多氯联苯(Aroclor 1242)胁迫下鲤鱼肝脏组织氧化应激

本文在实验室条件下通过静态水质染毒方式在生理生化和转录水平上探究了我国重要经济鱼种鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpioio)对多氯联苯Aroclor 1242的氧化应激:鲤鱼肝脏组织抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SuperoxideDismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)]活性、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(Malonydialdehyde,MDA)含量、相关抗氧化酶编码基因(Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT)、应激蛋白HSP70、转录因子Nrf2和芳烃受体AhR2基因表达。结果表明:Aroclor 1242胁迫下,鲤鱼肝脏组织抗氧化酶活性表现出低浓度促进高浓度抑制的趋势;肝脏组织丙二醛含量显著升高,其中390μg/L暴露组鲤鱼肝脏组织MDA含量在第6d高于对照组92.1%(P0.01),表明肝脏组织发生脂质过氧化,膜系统受到损伤;鲤鱼肝脏组织中Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT、HSP70、Nrf2和AhR2编码基因表达出现不同程度下调。本文从酶学和基因转录水平上揭示了Aroclor1242胁迫下鲤鱼肝脏组织细胞的氧化应激。     

石斑鱼转录因子NR1D1和NR1D2在冷胁迫中的调控作用

NR1D1和NR1D2转录因子属于核受体转录因子家族,二者通过调控靶基因表达参与众多生物学过程,尤其在昼夜节律调节中发挥重要作用。本研究通过分析NR1D1和NR1D2的蛋白质分子特征以及在冷胁迫下珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)的基因调控关系以及它们所参与的通路,揭示它们在鱼类低温环境中的功能作用。生物信息学比较分析显示〖STBX〗NR1D1和NR1D2〖ST〗基因序列均有23个开放阅读框,编码的蛋白质均属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白质。NR1D1和NR1D2蛋白质均含有ZF C4类锌脂蛋白结构域和Hormone_Recep核激素受体的配体结合域,主要配体为含铁原卟啉IX。这两种蛋白主要在细胞核中发挥调控基因表达的作用,且与昼夜节律通路的多个关键基因有直接作用关系。结果表明,在冷胁迫下NR1D1和NR1D2作为转录因子可通过调控靶基因的表达,参与昼夜节律调节并促进糖脂代谢、线粒体氧化等过程,为珍珠龙胆石斑鱼提供必要的能量,有助于增强其耐寒性。     

Clusterin基因的研究进展

对丛生蛋白(Clusterin,CLU)的结构、功能、调控及生理作用进行综述。Clusterin是1个高度保守的基因,该基因包含9个外显子和8个内含子,分析表明CLU存在3种转录本异构体,能够转录翻译生成几种不同形式的蛋白。其中,分泌型Clusterin(secreted Clusterin,sCLU)是分子量为75～80kDa的糖基化蛋白,它几乎存在于所有的生理体液中,具有细胞保护作用。胞核型Clusterin(nuclear Clusterin,nCLU)由细胞质转移入细胞核中,有促进细胞凋亡的调节作用。体外细胞水平研究结果表明,CLU的表达与TGF-β、IGF-1R/SRC/MAPK/Egr-1、核转录因子NF-κB相关,且受致癌基因的调节。最近通过对鱼类的CLU基因的研究发现CLU在血脑屏障区高度表达,且其表达受到Delta-Notch信号通路的负调控,但不受IGF信号通路的调控。     

水产动物雷帕霉素受体信号通路的研究进展

雷帕霉素受体信号通路(mTOR信号通路)广泛存在于真核生物细胞中,能够接收来自营养素、生长因子或者环境胁迫等的信号,通过调控细胞的合成代谢和分解代谢,实现对细胞生长和生理活动的精确调控。在mTOR信号通路的研究中,水产养殖动物mTOR信号通路的研究仅见于少数几种鱼类、对虾和蟹类,且其研究深度远远落后于模式生物。本文综述了近年来mTOR信号通路的研究进展,包括TOR蛋白的发现与组成,以及参与mTOR信号通路的信号因子和信号通路调控生命过程的机制。同时,本文重点阐述了mTOR信号通路在水产动物细胞中的研究现状,说明了水产动物mTOR信号通路研究的必要性,以期为水产养殖动物mTOR信号通路的进一步研究提供参考。     

