镉离子胁迫下半叶马尾藻中国变种生理生化响应的研究

研究了不同浓度梯度Cd²⁺对半叶马尾藻中国变种(Sargassum.hemiphyllum var.chinense)相对生长速率(RGR)及生理生化指标如丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等的影响,探索半叶马尾藻中国变种对污染水体中Cd²⁺的适应机理。结果表明,低浓度的Cd²⁺能促进藻体的生长,但胁迫浓度为0.5 mg·L^-1的相对生长速率比0.05 mg·L^-1的高; MDA含量随着Cd²⁺浓度的增加而升高,浓度越高的变化越明显;Chl-a和Car含量的影响呈波动状态;SOD、POD、CAT活性则呈现先升高后降低的趋势,相对于对照组,胁迫组所对应的SOD活性没有显著差异(P>0.05),而POD、CAT活性存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。可溶性糖类含量只有低浓度0.5 mg·L^-1与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05),而可溶性蛋白在高浓度5.0mg·L^-1和10.0 mg·L^-1均与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。因此,适当质量浓度的Cd²⁺胁迫对半叶马尾藻中国变种生长和生理生化指标有正面效应,而过高质量浓度Cd²⁺胁迫(≥5.0mg·L^-1)对藻体生长和抗逆能力有一定的负面影响,研究结果可为选育优良海藻进行近岸海洋环境修复提供理论依据。     

聚苯乙烯和四溴联苯醚对黑褐新糠虾抗氧化防御系统的联合效应

本文以黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)为受试生物,分别研究两者单独及联合暴露21 d后的氧化应激效应,并结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Response,IBR)评估其毒性。结果表明:PS单独暴露时,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)活性随暴露浓度升高被显著抑制,丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量随暴露浓度增加逐渐上升,而谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量仅在97.4μg·L^-1暴露下显著上升;BDE-47单独暴露时,CAT、GST和GSH含量均被抑制,MDA和GPX活性仅在较高浓度下被显著诱导,SOD活性在低浓度被诱导,在最高浓度下恢复至空白水平。联合暴露时,CAT和SOD活性随PS投加浓度升高表现出先诱导后抑制的效应,且均显著高于BDE-47单独暴露组,MDA含量随PS投加浓度升高表现出诱导效应。GST和GPX活性与空白水平相近,低浓度PS暴露组中的GSH含量也有相似的变化规律。可见,PS能减缓BDE-47对黑褐新糠虾抗氧化防御系统的氧化胁迫,在低浓度PS联合暴露组中尤其显著。     

海洋污染对毛蚶超氧化物歧化酶影响的研究

采用体内、体外染毒实验,研究了海洋中常见污染物0＃柴油、二甲苯以及重金属镉离子(Cd2+)对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,在实验剂量范围内,3种污染物对毛蚶肌肉中SOD均表现出不同程度诱导作用;0＃柴油和二甲苯体内、体外染毒对毛蚶SOD活性影响规律基本一致,这两种污染物对毛蚶SOD活性变化的剂量-效应曲线均为抛物线型;Cd2+在体内、体外染毒对毛蚶肌肉SOD活性诱导曲线均不呈抛物线型,低浓度Cd2+对毛蚶SOD活性表现为显著诱导,随后曲线迅速下降,表明毛蚶对Cd2+污染反应十分敏感,也表明Cd2+对毛蚶毒性作用较强,3种毒物对毛蚶的毒性强弱次序为,Cd2+,0＃柴油、二甲苯.     

