海洋生物圈——古生物学及生物演化

在现代地球、海洋和大气科学的研究中 ,我们面临最大的挑战之一是要理解引起碳循环、全球气候、生物多样性等快速扰动的原因及其所引发的后果。其中海洋生物圈的演化研究包括 3个目标 ,分述如下。( 1 )理解演化过程和海洋生物多样性的起源。在朝这个目标努力时 ,我们的宗旨包括两个方面 :一是更好的认识生物经历了怎样的演化途径形成了现代众多的生物种类 ;二是获得关于我们人类自身起源的基本知识。( 2 )评价海洋生态系统对诸如气候突变、温室气体的大量排放、海洋食物链主要部分的迁移等巨大变化的敏感性。而人类活动诱发的气候变化和海洋…     

国际海洋浮游动物研究进展

综述了国际上有关海洋浮游动物种群、群落结构、多样性及浮游动物对全球气候变化响应等方面研究进展。海洋浮游动物种类繁多, 数量丰富, 分布广泛, 是海洋生态系统中最重要的生物类群。在海洋食物网中, 浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物控制初级生产力, 同时, 又被更高营养阶层的动物(鱼、虾、鲸、海鸟等)捕食, 充当次级生产者的角色, 其群落结构、种群动态和物种多样性影响鱼类和其他海洋动物资源量, 浮游动物是海洋食物网中关键环节。海洋生态系统动力学过程的关键环节是浮游生物的生物学和生态学过程, 多项国际研究计划以生物多样性和年际变化趋势为研究重点并联系全球变化及响应, 因此, 浮游动物的研究已成为海洋生态研究的核心内容之一。国际上对浮游动物的研究主要集中在以下6个方向:(1)浮游动物生境、种群的分布和扩散动力学研究;(2)浮游动物的群落结构和多样性;(3)浮游动物的实验生态和现场受控生态研究;(4)浮游动物对全球气候变化的响应;(5)深海、南北极、低氧区等极端生境的浮游动物生态学研究;(6)浮游动物研究新技术和方法。     

海洋生态系统内在价值评估方法初探——以厦门湾为例

海洋和海岸带生态系统价值的科学评估对海洋与海岸带开发决策起着重要的支撑作用.目前盛行的生态系统服务价值评估是从生态系统对人类的效用的角度衡量生态系统的价值,而缺乏从生态系统自身的角度进行客观评估.首先分析了生态系统内在价值的内涵,提出基于能值和ecoexergy两种系统生态学方法的价值评估框架,建立了一套海洋生态系统内在价值较为有效的评估方法.该框架先通过能值计算将生态系统的生物成分、非生物成分及物种多样性转换为能值货币价值,再通过eco-exergy来体现生态系统的结构与功能过程,并转换为eco-exergy货币价值.最后将该评估框架应用于厦门湾海洋生态系统内在价值的评估.结果显示,2010年厦门湾海洋生态系统的本底内在价值为1.16×10^11CNY,全年创造内在价值为9.24×10^10CNY,总计2.09×10^11CNY,远高于生态系统服务价值7.27×10^9CNY和厦门海洋产业GDP 2.47×10^10CNY.     

基于高通量测序技术的北冰洋典型环境原生生物多样性研究进展

原生生物指可独立生存的单细胞或群体真核生物,其多样性高、结构功能复杂、分布广泛,是海洋微型浮游生物群落的重要组成部分,在维持海洋生态系统结构与功能中发挥着重要作用.早期使用显微镜、流式细胞术等传统方法对原生生物多样性的研究具有若干局限性,随着分子生物学技术的发展,测序技术(尤其高通量测序)为深入研究原生生物多样性、群落...     

玻璃虾总科系统分类学研究概况及我国玻璃虾总科研究展望

玻璃虾总科隶属于甲壳动物亚门十足目,真虾下目,生物多样性高,形态和栖息环境变化大,世界性海洋分布,从潮下带到千米深海,从极地到赤道海域均有发现,动物地理学特征显著。该总科物种是海洋生态系统和生物群落的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态学和生物多样性价值;是研究真虾类起源与进化的重要阶元;部分物种更是传统渔业捕捞对象。然而该总科也是真虾下目中缺乏系统研究的类群,其生物多样性和分类学研究不完善,所含很多阶元的单系性受到质疑,同物异名等问题突出,更有许多非正式种组有待修订。我国海域玻璃虾总科的生物多样性研究更是匮乏,其种属组成,海域分布,区系特点等鲜为人知。未来可在收集和掌握大量文献与标本的基础上,以形态分类学为基础,结合现代分子系统学和生物地理学,研究其在中国海的种属组成,资源分布和区系特点,进而系统研究其动物地理学特征。     

