中国珊瑚礁资源状况及其药用研究调查 Ⅰ.珊瑚礁资源与生态功能

对中国珊瑚礁生物物种组成、资源状况、分布特征及其生态功能进行了调查和评价.中国珊瑚礁主要分布在中国南海诸岛海域和唬南、广东、广西、福建、台湾等近岸海域.中国造礁石珊瑚已记录21科,56属295种,对珊瑚礁生态系统结构与生态功能的维持具有重要作用.八放珊瑚亚纲中柳珊瑚已记录7科,28属,75种,软珊瑚有6科,23属,113种,是现代海洋药物研究的热点生物资源.中国珊瑚礁具有造礁与消波护岸、维持珊瑚礁生态系统和生物多样性、提供生物资源和材料、生物地球化学与科学研究、文化教育与生态旅游等多种生态功能与价值.     

雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁礁体结构与场地稳定性分析

珊瑚礁是全球气候变化研究的主要内容之一, 近年来为适应珊瑚岛礁工程建设的需求, 珊瑚礁研究得到较快发展.珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体, 是一种特殊的岩土介质类型.雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁区无论在其物质组成还是发育环境上都具有独特性, 该区海洋水动力作用在珊瑚礁体不同部位强度不同, 具有明显的分带性, 是造礁珊瑚生态环境和碎屑沉积分带的主要原因, 它与珊瑚礁地貌分带、珊瑚礁工程性质相结合, 形成了珊瑚礁不同的岩体结构和工程地质分带.在分析了该区地质背景、岩体结构和工程地质分带等的基础上, 对雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁区场地稳定性进行探讨, 为该区工程建设提供依据.     

珊瑚礁生态系统修复研究进展

健康的珊瑚礁生态系统具有造礁、护礁、固礁、防浪护岸、防止国土流失的功能。同时, 珊瑚礁生态系统生物多样性极高, 被称为海洋中的“热带雨林”。我国南海拥有200多个珊瑚岛、礁与沙洲, 是世界海洋珊瑚礁最丰富的区域之一。近年来, 由于全球气候变化和围填海等人类活动的影响, 珊瑚礁生态系统受到了不同程度的影响或破坏, 危及海洋生态与岛礁安全, 珊瑚礁生态系统的修复至关重要。本文对珊瑚礁生态系统的现状、修复方法及存在的问题进行了总结, 并在此基础上创新性地提出了基于系统的珊瑚礁多维生态系统修复模式并付诸实践, 以期提供更有效的珊瑚礁生态系统修复新方法。     

沉积物对珊瑚礁及礁区生物的影响

海水中日益增多的悬浮物和泥沙沉降是导致珊瑚礁严重衰退的原因之一。沉积物覆盖在珊瑚礁生物表面,影响其呼吸作用,而海水浊度的增加会减少光合作用的可利用光。过多的沉积物改变了礁区的物理以及生物过程,从而对珊瑚礁生态系的结构和功能产生不利影响。为了有效评估珊瑚礁的变化趋势,如优势种丰度以及空间分布的变化等,应用标准的监测方法进行长期监测对于掌握这一复杂生态系统的变化是非常关键的。综述了沉积物对珊瑚生长率、生长形态、代谢和繁殖与补充以及礁区生物的影响,并指出未来的研究方向,以期为珊瑚礁的保护提供参考。     

海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁研究进展

前人在海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁区所做的工作主要集中于以下三方面：(1)鹿回头珊瑚礁区地貌的粗略描述;(2)鹿回头珊瑚礁记录的古海平面研究：(3)鹿回头珊瑚礁记录的现代环境信息研究。通过野外实地考察,将鹿回头珊瑚礁分为8个生物地貌带：礁前斜坡活珊瑚带、礁缘砾石突起脊带、外礁坪带、中礁坪带、内礁坪带、海滩、沙堤、洼地,它们是全新世海平呵和气候环境变化的产物。关于本区珊瑚礁的研究,结合全球珊瑚礁与环境的研究来看,许多工作有待于展开和补充,大致可从以下4个方面进行深入研究：(1)珊瑚礁的生物地貌过程;(2)珊瑚及珊瑚礁的高分辨率环境记录;(3)珊瑚对海洋环境污染的记录：(4)珊瑚礁生态系统与社会、经济及人文系统的关系及其可持续发展。     