镉暴露对文蛤和四角蛤蜊行为和生物转化功能的影响

为探讨镉暴露对文蛤和四角蛤蜊行为和生物转化功能的影响,将两种蛤分别暴露于含Cd²⁺浓度为0.05 mg·L^-1、0.10 mg·L^-1和0.25 mg·L^-1的海水中,取样测定其滤食率(FR)、耗氧率(RR)以及组织的谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的活性。结果显示,除0.05 mg·L^-1暴露组文蛤的耗氧率并未出现明显变化外,其它暴露组的滤食率和耗氧率均随时间明显下降,滤食率下降幅度较耗氧率明显;两种蛤的消化盲囊和鳃丝GST酶活性在各浓度组的开始阶段均呈现上升趋势(除0.05 mg·L^-1暴露组文蛤消化盲囊的GST活性无变化外),而GST活性在高浓度组后期明显下降,均明显低于或接近对照组水平。结果表明,0.10 mg·L^-1和0.25 mg·L^-1暴露组Cd²⁺对两种蛤均造成了明显的毒性效应,两种蛤的滤食行为比耗氧行为敏感,文蛤行为指标和GST酶活性被抑制时间点明显晚于四角蛤蜊,四角蛤蜊受到的威...     

Cd2+对三疣梭子蟹的毒性效应研究

本研究以三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus为研究对象,通过急性和亚急性暴露试验,研究Cd²⁺对其肝胰腺和鳃的毒性效应。结果表明:Cd²⁺对三疣梭子蟹的48、72和96 h半致死质量浓度分别为6.55、4.33和3.12 mg/L,Cd²⁺对三疣梭子蟹的安全质量浓度为0.31 mg/L;在安全质量浓度和渔业水质标准质量浓度(<0.005 mg/L)下,随着暴露时间的延长,三疣梭子蟹的肝胰腺和鳃中HSP70的表达量都出现“先升后降”的趋势,与对照组相比,鳃中HSP70的表达量比肝胰腺的变化明显。在安全质量浓度以下,三疣梭子蟹的存活率并没有明显的变化,但是HSP70的诱导表达反映机体受到Cd²⁺的胁迫。因此HSP70基因可用作低质量浓度Cd²⁺污染检测的生物标志物。     

海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑复合暴露对大马蹄螺抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化的影响

为探讨海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑环境残留对珊瑚礁区生物的影响,本文以南海珊瑚礁区关键礁栖生物大马蹄螺（Trochus niloticus） 为研究对象,探究了两种环境胁迫因素对大马蹄螺的氧化胁迫作用。分别采用两个 pH 水平 （pH 8.1、 pH 7.6） 和三个磺胺甲恶唑浓度水平 （0 ng/L、100 ng/L 和 1 000 ng/L） 单独和复合暴露 28 天,测定其对大马蹄螺鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶 （SOD）、过氧化氢酶 （CAT） 和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶 （GST） 活性以及谷胱甘肽 （GSH） 含量和脂质过氧化水平 （LPO） 的影响。结果发现：海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑单独暴露能够导致大马蹄螺鳃组织出现不同程度的氧化应激现象,表现为抗氧化酶 （CAT、SOD 和 GST） 活性和谷胱甘肽含量的升高。在复合暴露条件下,大马蹄螺鳃组织的抗氧化酶（CAT、SOD 和 GST） 活性和谷胱甘肽含量均受到不同程度的抑制,同时伴随着脂质过氧化水平的显著升高。这表明短期海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑复合暴露可导致大马蹄螺鳃组织出现氧化损伤现象,进而可能对个体存活和种群繁衍造成负面影响。     

大港原油对毛蚶部分抗氧化酶和代谢酶的影响研究

为研究港原油对毛蚶部分抗氧化酶和代谢酶的影响,设置0.01、0.1、1、3mg/L大港原油水溶液性成分(WSF),采用暴露法研究毛蚶天津群体的鳃、斧足中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)抗氧化酶等抗氧化酶及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、钠/钾泵(Na^+/K^+ATPase)、钙泵(Ga²⁺/Mg²⁺ATPase)等代谢相关酶的活性变化,测定丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用整合生物标志物(Integratedbiomarkerresponse,IBR)进行分析。结果表明,毛蚶鳃和斧足中SOD、CAT、GPX表现出一定的剂量-效应关系, MDA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势, 3 mg/L组表现出MDA累积;ACP、AKP、Na^+/K^+ATPase、Ga²⁺/Mg²⁺ATPase表现出一定剂量-效应关系,酸性磷酸酶较碱性磷酸酶响应更迅速, Na^+/K^+ATPase较Ga²⁺/Mg²⁺ATPase更易受WSF影响;鳃中酶类活性受WSF影响更明显。鳃中SOD、GPX、MDA较斧足高,而CAT则相反。斧足、鳃组织RIB值呈现先下降后上升趋势,与WSF浓度及暴露时间存在剂量-效应关系和时间-效应关系,两组之间存在差异性,斧足累积RIB值高于鳃组织。     

