潘?甘孜成矿带的大型稀有金属矿集区之一,围绕可尔因岩体分布了大量花岗伟晶岩脉,如何在数百平方千米伟晶岩田中定位稀有金属矿脉一直是该区伟晶岩型锂稀有金属矿找矿难点之一。通过对可尔因岩体二云母花岗岩、伟晶相微斜钠长花岗岩、不同类型伟晶岩及典型矿床开展系统的岩石地球化学分析,总结了可尔因地区伟晶岩地球化学元素空间分布和变化规律,提出了寻找锂矿的特征元素指标、指示指标和品位指标等地球化学指标。特征元素指标包括Li、B、Sn、Rb、Be、Nb、Ta等元素;平面指示指标包括Cs、Tl、F、Zr、Y、ΣREE等元素及TiO₂/Ta、Zr/Hf、Ta/Zr、Nb/Ta、K/Na等值;垂向指示指标包括B、U、Zr、Be、Sn、Rb、Sr、Ba、Tl、In等元素。通过特征元素指标及指示指标的值和变化规律,可辅助定位稀有金属矿化伟晶岩位置,指示矿体深部延伸情况。品位指标主要包括铝饱和指数（A/CNK、A/NK）、里特曼指数（σ）、K+Na和K/Na值等,Li品位与铝饱和度呈正相关、与碱度呈负相关,品位指标的变化趋势指示了矿体中锂的富集部位。      

Jurassic and Cretaceous (Yanshannian) tectonics,magmatism and metallogenesis in South China: preface

ABSTRACT

South China is famous for its poly-metal deposits, with more than 50% of global W and Sb reserves, 20% of global Sn reserves, as well as abundant Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag, Ta, Nb, REE and U deposits. This special issue consists of 21 papers, reporting recent progress on Yanshannian tectonic evolution, magmatism and ore deposits in South China, aiming at better understandings on the Mesozoic large-scale magmatism and mineralization events.     

广西栗木锡铌钽矿床地球化学分带模型与找矿评价标志

从找矿地球化学角度,依据栗木锡铌钽花岗岩型矿床的分带、元素异常组合、平均含量和比值的垂直变化特征,综合建立了矿床地球化学分带模型,指出了F、Li、Be、W、Sn、Nb、Ta、Cu、Mo、Bi、Ti是寻找该类矿床的有效指标,总结了矿体前缘、近矿和矿尾的异常组合、强度及比值等地球化学评价标志.     

“八O一”稀有稀土矿床碱性花岗岩的含矿性、矿化规律及成因分析

内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗与碱性花岗岩有关的“八O一”特大型稀有稀土矿床位于巴尔哲北北东向背斜构造部位,以Nb、Y、Ta为主,伴生Be等多种稀有稀土元素。含矿岩体为普遍矿化的燕山期碱性花岗岩,且碱性花岗岩体与“八O一”稀有稀土矿床具有生成关系。通过对碱性花岗岩的岩石特征及含矿性、含矿元素的变化规律、岩石化学成分与稀有元素的关系、矿化元素的富集规律及矿床成因进行综合分析,认为“八O一”稀有稀土矿床为碱性花岗岩岩浆晚期分异交代型矿床。     

Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic rare-metal magmatism of Central Asia: Stages, provinces, and formation settings

Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic epochs in the formation history of the Central Asian Foldbelt are distinguished by high rare-metal productivity. A number of large REE, Ta, Nb, Zr, Be, Sn, Li, Mo, Re, and other deposits were formed at that time. As a rule, they are of the magmatic origin and related to the intrusions of highly evolved igneous rocks varying in composition from alkaline ultramafic with carbonatites to alkali and Li-F granites. In general, the occurrences of rare-metal magmatism are related to the rift zones of the Central Asian Rift System formed 310?C190 Ma ago and conjugated with a consecutive series of the Barguzin, Hangay, and Hentiy zonal igneous provinces characterized by the large batholiths in their centers and rift zones in the framework. Such a structure indicates that these provinces were formed above isometric mantle sources or plumes with participation of large-scale crustal anatexis. The evident links of rare-metal deposits to occurrences of mantle magmatism within the zonal igneous provinces show that plume sources played an important role in their formation.     