海洋生态动力学模型的研究进展

海洋生态系统动力学模型与模拟研究是海洋生态学研究的最重要方面之一,依据近来国内外的研究成果,综述了海洋生态系统动力学模型的目的、研究方法及建立数学模型应遵循的原则、进展以及未来的发展方向,讨论了海洋生态模型的基本性质及分类并就它们在海洋生态系统研究中的应用作了一些初步分析。     

海洋生态系统服务的分类与计量

通过界定海洋生态系统服务的概念和内涵以及分析其组成结构、生态过程及生物多样性等服务的来源,详细描述了海洋生态系统所提供的食品供给、原材料供给、基因资源、气候调节、空气质量调节、水质净化调节、有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制、干扰调节、精神文化服务、知识扩展服务、旅游娱乐服务、初级生产、物质循环、生物多样性和提供生境等15项服务。根据这些服务的相似作用与性质,参照千年生态系统评估的分类体系,进一步归纳为供给服务、调节服务、文化服务以及支持服务这4大基本服务类型。同时,也对各项服务的内容、表现特征和计量特征进行了描述。海洋生态系统服务不仅是海洋管理的核心内容,提高和维持海洋生态系统服务更是海洋管理的最终目标。     

海洋异养细菌生物量与生产力的研究方法

随着人类对海洋生态系统的不断研究和探索,海洋异养细菌在海洋生态系统物质循环、能量流动及维持海洋生态系统多样性与稳定性方面的重要性被人们广泛认可并展开深入研究。国际领域的一些有关海洋与全球变化的重大研究项目如:全球海洋生态系统动力学研究、全球海洋通量联合研究及     

遮蔽物对棘皮动物影响的行为生态学研究进展

棘皮动物作为海洋底层生物,对海洋生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用,特别是目前海参在海水养殖业中的重要地位,其生态习性及行为生态学特性的研究日益受到关注。本文综述了国内外海洋棘皮动物行为生态学研究现状,着重介绍了遮蔽物对棘皮动物聚集等行为特性的影响、作用机制及外界环境因素对聚集效果影响等内容,并进一步探讨了不同生境下棘皮动物行为特性的差异。在此基础上,结合海参养殖现状,提出了不同环境因子下的棘皮动物运动节律、作用机制及其行为生态学理论在生产实践中的应用等棘皮动物行为生态学研究新方向。     

海山生物多样性研究近10年国际发展态势与热点

海山是全球深海生物多样性的汇聚区, 且以其高富钴结壳资源和高渔业资源成为深海探测研究热点。海山生态系统易受到人为活动的影响, 海山及其冷水珊瑚被认为是脆弱海洋生态系统的重要构成部分。对海山生物多样性的破坏以及过度开发可能对海洋健康造成不可逆的严重影响, 法律和地缘政治等因素的影响也使得保护海山生物多样性面临很多挑战。本研究对海山生物多样性近10年(2001—2020年)的国际研究计划以及论文发表情况进行了综合分析, 探讨了海山生物多样性研究的国际发展态势和研究热点, 为海山生物多样性研究、保护与管理及相关国际合作的开展提供参考。     

海洋中碱性磷酸酶及其活性的研究进展

为加深对海洋生物地球化学循环过程和海洋生态系统功能的认知,并为相关研究提供科学依据,文章综述海洋中碱性磷酸酶及其活性的研究进展,并提出展望。研究结果表明：碱性磷酸酶主要来源于浮游植物、浮游动物和细菌,通常根据滤膜孔径等进行分类,对于海洋碳、氮、磷循环和调节生物群落组成具有重要意义;碱性磷酸酶活性通常采用水解荧光模拟底物法定量研究,并在全球海洋范围具有一定的水平、垂直和季节分布特征,影响碱性磷酸酶活性的典型环境因子包括太阳辐射、海水温度、河流输入、上升流、溶解态有机磷、溶解态无机磷、溶解态无机氮、金属离子以及病毒裂解、浮游动物捕食和排遗作用等。     