海洋中的热带雨林——珊瑚礁

在广袤的海洋中，大量各式各样的珊瑚礁使水下世界更加绚丽多彩。珊瑚按其形态特征可分为造礁珊瑚和非造礁珊瑚，珊瑚礁是由造礁珊瑚形成的。珊瑚虫属于无脊椎动物中的腔肠类，体型呈辐射对称，石灰质外骨骼或皮层中含有大量骨针。造礁珊瑚具有分泌碳酸钙形成外骨骼的功能，并且由于有单细胞的虫黄藻与之共生，钙化生长速度快，所以能造礁。     

全球珊瑚礁监测与管理保护评述

综述了全球珊瑚礁监测成果与管理保护新战略。从20世纪80年代末以来世界珊瑚礁受到普遍关注,催生了以全球珊瑚礁监测网络、全球珊瑚礁考查和全球珊瑚礁数据库为主的全球珊瑚礁监测体系,并从1998年起每2年出版世界珊瑚礁现状报告。到2004年为止,全球珊瑚礁已损失20%,另外的50%受到不同程度的威胁。全球变化影响可能超过人类活动影响,但未来情况有很大不确定性。全球珊瑚礁图集提供了最新面积资料。珊瑚礁管理保护必须采取维持礁系统的弹性、避免衰退相转移和维持礁生物关键功能组、扩大完全保护区面积等新战略。中国是世界珊瑚礁大国,应该为世界珊瑚礁保护作出贡献。     

pCO2增加引起的海洋酸化对造礁珊瑚光合效率的影响研究

海洋酸化是近年来人类所遇到的重大全球环境问题之一,它指的是大气CO2浓度增加引起的海水pH降低的现象。海洋酸化已经威胁到珊瑚礁及其它钙质生物的生存与发展。近期的预测模型与野外实验均表明,海洋酸化的后果可能比以前想象的更为严峻。本研究采用叶绿素荧光技术,选取3种鹿回头珊瑚礁区常见的珊瑚种类（Acropora valida、Galaxea astreata和Favites abdita）,分别设置海水环境为450 μatm、650 μatm（IPCC预测的2065年的水平）和750 μatm（IPCC预测的2100年的水平）的3个pCO2浓度梯度,监测珊瑚在不同CO2浓度背景下10天内的光合荧光参数的变化。实验结果表明,水体pCO2为650μatm时,珊瑚的总体光合效率最高,但随着时间的延长,珊瑚荧光参数在3个浓度梯度下都会显示不同程度的下降趋势。虽然3种珊瑚对不同浓度CO2响应的程度不同,但基本上显示出,在低浓度pCO2时,pH下降引起的酸化作用控制着珊瑚共生藻的光合效率;而随着浓度的增加,CO2增加引起的施肥效应愈加明显,与酸化作用竞争,共同作用于珊瑚共生藻,使得光合荧光参数在波动中变化。     

海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响

大气CO₂浓度持续升高导致海洋酸化和暖化影响着造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁生态系统。为探明造礁石珊瑚早期生活史对海洋酸化和暖化的生理学响应,本文研究了温度（约28°C, 约30°C）和pCO₂（约570 μatm, 约1 300 μatm）以及两者协同作用对简单鹿角珊瑚（Acropora austera）和中间鹿角珊瑚（A. intermedia）早期生活史的影响。实验结果表明,升温（+约2.5°C）和酸化（约1 300 μatm）对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率均无显著影响。酸化显著降低了简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率（25.87%）,但并不显著影响中间鹿角珊瑚幼体的存活率;升温对两种鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率无显著影响。升温（+约2.5°C）、酸化（约1 300 μatm）对简单、中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活和附着过程的影响较小,但是酸化对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响高于暖化。本文结果表明,珊瑚补充过程对海洋酸化和暖化的响应可能具有种类特异性,气候变化将逐渐改变造礁石珊瑚的群落结构。     