聚苯乙烯微塑料与铜离子单一和复合污染对THP-1细胞的DNA损伤效应研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳实验研究了不同浓度的Cu²⁺(10、50、100、500、1000、2500、5000μg/L)和不同粒径(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、0.7、1.0、2.0μm)、不同浓度(1、10、15、20、25 mg/mL)的聚苯乙烯微塑料对人单核细胞白血病(Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia,THP-1)细胞的DNA损伤效应,结果表明:单一污染时,Cu²⁺(≥50μg/L)对THP-1细胞的DNA损伤极显著(p<0.01)。而且,DNA损伤值随Cu²⁺浓度的增大而增加。2.0μm粒径的聚苯乙烯微塑料(10 mg/mL)对THP-1细胞产生明显的DNA损伤效应。复合污染作用下对THP-1细胞的DNA损伤效应,相比单一污染明显增强,而且DNA损伤值比单一污染的理论加和值高。本研究表明Cu²⁺和聚苯乙烯微塑料均对DNA产生损伤效应,显示一定的基因毒性,二者复合对损伤具有交互增强的作用。     

不同浓度苯并（a）芘对杂色鲍抗氧化酶活性的影响

为阐释不同浓度苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]对杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）的毒性效应,以0.02、0.04和0.08 mg/dm^33个质量浓度的B（a）P对杂色鲍进行水体暴露胁迫,7d后检测肌肉、外套膜、鳃、性腺、肾和肝胰腺的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）活性及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量.结果显示：0.02 mg/dm^3的B（a）P暴露对杂色鲍抗氧化系统的影响不明显,而0.04、0.08 mg/dm^3的B（a）P则显著抑制了SOD、CAT和GPx酶活性以及GSH含量,同时对GST酶活性具有显著的诱导作用;实验还发现,不同组织抗氧化酶活性对B（a）P胁迫的敏感性响应存在较大差异,其中鳃、肾脏和肝胰腺的敏感性响应明显高于肌肉和外套膜.上述结果表明,苯并（a）芘暴露对杂色鲍抗氧化酶活性的影响具有明显的剂量-效应关系及组织差异性,杂色鲍的鳃、肾脏或者肝胰腺的抗氧化酶响应多环芳香烃胁迫的更敏感,可作为B（a）P污染的生物标志物.     

镉铜单一及复合胁迫对双齿围沙蚕(Perineresis aibuhitensis)消化酶活性和抗氧化指标的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了Cd~(2+)-Cu~(2+)单一及复合胁迫3d、6d、9d对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)消化酶活性和抗氧化指标的影响。结果表明,沙蚕的各项不同指标对Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)胁迫的响应表现出不同的变化趋势,复合胁迫中Cd~(2+)-Cu~(2+)对沙蚕各指标的影响存在交互效应。沙蚕3种消化酶活性大小为淀粉酶蛋白酶脂肪酶。Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)单一胁迫能激发沙蚕淀粉酶活性,激发作用强于复合胁迫。Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)单一胁迫实验前期低浓度组蛋白酶被抑制,高浓度组被诱导,复合胁迫实验前期Cd~(2+)-Cu~(2+)对蛋白酶活性的影响存在协同作用。Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)胁迫对沙蚕脂肪酶活性整体表现出抑制作用。Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)胁迫诱导沙蚕超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),整体上激活过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。Cd~(2+)单一胁迫实验组过氧化物酶(POD)均被显著诱导,具有"剂量-效应"关系,Cu~(2+)单一胁迫实验后期POD被显著诱导,复合胁迫实验中,低浓度Cu~(2+)组POD被显著诱导,高浓度Cu~(2+)组POD被显著抑制。实验组沙蚕谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GXH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均高于对照组,复合胁迫实验前期,GXH-Px活性与Cu~(2+)浓度呈正相关关系,与Cd~(2+)浓度呈负相关关系。显著的效应-剂量间相关关系存在于特定时间(3d、6d)的MDA含量,沙蚕MDA含量用作监测海洋重金属污染的生物标志物的可能性较大。     

