海洋动物适应性演化与多样性研究进展

海洋生物多样性是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,了解海洋生物多样性的形成演化过程不仅是生命科学的本质问题,而且对海洋生物资源的保护和开发利用具有重要的指导意义.目前海洋生物多样性的形成演化机制尚不明确,而性状多样性的起源和适应性演化为回答海洋生物多样性的内源性机制提供了重要突破口.本文从演化发育生物学的角度综述了海洋动物适...     

印太交汇区海洋生物多样性中心形成演化机制研究进展与展望

印太交汇区是当前全球海洋生物多样性的中心,中心的形成演化是地质历史、气候、海洋环境和生命过程协同作用的结果.本文从印太交汇区海洋生物多样性分布格局、形成演化、成因假说与环境驱动机制等角度,概述了相关研究进展,并梳理了研究存在的问题.迄今对印太交汇区多样性中心形成的关键过程和机制的认识仍相当有限.基于近岸浅海研究判定的全...     

IODP318航次——白令海

自最后5 Ma以来,全球气候在北半球经历了从仅有的小冰川发育的变暖到每100～40 ka大范围冰川作用而变冷的演化,这种气候转换的根本原因至今仍是一个谜.近几十万年来,米兰科维奇和千年级气候振荡虽在某些地区的响应过程是清楚的,但这些振荡的全球性机制还所知甚少.     

南极万达湖冰川-水化学沉积环境和埃洛石的形成机制研究

前 言 分析样品来自我所叶德赞同志于1981年底参加澳大利亚第一次南大洋地球科学考察时,由美国维吉利亚大学潜水员在水深26m处湖底采集的稠密胶絮体中提取的.本文根据考察者现场观察搜集的第一性资料和室内一系列综合分析结果写成. 近年来,研究粘土矿物结合陆地的地质状况和地貌来探索粘土矿物的形成和转化的报道甚多,但有关冰川-水化学环境下粘土矿物的演化和形成机制的研究,迄今国内尚无报道本文以万达湖粘土矿物演化特征为例,探讨了该区埃洛石形成机制与冰川-水化学沉积环境的关系.这对于阐明极地粘土矿物特征和南极独特地球化学状况有重要意义.     

黄海盆地地质构造特征及其形成机制

黄海中—新生代盆地是一个发育在前印支期基底之上的陆相断陷盆地.简要概述黄海盆地特征,分析盆地沉积建造特征、构造演化阶段的基础上,探讨了盆地的形成机制.认为华北东部地幔热柱的形成与演化,使黄海地区的构造体制从印支期末的华北地块与扬子地块的拼贴增生,转变为地幔热柱演化—幔枝构造形成—区域伸展断陷.黄海盆地是东部盆岭区的一部...     

平衡剖面技术在前陆冲断带构造恢复中的应用——以准噶尔盆地西北缘为例

平衡剖面技术是一种遵循几何守恒原则而反演地质构造演化过程的剖面、亦是恢复重建地质演化历史活动及过程的一种方法,同时也是构造演化定量分析的有效手段.准噶尔盆地西北缘是典型的前陆冲断带,由于其地质条件复杂、地震波速横向变化大等原因,故对该区构造演化及动力学机制研究与油气地质条件的分析一直不能深入进行,因而严重制约了油气勘探进程.针对以上症结所在,从技术层面提出了更好的利用平衡剖面技术进行构造演化恢复的方法,进而为深刻认识该区构造发育史、分析油气运移及聚集规律等提供了依据.通过平衡剖面恢复的结果表明,研究区经历了挤压一伸展 挤压三期构造运动,并由此构成了一个完整的构造旋回.其中,晚二叠世存在一个小幅度的快速挤压期,而三叠纪为整个构造演化中最强烈的构造挤压时期,其对该区构造演化及构造格架形成与油气运聚成藏等均具重要影响和控制作用.     

边缘海盆地断层差异演化成因的数值模拟：以西湖凹陷平北斜坡带为例

东海陆架盆地中生代以来的成盆过程中,发育了大量陆倾控盆断裂,其发育模式与形成演化与东亚其他边缘海盆地差异明显。前人关注东海陆架盆地迁移特征,而忽略了断层差异演化的形成机制,对断层发育过程控制因素缺少深入研究。西湖凹陷平北斜坡带北部为海倾断层组成的断阶区,南部为陆倾断层组成的半地堑区,断裂差异演化指示着东海陆架盆地的成盆过程。本文通过离散元数值模拟,模拟陆倾和海倾断层的形成及演化,以探讨断层几何发育特征的控制因素。结果表明,岩性差异对斜坡带断层演化有较大影响,较高抗剪强度岩层破裂易产生陆倾控盆断裂,而低抗剪强度岩石则易形成向海倾断层。应力作用方向是区域差异演化的重要控制因素,岩石强度相同,应力作用方向相反时,断层倾向相反。盆地形成过程中发育众多凹陷斜坡,但坡度不是断层差异演化的主导因素。平北斜坡带和边缘海盆地的差异演化可能是由基底强度差异或应力方向差异导致的。本文利用离散元数值模拟平北斜坡带断裂差异演化过程,为东海盆地构造演化机制及边缘海盆地的形成提供了思路和理论依据。     