现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理背景下的浮游生物监测

浮游生物在海洋生态系统中处于基础性地位,为促进我国浮游生物监测工作的发展,文章在现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理的背景下,从海洋生态系统保护、全球变化研究和现代海洋管理3个方面,系统梳理和分析浮游生物监测的意义和价值,并对我国相关领域的工作提出启示和展望。研究结果表明:浮游生物的恶性暴发和入侵对海洋生态系统造成严重影响,各类国际公约和政府间协议都将浮游生物监测作为保护海洋生物多样性的重要内容;浮游生物的分类信息以及其分布区和物候学特征对气候变化和海水温度的指示信息,可作为全球变化研究的重要指标;浮游生物监测已被广泛应用于国内外现代海洋管理中,主要包括海洋生态系统服务评价、海洋环境影响评价和海洋生物资源评价3个方面;我国浮游生物监测工作在浮游生物分类和鉴定以及大数据应用方面存在不足,未来应加强相关能力考核、标准化计量认证、数据整合共享和新技术手段运用。     

Effects of daily nitrogen and phosphorus input on planktonic community metabolism in a semi-enclosed bay by mesocosm experiment

Planktonic metabolism plays an important role in affecting the energy transportation and carbon cycle of the marine ecosystem. However, its regulation mechanism remains unclear under the continuously exogenous nutrient inputs in nearshore waters. In this study, a mesocosm experiment was conducted in a semi-enclosed bay, the Daya Bay, to explore the responses of plankton metabolic balance and community structure to a concentration gradient of daily nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. The results showed that nutrient enrichments promoted phytoplankton biomass, total primary production, and community respiration, and the promoting effect enhanced alongwith the increase of nutrient concentration. However, the net community production fluctuated more violently between autotrophic and heterotrophic with the increase of nutrient inputs and tended to be more heterotrophic from the 5th day to the 10th day of the experiment. In addition, the daily flux of nitrogen and phosphorus, 2 μmol/(L·d) and 0.066 μmol/(L·d), respectively, could be regarded as a potential threshold for ecosystem stability and health, since most of the ecological characteristics related to plankton structure and function have undergone significant changes when the nutrient level is higher than that. In the nearshore enclosed or semi-enclosed waters, nutrient from continuous terrigenous input is likely to be concentrated and exceed this level, indicating the ecological risks due to the metabolic unbalance and the deterioration of plankton community structure.     

Box model analysis on phytoplankton production and grazing pressure in a eutrophic estuary

To determine the quantitative relationship between phytoplankton production and zooplankton grazing pressure in Atsumi Bay, a eutrophic and partially-mixed estuary, a series of investigations, including measurements of hydrographic conditions, dissolved oxygen, dissolved total nitrogen, particulate organic nitrogen, and phyto- and zooplankton biomass were conducted 13 times at intervals of 2–7 days in June and July 1984. Continuous measurements of water flow and salinity were also carried out to examine transverse flow and horizontal diffusivity. The supply of freshwater and nitrogen was estimated from given data. The changes of hydrographic condition, net photosynthetic rate and community primary production were calculated by a two-layered box model analysis. The grazing rate on phytoplankton obtained as the difference between net photosynthetic rate and community primary production was compared to the one estimated from zooplankton biomass and sardine,Sardinops melanosticta, biomass. The agreement between the data was remarkable in the upper layer, showing the grazing pressure on phytoplankton followed phytoplankton production, suggesting that a large part of produced phytoplankton was immediately grazed by zooplankton. Consequently, the community primary production was depressed to a fairly lower level. An important role of nutrient supply and water circulation, to limit phytoplankton production, was also confirmed. Dynamic response observed between the calculated grazing pressure and the biomass of phytoplankton and protozoa was also analyzed.     