关于花岗岩与成矿作用若干基本概念的再认识

借着对张旗先生两篇文章提出进一步质疑的机会,文章阐述了与花岗岩有关成矿作用的若干基本概念、基础知识以及国内外矿床学界对某些相关问题的研究成果。认为花岗岩浆从形成起到最后固结成岩,必然经历了一定的演化过程,花岗岩浆的分异演化,可以形成富含水和其他挥发组分的残余岩浆,出现晶体、熔体、流体三相共存的"岩浆-热液过渡阶段",并最终分泌出热液(岩浆水)。中国华南尤其是南岭地区钨锡铋钼锂铍铌钽等稀有金属的大规模成矿作用正是与该地区大规模花岗岩浆活动及其演化密切相关的。文章强调了花岗岩类与钨锡等成矿作用之间存在着密切的成因关系,并重申了"成矿母岩"、"含矿岩体"等术语在矿床学研究及指导找矿勘查等方面的积极意义。指出"金铜和钨锡可以伴生"是大量矿床所反映的、因此也是必须尊重的基本地质事实,而不是依据了什么理论。文章最后认为,关于成矿作用问题的任何讨论和争鸣都必须建立在尊重地质事实、尊重矿床学基本概念和尊重矿床学领域前人研究成果的基础之上。     

华南某地浸染型锯、钽花岗岩原生晕找矿的探讨

勘查地球化学作为一种找矿手段在寻找硫化多金属矿床方面日臻完善,应用愈益广泛并取得了令人满意的效果。然而对于浸染型铌、钽花岗岩矿床的地球化学找矿论述较少。事实上,此类矿床Nb、Ta矿物的颗粒细小,肉眼无法看到,除直观的地球化学找矿标志外,岩石地球化学找矿法和重砂法(即矿物晕法)是寻找和评价这类矿床的重要手段。     

湘南地区钨锡多金属矿床矿石矿物组合、矿化蚀变特征及成矿流体组成

采用岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针等手段,对湘南地区多个钨锡多金属矿床的矿化蚀变进行了研究和总结.结果 表明,湘南地区钨锡多金属矿化蚀变矿物组成复杂,但各矿区普遍存在锡石、黄铜矿、黑钨矿(或白钨矿)、闪锌矿、方铅矿等金属矿物,萤石和黄玉常见,云母化、钾长石化、绿泥石化、尖晶石化等热液蚀变普遍,表明成矿流体具有类似或相同的来源及组分;各矿田(或矿床)的成矿流体均富含B和F等挥发分及Fe和Mn,钨、锡和铜矿化密切共生,钨锡多金属矿石中可见Nb和Be矿化,表明Li、Be、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn等矿化为类似成矿流体的产物;初步研究认为湘南地区的钨锡多金属矿化是同一岩浆房分异演化的成矿流体的产物,提出了成矿的概念模型.     

Compositional characteristics of wolframite in tin deposits,Dupangling, Guangxi

Statistical data on major, trace and rare-earth elements in wolframite from the quartz vein-and greisen-type tin deposits in the Dupangling orefield reveal: (1) The components in wolframite can be divided into two relatively independent groups: the WO₃-Nb-Ta-Sc-REE group, in which WO₃ is negatively correlated with the others and the FeO-MnO-Sn group, in which MnO is negatively correlated with the other two; (2) In general, REE fractionation is not significant, reflected mainly by the separation of Eu from other REE’s. LREE and HREE increase or decrease simultaneously, with HREE being more variable; (3) Nb, Ta, Sc, REE substitute for W, and Sn may enter into wolframite lattice accompanied by Fe-Mn substitution; (4) In contrast to wolframite in quartz veins, which is poor in REE, Nb, Ta and Sc and has highδ Eu values and LREE / HREE and Nb/Ta ratios, wolframite in greisen is rich in REE, Nb, Ta, Sc and has lowδ Eu values and LREE/HREE and Nb/Ta ratios; and (5) The contents and ratios of trace elements and REE partitioning parameters of wolframite can be used as guide for prospecting.     

Geochronology of granite and associated Sn mineralization in the Shuangyuanchong Sn deposit and its implication for Sn-W prospecting potential in the Shizhuyuan-Hehuaping area,the Nanling region,South ChinaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

南岭成矿带是全球最重要的钨锡成矿带之一,区内钨锡成矿条件优渥,是开展钨锡找矿勘查的重要目标区。然而如何开展钨锡找矿工作,尤其是在已有矿床周缘圈定成矿远景区,是钨锡成矿作用研究以及找矿勘查工作关注的重要科学问题。双园冲矿床位于南岭成矿带中西段,处于荷花坪与柿竹园两个大型锡钨多金属矿田中间,并与两个矿田处于同一构造体系,但目前对该矿床的研究程度较低,由此也制约了其矿床成因研究及该区的找矿部署。本次研究获得双园冲云英岩化花岗岩的锆石和独居石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为161.2±2.5Ma和157.1±1.8Ma,与云英岩型矿石中锡石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(158.9±2.9Ma)一致,二者均形成于晚侏罗世,表明其具有密切的成因关系,这一年龄也与南岭成矿带钨锡成矿大爆发时代(150-160Ma)一致。综合对比双园冲锡矿及与其空间相邻的柿竹园和荷花坪锡多金属矿田特征显示,三者成岩成矿时代一致,岩体侵位和矿体分布均受NE向断裂控制,矿体也均赋存于中-上泥盆统碳酸盐岩地层中,并且成矿花岗岩具有相似的岩石学特征和岩浆源区。综合以上信息,本文提出三个矿床可能形成于同一次岩浆热液活动,成矿岩体可能来自地壳深部同一个大岩浆房,柿竹园和荷花坪之间的区域具有发育晚侏罗世花岗岩体及相关钨锡矿的较大潜力。根据双园冲锡矿及其周缘大型锡钨矿床浅部脉状Pb-Zn-Fe-Mn矿化和深部矽卡岩-云英岩型Sn-W矿化的特征,提出研究区乃至整个南岭地区浅部脉状Pb-Zn-Fe-Mn矿化是深部Sn-W找矿勘查的有利部位。     