三氯异氰尿酸对剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)毒性及其抗氧化酶影响

采用生物毒性测试与评价方法对常用消毒剂药物三氯异氰尿酸（Trichloroisocyanuric acid,TCCA）对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其Ⅰ、Ⅱ相代谢酶活性影响进行了研究。结果表明,TCCA对剑尾鱼的96hLG0为2．15mg／L。TCCA对剑尾鱼肝脏还原型谷光苷肽（GSH）、谷胱苷肽硫转酶（GST）和7。乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶（EROD）都存在诱导作用。雌雄个体在GST和EROD的诱导响应时间有显著差异性,其中雄性个体GST对TCCA暴露响应比雌性个体敏感。     

镉胁迫条件下大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)外周血微核标记及肝脏过氧化物酶标记的变化

采用静态毒性实验方法,研究重金属镉胁迫条件下大弹涂鱼外周血微核率和肝脏过氧化物酶活性的变化。结果表明,在0.05mg/L Cd2 浓度组,10d时检测到微核率极显著升高;0.5mg/L和5mg/L组5d时就可检测到微核率极显著升高,到10d时微核率达到最高值;10d时转入清洁海水后,3个组在15d再次出现一个微核率的最高值。大弹涂鱼肝脏过氧化物酶标记包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)。3个组的GSH-Px酶活性和5mg/L浓度组GST酶活性在12h后显示出极显著变化,3个组GST酶活性在24h检测到极显著差异;在转入清洁海水5d时,3个组GSH-Px酶活性和对照组相比可检测到极显著差异,而3个组的GST酶活性均无显著差异。研究结果表明,大弹涂鱼外周血微核标记和肝脏过氧化物酶标记能够灵敏地指示水环境中的镉污染;大弹涂鱼外周血微核标记和肝脏内过氧化物酶标记具有一定的互补作用。     

Effect of oil pollution on gluthione and relative enzyme in oyster(Saccostrea cuculiata)

The oysters ( Saccostrea cuculiata ) were collected from four stations around Xiamen Island (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong" an Bay, Huangcuo). The relation between the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in whole tissue and the contents of glutathione (GSH), the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in digestive gland and gill were investigated. The results showed: (1) The contents of petroleum hydrocarbon in oyster collected from four stations (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong'an Bay, Huangcuo) were 380.68, 112.34, 27.31, 20.37μg/g wet weight, respectively; (2) the activity of Se-GPx and GST in digestive gland was lower than that in gill, and the content of GSH seemed reversibly; (3) among the four stations, both Se-GPx and GST activity of digestive gland and gill in Saccostrea cuculiata sampled from the four stations showed a good correlation with whole tissue petroleum hydrocarbon, could be as biomarkers of sea oil pollution.     

Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and fixed wavelength fluorescence detection of PAHs metabolites in bile in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) Exposed to a dispersed topped crude oil in a Continuous Flow System

Long term effects of sublethal concentrations of oil on the marine environment have become of general concern. Cytochrome P4501A activity (EROD) in liver and fixed wavelength fluorescence detection of PAHs metabolites (FF) have in this study been used as biomarkers for dispersed oil exposure on a long term period of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). A Continuous Flow System was used to carry out the study. The fish were continuously exposed to 0.125, 0.5 or 2.0 mg litre⁻¹ dispersed topped crude oil for 6, 15, 24 h, 4 and 21 days followed by a 9 days recovery period in clean seawater. No induction of the cytochrome P4501A was measured. A maximum level in bile metabolites (4- to 5-fold) was recorded after 24 h of exposure revealing thereby a detoxification process, but a decline occurred from day 4 to day 21. This study demonstrated that FF detection of PAHs metabolites in bile could be a more sensitive biomarker than EROD activity in a long term exposure to sublethal concentration of oil.     