不同光照强度下仙掌藻(Halimeda opuntia)对海洋酸化的生理响应

为探讨海洋酸化和光照强度变化对海洋钙化生物的影响,本文选用广泛分布在热带珊瑚礁区的大型钙化海藻仙掌藻(Halimeda opuntia)为研究对象,在室内通过CO2加富(pH=7.50、7.80和8.10)和调控光照强度(30和180μmol photons m2·s-1)的方式,探究其生长、钙化作用和光合作用等生理特征对海洋酸化和光照强度变化的响应。结果表明:海水酸化可以显著抑制仙掌藻的生长率、钙化速率和光合效率,且随酸化程度的加深而加强。酸化条件下(p H 7.50～7.80),生长率、钙化速率和Fv/Fm分别下降了48.29%～58.80%、51.78%～62.29%和2.37%～13.79%;光照强度的增加可以缓解这一抑制作用,高光照下生长率、钙化速率和Fv/Fm分别升高了2.01%～44.55%、29.61%～40.68%和1.68%～6.92%。酸化处理和光照强度变化对色素含量、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量影响显著(P 0.01);酸化处理组中的Chl-a含量下降了32.69%～43.44%;而实验第20-28天,低光条件下的类胡萝卜素含量比高光照组高出12.12%～57.45%;酸化胁迫下,MDA在组织中逐渐积累;同时脯氨酸明显升高,以增加藻体自身的抗逆性,缓解胁迫带来的损伤。此外,组织中总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)含量在酸化条件下显著增加(P 0.05),光照强度的增加也一定程度上有利于提高TC和TN含量。通过分析可知,海洋酸化对仙掌藻的威胁是多方面的,对其生长、钙化作用和光合作用等生理过程的抑制作用随着酸化程度的加深而增加,而光照强度的增加一定程度上可以缓解酸化带来的负面效应。这些结果可以为预测未来海洋酸化对钙质生物的影响和珊瑚礁生物的多样性保护提供理论参考。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁近千年的发育过程及其对气候变化的响应*

高纬度珊瑚栖息地能否成为气候变暖背景下热带珊瑚物种的“避难所”仍不明确, 南海北部的相关研究更是稀少。本文以取自涠洲岛的2根珊瑚礁沉积岩心为研究对象, 通过U-Th定年、沉积组分分析以及珊瑚种属鉴定等方法, 探讨近千年以来珊瑚礁的发育过程及其对气候变化的响应。研究结果发现, Core1(石螺口)岩心沉积的3个快速堆积阶段分别与罗马暖期、中世纪暖期和现代暖期大致对应; 而2个缓慢堆积阶段则分别与黑暗时代冷期和小冰期大致对应, 证实了温暖的气候对珊瑚礁发育有促进作用, 而寒冷的气候则不利于珊瑚礁的发育; 此外, 现代强烈的人为干扰可能也导致了涠洲岛珊瑚礁的迅速退化。Core2(南湾)中陆源沉积含量高, 珊瑚年龄主要集中在800AD—950AD和现代这两个时间段内, 其原因可能与环境变化、风暴作用及湾内现代珊瑚分布特征有关。通过对比这两个站位的珊瑚礁沉积特征, 本文进一步提出“完全避难所”和“非完全避难所”的概念, 揭示涠洲岛珊瑚可能同时具有低纬度热带珊瑚礁和高纬度珊瑚群落这两种发育特征和趋势。     

Patterns of Coral Distribution and Benthic Space Partitioning on the Fringing Reefs of Southern Taiwan