新疆祁漫塔格东段区域化探及其找矿效果

新疆东昆仑祁漫塔格东段区域化探成果显示,在该区近地表地质体中,Na2O?K2O?Sn?W?Bi?Be?U?Al2O3?Ba?SiO2?Pb?Th等元素相对富集,主成矿元素为W?Au?Bi?Sn?Nb?Pb?F等,经异常查证先后发现了白干湖钨锡矿?蟠龙峰铁多金属矿?维宝铅锌矿等;在本区以W?Sn 等为代表的高温元素的成矿作用与华力西期和加里东期岩浆侵入活动关系密切,印支期中酸性岩浆的侵入与区内Cu?Pb?Zn?Mo等中—高温元素的成矿作用具有较密切的关系,层控改造型Pb?Zn 矿床与蓟县系狼牙山组碳酸盐岩-细碎屑岩建造有关,而Au元素的成矿作用则与燕山期的岩浆活动有关?     

Molybdenum mineralization in the ores of the Tigriny tin deposit (Primorye,Russia)

The molybdenum mineralization at the Tigriny tin deposit is considered for the first time in the light of possible recovery of Mo as a by-product of selective mining. It is established that Mo has a positive correlation with Bi and does not show a correlation with Sn, W, or Zn. The highest Mo grade (>0.1%) in the ore stockwork is related to hornfels near the exposed granite porphyry stock and decreases downward by an order of magnitude. At the level of adit 5, the most numerous quartz-molybdenite veinlets develop at a distance of 50–100 m from the granite porphyry stock. The molybdenite-quartz, pegmatoid, and autogreisen generations of molybdenum mineralization are related to different substages of the first ore stage. All these generations predated crystallization of wolframite, cassiterite, and other ore minerals. The formation temperature for each molybdenite generation was determined by homogenization of fluid inclusions in quartz and decrepitation of samples characterizing each molybdenite-bearing assemblage. These data allowed us not only to estimate the crystallization temperature of each molybdenite generation but also to establish that the molybdenite crystallized from a pneumatolytic-hydrothermal melt-solution at the early stage of the deposit formation. The molybdenum mineralization is genetically related to the granite porphyry stock. The structure of the quartz-molybdenum stockwork was studied to determine the clusters of quartz-molybdenite veinlets and establish their orientation. Molybdenite 1 occurs in variably oriented veinlets that make up a stockwork around the apical portion of the porphyry stock. Disseminations and pockets of molybdenites 2 and 3 are hosted in pegmatoid rocks, greisen, and greisenized granite porphyry. The density of the Tigriny stockwork varies from 0 to 40–50 quartz-molybdenite veinlets per 5 m. Their orientation and spatial distribution were studied in quantitative terms. The most promising targets for selective mining of molybdenite from the Tigriny deposit are the framework of the Minor porphyry stock and the apical portion of the Main stock. The Tigriny deposit demonstrates a clear relationship between ore formation and granitic magmatism.     

广西某地钽铌铍花岗伟晶岩矿床地质特征

矿床产于Ｆ１与Ｆ２两个北北东向大断裂所夹持的次级北东向构造裂隙中，其特点是：伟晶岩的分异作用不好，脉体内不具分带现象，脉体即是矿体，稀有元素矿化与分异作用的好坏无关，含挥发分和稀碱金属矿物少，稀有元素矿化（和锡、钨）均与伟晶岩晚期结晶的钠长石有密切关系，矿田内伟晶岩脉具水平分带现象。     