Ecohydrographic constraints on biodiversity and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton in coral reefs of the Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

An integral concept of ecological research is the constraint of biodiversity along latitudinal and environmental gradients. The Red Sea features a natural example of a latitudinal gradient of salinity, temperature and nutrient richness. Coral reefs along the Red Sea coasts are supported with allochthonous resources such as oceanic and neritic phytoplankton and zooplankton; however, relatively little is known about how the ecohydrography correlates with plankton biodiversity and abundance. In this article we present the biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Red Sea coral reefs. Oceanographic data (temperature, salinity), water samples for nutrient analysis, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton and zooplankton, the latter with special reference to Copepoda (Crustacea), were collected at nine coral reefs over ~1500 km distance along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The trophic state of ambient waters [as indicated by chlorophyll a (Chl a)] changed from strong oligotrophy in the north to mesotrophy in the south and was associated with increasing biomasses of Bacillariophyceae, picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus as indicated by pigment fingerprinting (CHEMTAX) and flow cytometry. Net‐phytoplankton microscopy revealed a Trichodesmium erythraeum (Cyanobacteria) bloom north of the Farasan Islands. Several potentially harmful algae, including Dinophysis miles and Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae), were encountered in larger numbers in the vicinity of the aquaculture facilities at Al Lith. Changes in zooplankton abundance were mainly correlated to the phytoplankton biomass following the latitudinal gradient. The largest zooplankton abundance was observed at the Farasan Archipelago, despite high abundances of copepodites, veligers (Gastropoda larvae) and Chaetognatha at Al Lith. Although the community composition changed over latitude, biodiversity indices of phytoplankton and zooplankton did not exhibit a systematic pattern. As this study constitutes the first current account of the plankton biodiversity in Red Sea coral reefs at a large spatial scale, the results will be informative for ecosystem‐based management along the coastline of Saudi Arabia.     

Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: A panarctic comparison: The pelagic system of the Kara Sea – Communities and components of carbon flow

After a short introduction to the physical setting and the history of biological research the pelagic ecosystem of the Kara Sea is described. Main emphasis is on regional aspects of the plankton communities and their seasonal dynamics using mostly data collected between 1996 and 2001. In the zooplankton, for which most data were available, four regional aggregations were separated: (1) the rivers and estuaries of the Southern Kara Sea, (2) the south-western and (3) the central Kara Sea, and (4) the northern troughs and slope. The phytoplankton communities had a similar distribution. To provide components for detailed carbon budgets the regional dynamics of bacterial, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and production are described and carbon requirements of bacteria and zooplankton are estimated. For completeness a short literature review on higher trophic levels is included. Finally, recent observations of the pelago-benthic coupling are considered. Estimates of the carbon requirements from the plankton and benthos reveal a large underestimation of primary production, which to date, together with seasonal aspects, shows the largest gap in our knowledge.     

上层海洋浮游生物地理分布

确定海洋浮游生物的分布区域是海洋浮游生态学研究的首要任务之一,本文总结了上层海洋(0-200 m)浮游生物地理分布的研究历史、已有的认知及全球变化的影响.对浮游生物地理分布的研究可以分为19世纪末期至20世纪70年代、20世纪80年代至2000年,以及2000年以后三个时期.根据分布区资料的时间长短,浮游生物分布区分为...     

A preliminary study on the response of marine primary production to monsoon variations in the South China Sea Basic characteristics

Seasonal, interannual and interdecadal variations of monsoon over the South China Sea （SCS） directly influence the ocean circulation and the mass transport process, etc. , especially the changes of horizontal circulation pattern and upwelling area. These changes directly influence the nutrient transport and the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, which induce the change of the marine ecosystem in the SCS, including the change of marine primary production in this sea area. On the basis of climatic data for long-time series and primary production estimated by remote sensing, the multi-time scale variations of monsoon, seasonal and interannual variations of primary production, and the response of primary production to monsoon variations were analyzed. Furthermore, the spatio-temporal variations of primary production in different sea areas of the SCS and their relations to the monsoon variations were given. The results showed that the strong southwesterly prevailed over the SCS in summer whereas the vigorous northeasterly in winter. The seasonal primary production in the entire sea area of the SCS also produced a strong peak in winter and a suhpeak in summer. And the seasonal primary production distributions displayed different characteristics in every typical sea area. The variations of the annual and summer averaged primary production in the entire sea area of the SCS showed almost the same rising trend as the intensity of the summer monsoon. Especially for 1998, the summer monsoon reached almost the minimum in the past 54 a when the primary production was also found much lower than any other year （ 1999--2005 ）. The responses of annual primary production to monsoon variation were displayed to different extent in different sea areas of the SCS ; especially it was better in the deep sea basin. Such research activities could be very important for revealing the response of marine ecosystem to the monsoon variations in the SCS.