东海陆架盆地南部构造演化及对油气的控制作用

通过对东海陆架盆地形成的动力学机制研究,分析了动力学机制控制下的盆地南部构造演化特征,提出构造演化对油气成藏的四个控制作用：（1）构造运动控制了盆地演化阶段与凹陷结构;（2）构造运动控制了盆地沉降中心迁移与地层分布;（3）构造运动决定了油气成藏关键时期和油气分带的差异性;（4）构造运动控制了油气聚集与分布。构造运动是盆地演化及油气成藏的主导因素,盆地构造演化结合油气地质综合研究是东海陆架盆地南部油气勘探工作的重点。     

棘皮动物再生研究进展

棘皮动物具有极强的再生能力,在进化上和发育上与脊椎动物具有许多相似性,是在器官、组织、细胞和分子水平上研究后口动物再生过程与再生机理的理想模式动物。本文综合该领域的研究现状并结合作者的研究成果,对棘皮动物再生的研究进展进行综述。     

晚上新世以来菲律宾海盆XT4孔黏土矿物特征及其古环境意义

菲律宾海是典型风尘汇聚区,菲律宾海远离吕宋岛的深海沉积物是重建构造尺度亚洲风尘演化历史的良好载体.选取菲律宾海盆XT4孔沉积物开展了黏土矿物研究,并结合前人研究成果,在明确该孔黏土矿物来源的基础上,探讨了晚上新世以来亚洲风尘的演化历史及其可能的影响机制.菲律宾海盆XT4孔黏土矿物以伊利石为主,平均含量为39％,蒙脱石含...     

近海水域病原菌多样性研究进展

水产动物病原菌广泛分布于近海,不但影响海水养殖业的发展、海产品的质量安全,甚至还威胁到人类公众健康,因此,开展近海水域病原菌多样性的研究,对于海水养殖业的可持续发展及人类健康都具有重要意义。文章综述了近海水域水产动物病原菌多样性研究主要方法的原理、特点以及局限性,介绍了16S rRNA序列分析、分子杂交、指纹图谱等分子生物学技术,阐述了实时荧光定量PCR、竞争定量PCR等定量研究技术的应用,展望了病原菌多样性研究的发展趋势是原位、快速、高通量、灵敏、多技术联合和准确定量。     

Temporal variability of disturbances: is this important for diversity and structure of marine fouling assemblages?

Natural communities are constantly changing due to a variety of interacting external processes and the temporal occurrence and intensity of these processes can have important implications for the diversity and structure of marine sessile assemblages. In this study, we investigated the effects of temporal variation in a disturbance regime, as well as the specific timing of events within different regimes, on the composition and diversity of marine subtidal fouling assemblages. We did this in a multi‐factorial experiment using artificial settlement tiles deployed at two sites on the North East coast of England. We found that although there were significant effects of disturbances on the composition of assemblages, there were no effects of either the variation in the disturbance regime or the specific timing of events on the diversity or assemblage composition at either site. In contrast to recent implications we conclude that in marine fouling assemblages, the variability in disturbance regimes (as a driving force) is unimportant, while disturbance itself is an important force for structuring robust ecosystems.     

Bioenergetics of parental investment in two polychaete species with contrasting reproductive strategies: The planktotrophic Boccardia chilensis and the poecilogonic Boccardia wellingtonensis (Spionidae)

The level of parental investment for larval nutrition may determine the life cycle in marine invertebrate species laying egg masses or capsules, where the food available for enclosed individuals would determine time and developmental stage of hatching. Most species show a unique type of larval development. However, few species are poecilogonous and combine more than one development type. Poecilogony, although scarcely studied, allows comparing different patterns of parental reproductive investment, without the phylogenetic effect of the species ancestral modes of development (phylogenetic inertia), to help to understand the factors determining life strategy evolution in marine invertebrates. The poecilogonous polychaete worm Boccardia wellingtonensis encapsulates and incubates its offspring, which then hatches as either planktotrophic larvae or benthic juveniles; while Boccardia chilensis shows a non-poecilogonous reproductive type, producing only planktotrophic larvae. In this work, we estimated the bioenergetic and biochemical composition of brooding and non-brooding females of B. wellingtonensis and B. chilensis to compare the costs of reproduction in these two species. Results showed that glucose, protein, lipid, and energy content were significantly higher in non-brooding than in brooding females of B. wellingtonensis; but also contained significantly more glucose, protein, and lipid than females of B. chilensis (in absolute and relative dry weight values). The poecilogonous species showed higher energy content previous to laying offspring. Our results support the idea that the evolution of a certain reproductive and life history traits in marine invertebrates is related to adaptations in the female's reproductive investment.     