Abstract. The distribution pattern of corals and benthic space partitioning patterns on the fringing reefs of southern Taiwan were studied by the line-transect method. The bathymetric distribution of corals in the study area was basically homogeneous except on the protected reef slopes and the exposed reef fronts and terraces. Corals on protected reef slopes are mainly foliaceous, including Montipora foliosa, Merulina ampliata, Mycedium elephantotus , and Pachyseris speciosa , but the dominant species on a reef slope vary from site to site. The formation of the foliaceous coral community is possibly related to a complex of environmental factors, chance, and biological interactions. The reef fronts and submarine terraces of exposed areas are dominated by alcyonacean corals. The most abundant species are Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, S. crassocaule , and Lobophytum sarcophytoides ; their distributions are relatively homogeneous. The formation of alcyonacean-dominated assemblages can be related to the special adaptive strategies of these corals. In regard to space partitioning patterns, the major space occupiers on those reefs exposed to storm disturbances are alcyonacean soft corals, scleractinian corals, and algae; on reefs protected from storms, scleractinian corals and algae dominate. Two conspicuous features of the study area are the high proportion of space occupied by algae and the abundant unoccupied space. The dense algal cover is possibly caused by sewage pollution and overfishing of the reef area. The unoccupied space is most likely related to the high frequency of typhoon disturbances.     

The effects of trophic interactions and spatial competition on algal community composition on Hawaiian coral reefs

Much of coral reef ecology has focused on how human impacts change coral reefs to macroalgal reefs. However, macroalgae may not always be a good indicator of reef decline, especially on reefs with significant sea urchin populations, as found in Kenya and Hawaii. This study tests the effects of trophic interactions (i.e. herbivory by fishes and sea urchins) and spatial competition (between algae and coral) on algal community structure of reefs surrounding two Hawaiian Islands that vary in their level of human impacts. Reef‐building organisms (corals and crustose coralline algae) were less abundant and turf algae were more abundant on Maui as compared to Lanai, where human impacts are lower. In contrast to previous studies, we found no evidence that macroalgae increased with human impacts. Instead, low turf and macroalgal abundance were best explained by the interactive effects of coral cover and sea urchin abundance. Fishing sea urchin predators appeared to have cascading effects on the benthic community. The absence of sea urchin predators and high sea urchin densities correspond to a disproportionately high abundance of turf and crustose coralline algae. We propose that high turf algal abundance is a better indicator of reef decline in Hawaii than high macroalgal abundance because turf abundance was highest on reefs with low coral cover and few fish. The results of this study emphasize that understanding changes in community composition are context‐dependent and that not all degraded reefs look the same.     

The importance of estimating the contribution of the oceans to national economies

The oceans are in trouble. Poorly understood and unprecedented environmental and economic changes are underway in our world's oceans that will significantly affect life in the sea as well as on land. Only in the last thirty years has the contribution of the ocean sector to the economy been measured. An examination of these studies has exposed definitional, conceptual and methodological differences in measuring marine-related economic activity in the economy, making comparisons difficult. Both the ocean and the coastal economies face a world of volatile changes. In the ocean economy marine transport faces unpredictable fuel costs. Coastal tourism also faces losses from climate change impacts and sea level rise. Finally, a warming ocean and increasing acidification of the oceans from greenhouse gases is already affecting coral reefs and a range of fish stocks. Economic measures are important to predict these impacts, as are economic measures of the resilience of different areas of the ocean and coastal economies. This article demonstrates how knowledge of both the ocean, coastal and national economies can help governments address the future impacts and demands posed by nature and human populations on our coasts and oceans.     

典型近岸退化珊瑚礁的成功修复案例——蜈支洲珊瑚覆盖率的恢复

在全球珊瑚礁生态系统面临退化威胁的情况下,珊瑚礁生态修复工作成为人类帮助珊瑚礁恢复健康的重要手段之一,并且在全球各个珊瑚礁区域都得到广泛应用.我国近岸珊瑚礁生态系统退化严重,本实验探讨利用珊瑚移植技术在三亚市蜈支洲岛典型的近岸珊瑚礁环境下恢复造礁石珊瑚的覆盖率,希望推动企业参与海洋生态保护并从中受益.在与当地旅游公司的...     