赣南园岭寨大型钼矿岩石地球化学、成岩成矿年代学及其地质意义

江西省安远县园岭寨钼矿是南岭地区新发现的大型独立斑岩型钼矿床,矿体主要产出在园岭寨花岗斑岩与寻乌组变质岩的内外接触带中。通过对园岭寨钼矿系统的岩石学、地球化学和成岩成矿时代研究,结果表明,园岭寨花岗斑岩化学成分具有富K2O(6.52%～8.33%)、P2O5(0.17%～0.21%)、过铝质(A/CNK=1.33～1.59),高Mg#(53～68)、贫CaO(0.37%～2.99%)、Na2O(0.27%～1.01%)和K2O/Na2O>1的特征;微量元素以富含Rb,亏损Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和富含U、Pb、Nd、Zr、Hf等,亏损Nb、Ta、La、Ce、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)为主要特征,Eu负异常不明显(δEu=0.80～0.90),(La/Yb)N=9.27～13.18,轻重稀土分馏明显。结合成因类型判别图解和矿物学特征,园岭寨斑岩为典型的S型花岗岩,以壳源物质的重熔为主,并受一定程度的幔源物质影响。利用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄,获得了花岗斑岩的成岩年龄为165.49±0.59Ma(MSWD=1.4,n=19);利用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年法,获得园岭寨钼矿床辉钼矿的结晶年龄为160±1～162.7±1.1Ma,属赣南燕山期第二次钼成矿作用(150～162Ma)。结合区域年代学资料和已知的矿床(点),指出本区进一步找矿工作应集中在中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世Mo、Pb、Zn等矿床的查找上。     

北山地区北东向构造对金钨锡钼(稀土)矿床控制作用初探

地处甘、新、内蒙交界部位的北山地区是我国重要的内生金属矿产集中区之一,金、钨、锡、钼等与花岗岩有关的金属矿床具有良好的成矿地质条件和找矿潜力。本文通过对北山地区地球物理、地球化学和矿床成矿地质背景的系统分析,讨论了北东向基底断裂构造对与花岗岩有关的金、钨、锡、钼等矿床形成的重要控制作用。指出了该区今后开展地质找矿工作的方向。     

江西朱溪超大型钨矿床成矿年代学、矿物学及成矿过程研究

位于江南造山带东部的江西朱溪钨矿,是近年发现的一个超大型钨矿床,其矿体主要由矽卡岩型白钨矿组成,产于 燕山期侵入岩与碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩或矽卡岩化大理岩中。为了更好地认识朱溪钨矿的特征和成因,文章采集了花岗 岩和矽卡岩的钻孔样品,进行了岩石学、矿物学、岩石地球化学和同位素年代学的分析。研究表明,朱溪矿区的黑云母花 岗岩具有高硅、富碱、高分异的特征,属于钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩,微量元素中Rb,U,Ta等元素富集,Ba,Nb,Sr和Ti 等元素亏损。稀土元素总量偏低,轻稀土相对富集。矽卡岩矿物的电子探针成分结果表明,其中石榴子石主要为钙铝榴 石-钙铁榴石端元组分;单斜辉石以透辉石-钙铁辉石系列为主。与白钨矿密切共生的矽卡岩矿物中,萤石、符山石、磷灰 石和榍石等富氟的矿物大量出现,表明朱溪钨矿成矿流体为富氟体系,这有利于钨的运移和沉淀。白钨矿REE配分曲线及 Mo含量变化所反映的流体性质表明,朱溪钨矿在矽卡岩阶段,总的矿化环境则由氧化向还原环境变化。利用朱溪含矿矽卡 岩中榍石进行了原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为153±2 Ma,结果显示朱溪钨矿的成矿时代为晚侏罗 世,属燕山期岩浆活动后的产物。     

Phyllosilicate and rutile compositions as indicators of Sn specialization in some southeastern Australian granites

Biotites from unaltered Sn granites in southeastern Australia are highly ferroan, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) >0.75, whereas biotites from barren granites are less Ferich, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)<0.65. Similar distinctions between Sn-specialized and barren granites can be observed in the other phyllosilicates, especially chlorite. Biotites and muscovites from Sn granites have greater Be, Cs, (F), Li, Mo, Rb, Sc, Sn, Tl, (Y) and Zn and lesser Ba abundances than corresponding micas from barren granites in the same district. Alteration of barren granites also results in similar enrichments in micas. Of these elements, Sn and Zn, because of their abundance and retention during degradation of biotite to chlorite, are the best trace element discriminants between barren granites and Sn granites/altered granites, with the Sn content of phyllosilicates being a better indicator than Zn. Rutile inclusions within phyllosilicates from unaltered Sn granites have Nb₂O₅ contents up to 26%. The Ta content tends to increase with Nb content but especially high Ta contents occur in the rutile inclusions of granites that give rise to pegmatitic deposits. The rutile inclusions in Sn granites may also have substantial Sn and W contents. The rutiles of barren granites have low Nb, Ta, Sn and W contents but Sn and W increase with alteration. Together, the ratio Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) and Sn contents in phyllosilicates and rutile compositions can be used to identify the Sn mineralization potential of a granite.