The diversity and abundance of polychaetes (Annelida) are altered in sediments impacted by alumina refinery discharge in the Northern Territory,Australia

We collected polychaete diversity and abundance data at a range of impacted and reference sites near an alumina refinery in Melville Bay, northern Australia. The aims were to measure the impact of sediment modified by the alumina refinery discharge on polychaete communities and secondly to gather baseline data from which to measure future changes. Polychaete communities in both soft-bottom habitats and subtidal areas adjacent to mangrove forests were studied. We also developed and deployed an artificial substratum device to sample polychaetes associated with hard-substrate habitats. For each habitat, polychaete community composition was different between impacted and reference sites and at multiple time points. The impact of future changes either from bioremediation or management practices can be measured against these baseline data. Indicator species analysis was used to identify polychaete species that were significantly different at the locations tested, and we discuss their potential as indicator species.     

Macrofaunal nematodes of the deep Whittard Canyon (NE Atlantic): assemblage characteristics and comparison with polychaetes

Large nematodes form an important component of deep‐sea macrofaunal assemblages, but are often considered to be part of the meiobenthos and are rarely studied. We analysed the standing stocks, diversity, and functional group and genus‐level composition of macrofaunal nematodes at lower bathyal depths (3,500 m water depth) in the Whittard Canyon system (NE Atlantic) and on the adjacent continental slope. Five replicate sample sets were obtained using a Megacorer, at four locations (three canyon branches, one slope). Sediment samples were processed on a 500‐μm mesh to provide both nematode and polychaete data from the same samples. The dominant nematode genera included Paramesacanthion, Metacylicolaimus, Cylicolaimus and Phanodermopsis. Nematode standing stocks (density and biomass) increased significantly from slope to canyon locations. Similarly, nematode dominance increased substantially (and diversity decreased) from slope to canyon locations. Nematode feeding groups and tail shape groups also appeared to exhibit common trends across study locations. Nematode genus‐level faunal composition varied significantly between slope and canyon locations. We describe and discuss the broadly similar trends detected in the matching polychaete data, noting some differences in the polychaete density and diversity responses. We suggest that the similar trends in macrofaunal nematode and polychaete ecology across our four study locations reflect responses to both changing sedimentology and food availability.     

Rare species, habitat diversity and functional redundancy in marine benthos

Macro-ecological theories relating species richness, abundance, range size, biological traits and environmental tolerance have rarely been tested in marine soft-sediments, despite the spatial extent of these habitats and the inherent richness of resident communities. This study examines the contribution of rare species to marine soft-sediment communities from New Zealand, focussing on the relationships of range size with abundance, environment, habitat diversity and life history traits. 54% of the 351 species sampled exhibited restricted ranges (found at ≤ 2 sites). In contrast to many terrestrial systems, we observed only a weak positive relationship between abundance and frequency of occurrence. Restricted-range species were not randomly distributed, with their distribution related to habitat characteristics, suggesting an important link between habitat diversity and rarity. They exhibited a similar range of traits to the total observed species pool, suggesting that they are not only important to biodiversity but could play a role in stability. Restricted range species were generally not small and this, together with the number of different biological traits represented, suggests that rare species are important to the functioning of marine systems. Thus, our results highlight the importance of considering rare species in habitat-based approaches to conservation.     

印太交汇区海洋鱼类多样性格局与演化研究进展

印太交汇区不仅是热带物理海洋海气能量汇聚中心、地质板块活跃中心以及生物多样性中心,而且也是用于开展地球系统物质能量交换与全球气候变化以及海洋生物多样性起源研究的理想靶区,因此一直受到世界科学家们的广泛关注.作为全球34个生物多样性热点区域之一,印太交汇区的珊瑚礁三角区孕育了全球76％的造礁珊瑚、75％的红树林、50％的...     

Polychaete taxocenes variability associated with sediment pollution loading in the peter the great bay (the East Sea/Japan Sea)

Variations in species diversity and abundance of polychaete taxocenes that occurred in 1980–1989 under different contamination levels of bottom sediments were studied in three areas of Peter the Great Bay. The most polluted area was shown to be the Golden Horn Inlet where contaminant contents in the bottom sediments exceed the threshold values of negative biota alterations. Amursky Bay is characterized by a moderate level of contamination, while Ussuriysky Bay has the lowest level of contamination. Pollutant contents vary considerably within the same areas and their separate patches are polluted differently. An integral index characterizing the contamination of bottom sediments is proposed. This index is an average grade of the rank value of contaminant contents in sediments. The index was used to compare the contamination level and data on polychaete species diversity and abundance. The highest species diversity of polychaetes is found in the least affected zones. Monotonous decrease of the species number, as well as decrease in the indices of diversity and evenness, is correlated with pollution level increases. Significant growth of the average polychaete biomass and polychaete density is observed in the case of an increase of contamination from low to moderate levels. Conversely, the biomass and abundance of polychaetes decline following an increase in contamination.