Survival, growth, metallothionein and glycogen levels of Nucella lapillus (L.) exposed to subchronic cadmium stress: the influence of nutritional state and prey type

Dogwhelks Nucella lapillus feed mainly on mussels and barnacles, and may experience periods of starvation. We report effects of nutritional state and prey type on the survival, growth, cadmium (Cd) accumulation, metallothionein (MT) induction and glycogen stores in N. lapillus exposed to Cd in water. Adult dogwhelks, with similar shell length (30.0+/-1.5 mm), were either starved or fed to satiation with barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, mussels Mytilus edulis or Cd-dosed M. edulis, and kept in filtered natural seawater (< 0.01 microg Cd 1(-1)) or Cd-contaminated (400 microg Cd 1(-1)) seawater for 80 days. Mortality and individual growth rate were determined. Cd, MT and glycogen were measured in different tissues. Prolonged starvation and exposure to Cd significantly reduced the survivorship of N. lapillus, but feeding could help dogwhelks to combat Cd toxicity and minimise mortality. Extended starvation also caused tissue wastage, leading to higher concentrations of Cd and MT in tissues, whereas fed animals increased in weight and had lower Cd and MT concentrations because of the tissue dilution effect. Prey type significantly affected growth rate of dogwhelks and indirectly influenced Cd accumulation, MT induction and glycogen stores. Eating mussels promoted better growth and higher glycogen reserves than eating barnacles. Individual growth rate decreased with increasing Cd accumulation. Cd-exposed survivors grew faster and consumed more than control animals, implying that these survivors may have better fitness and greater tolerance to Cd toxicity. The use of growth, condition index, MT and glycogen as biomarkers of environmental pollution are discussed. These results indicate a need to incorporate biological data including growth (or at least condition index) and prey type into biomonitoring programmes to allow sound interpretation.     

Interactive effects of UV, benzo[alpha] pyrene, and cadmium on DNA damage and repair in embryos of the grass shrimp Paleomonetes pugio

We examined the link between DNA strand breaks and hatching rates in grass shrimp, (Paleomonetes pugio), embryos exposed to 0.2 microM benzo[alpha] pyrene (BP), 5 microM cadmium (Cd) and 330 kJ/m(2) UV light, either alone or together. After exposure, embryos were transferred to clean seawater with or without 5 microM Cd. Hatching rates and DNA strand breaks (Comet Assay) were determined. DNA lesions caused by exposure to BP, UV light, or BP/cadmium were rapidly repaired and were not associated with any effects on hatching. Exposure to Cd after exposure to BP or UV did not affect embryological development or DNA repair. Exposure to BP/UV resulted in a high level of DNA lesions which were slowly repaired. Exposure to cadmium following BP/UV exposure inhibited hatching and DNA repair. Adducts formed during exposure to BP/UV exposure may be difficult to excise or may saturate the nucleotide excision repair system.     

Effects of three fungicides alone and in combination on glutathione S-transferase activity (GST) and cytochrome P-450 (CYP 1A1) in the liver and gill of brown trout (Salmo trutta)

In order to evaluate the gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity as a biomarker of effect of fungicide exposure in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta), the fungicides propiconazole [(R,S)-1-[2-(2,4-diclophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioolan-2-ylmetyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole] and fenpropimorph [(+/-)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-metyl propyl]-2,6 dimetylmorfolinc] were administrated in the water separately and together in a static system (80 microg/l for each pesticide) for 5 days. The combined fungicides gave a significant decrease in gill GST activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), whilst hepatic GST-activity was not significantly changed. Furthermore, continuous exposure to 540 ug/l thiabendazole[2-(thiazol-4'-yl)benzimidazole] in a flow-through system for 4 days significantly increased the gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity towards CDNB, whilst hepatic GST and cytochrome P450 (CYP 1A) activities were not increased by the treatment.