Biogeographic variability in the physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to ocean acidification

While ocean acidification is a global issue, the severity of ecosystem effects is likely to vary considerably at regional scales. The lack of understanding of how biogeographically separated populations will respond to acidification hampers our ability to predict the future of vital ecosystems. Cold‐water corals are important drivers of biodiversity in ocean basins across the world and are considered one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean acidification. We tested the short‐term physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to three pH treatments (pH = 7.9, 7.75 and 7.6) for Gulf of Mexico (USA) and Tisler Reef (Norway) populations, and found that reductions in seawater pH elicited contrasting responses. Gulf of Mexico corals exhibited reductions in net calcification, respiration and prey capture rates with decreasing pH. In contrast, Tisler Reef corals showed only slight reductions in net calcification rates under decreased pH conditions while significantly elevating respiration and capture rates. These differences are likely the result of environmental differences (depth, pH, food supply) between the two regions, invoking the potential for local adaptation or acclimatization to alter their response to global change. However, it is also possible that variations in the methodology used in the experiments contributed to the observed differences. Regardless, these results provide insights into the resilience of L. pertusa to ocean acidification as well as the potential influence of regional differences on the viability of species in future oceans.     

海南岛西北部海域珊瑚礁造礁石珊瑚种类组成与分布

调查了海南岛西北部海域造礁石珊瑚种类的多样性及分布.结果表明:共发现50种造礁石珊瑚和1种多孔螅.海南岛西北部造礁石珊瑚优势种为澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis),与历史资料相比优势种发生明显变化;海南岛西北部海域造礁石珊瑚覆盖率急剧下降,是由自然因素和人为活动共同造成;海南岛西北部海域是北部湾、琼州海峡和南海的重要交汇点,可能是造礁石珊瑚幼虫扩散的重要通道,对华南沿岸造礁石珊瑚资源自然恢复起到重要作用.因此,未来的海洋管理应该加强对珊瑚礁的保护力度,开发利用与环境保护并重,这样才能有效保护海南岛西北部海域的珊瑚礁.     

Dynamic simulation of tropical coral reef ecosystem being disturbed by multiple situations

In consideration of the rapid degradation of coral reef ecosystems, the establishment of models is helpful to comprehend the degradation mechanism of coral reef ecosystems and predict the development process of coral reef communities. According to the characteristics of complex ecosystem of tropical coral reefs in China, the coral reef functional group is the core level variable; combined with the multiple feedback effects of coral reef functional groups and environmental changes, the study presents a coral reef ecosystem dynamics model with hermatypic corals as the core. Based on the simulation of the assumed initial value and the internal feedback of the system, the results show that in the basic simulation(relative health conditions), the coverage area of live corals and coral reefs generally decreased first and then increased, and increased by 4.67% and 6.38% between2010 and 2050, respectively. Based on the calibration model and the current situation of the studied area, the multi-factor disturbance effects of coral reef communities were simulated and explored by setting up three scenarios involving fishing policy, terrestrial deposition, and inorganic nitrogen emissions. Among them, in the single factor disturbance, the fishing policy exerts the most direct impact on the community decline; and the succession phenomenon is obvious; the terrestrial sedimentation has a faster and more integrated effect on the community decline; the effect of inorganic nitrogen emission on the community decline is relatively slow. In the double/multi-factor disturbance, the superimposed disturbance will aggravate the multi-source feedback effect of the coral reef communities development, accelerate the community decay rate, and make its development trajectory more complicated and diverse. This method provides a scientific and feasible method for simulating the damage of long-term coral reef community and exploring the development law and adaptive management of coral reef ecosystems. In the future, it can be further studied in the ecological restoration process and decisionmaking direction of coral reefs.     

造礁石珊瑚共生藻的分子分类研究

通过nlsrDNA(nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA)及nssrDNA(nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA)的PCR-RFLP研究广东徐闻地区8科15属25种62个造礁石珊瑚样本的共生藻。结果表明,共生藻nlsrDNA的RsaI酶切基因型只存在一种,属于C系群共生藻;而nssrDNA的MobⅠ和TaqⅠ两种酶切都存在两种基因型。实验进一步通过PCR直接测序法得到62个造礁石珊瑚样品的共生藻ITS序列,与GenBank上的4种虫黄藻ITS序列构建Neighbor-Joining系统发育树,结果表明该区的造礁石珊瑚共生两种不同种类(亚系群)的共生藻,分别为C1亚系群与C15亚系群共生藻,两个亚系群间的遗传距离为0.019。广东徐闻地区造礁石珊瑚共生藻多样性偏低,暗示该地区珊瑚礁生态系统应对环境变化的能力可能较弱。