灿烂弧菌粘附相关因子VsA的表达及功能研究

为了探究灿烂弧菌中 Zn2+转运系统的细胞周质组分 VsA 的表达与功能,本实验采用 PCR 克隆 vsA 基因,实时荧光定量测定 vsA 基因的表达,利用抗体封闭实验研究 VsA 蛋白的功能。生物信息学分析表明 VsA 具有结合和转运 Zn2+的结构基础。实时荧光定量结果表明,vsA 的表达受 Zn2+调控,且具有浓度依赖性,0.01 mmol/L 的 Zn2+可使 vsA 的表达量下调至对照组的0.5倍,而添加等摩尔量的 Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+和 Ca2+对 vsA 的表达无明显影响。而 0.1 滋mol/L Zn2+则会诱导 vsA 的表达。此外,在大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3） 中进行了 VsA 的重组表达,制备了 VsA 的小鼠多克隆抗体。利用抗体封闭 VsA 蛋白可导致灿烂弧菌在 Zn2+限制条件下的生长受抑制,以及过氧化氢的能力和粘附效率的降低。本研究获得了灿烂弧菌的 vsA 基因,其表达受 Zn2+浓度调控,VsA 蛋白在灿烂弧菌生长、抗氧化以及粘附宿主细胞过程中发挥作用。     

基于网络药理学探讨莓茶作用于ACE2防治新型冠状病毒肺炎的潜在机制

目的：应用网络药理学方法探究莓茶作用于新型冠状病毒主要受体-血管紧张素转化酶2（ACE2）防治新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的作用与机制。方法：在TCMSP数据库中检索出莓茶活性成分,在NCBI Gene等数据库找到疾病相关靶点,在Cytoscape平台筛选出莓茶和疾病的共有靶点,使用STRING和DAVID数据库分析共有靶点的蛋白质相互作用网络、基因本体论（GO）功能和基因组百科全书（KEGG）通路。结果：莓茶-活性成分-靶点-疾病网络含26种活性成分和71个共有靶点。莓茶防治疾病的靶点主要包括白细胞介素6（IL-6）、血管内皮生长因子A（VEGFA）和胱天蛋白酶3（CASP3）等。得到1447个GO条目,主要涉及氧化应激反应、活性氧代谢过程等,得到106条KEGG通路富集结果,主要有晚期糖基化终末化产物及其受体（AGE-RAGE）、缺氧诱导因子1（HIF-1）和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）-蛋白激酶B（Akt）等信号通路。结论：莓茶可能通过介导AGE-RAGE、HIF-1等多条信号通路,影响ACE2、IL-6、VEGFA等蛋白的表达,调节病毒受体与配体相互作用、氧化应激反应、活性氧代谢等生物功能,故可为防治新型冠状病毒肺炎提供潜在应用价值。     

基于网络药理学探讨荷叶抗非酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制

目的：基于网络药理学探讨荷叶抗非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的作用机制。方法：利用TCMSP平台和Swiss Target Prediction 等数据库搜集荷叶活性成分和作用靶点。通过GeneCard、GenCLiP3数据库获取NAFLD的相关靶点,利用Cytoscape 3.8.2 软件构建荷叶成分-疾病-靶点蛋白网络。使用STRING数据库和Cytoscape 3.8.2 软件构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络,进行基因本体（GO）功能与京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）通路富集分析。结果：获得荷叶活性成分15种,潜在靶点441个,疾病相关靶点1316个,成分-疾病-靶点161个。PPI网络显示,丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、白细胞介素6、肿瘤抑制基因 p53、血管内皮生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子等靶点与荷叶抗NAFLD的关系最密切。GO功能主要有药物的反应、凋亡过程的负调控、胞液、核浆、细胞质、线粒体酶结合、细胞因子活性、转录因子结合等。KEGG通路主要涉及乙型肝炎、癌症的途径、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路、缺氧诱导因子-1信号通路等。结论：荷叶通过调控161个靶点参与TNF信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路等作用于NAFLD。     

类胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白IGFBP-3的研究进展

类胰岛素生长因子(Insulin-like growth factor,IGF)信号系统是进化上非常保守的信号转导途径,包括2个IGF配体、2个IGF受体和6个IGF结合蛋白(IGF binging protein,IGFBP)。IGFBP能结合IGF并调节其作用。IGFBP-3是血液中主要的IGF载体蛋白。离体(in vitro)实验研究发现,IGFBP-3可以抑制或促进IGF的作用,在缺乏IGF受体的细胞中IGFBP-3仍然具有活性。由此可见,IGFBP-3除了具有IGF依赖性作用,还具有IGF非依赖性作用。此外还发现IG-FBP-3能定位于细胞核并与类视黄醇X受体-α(Retinoid X receptor-α,RXRα)结合。越来越多的研究结果显示出IGFBP-3在生物体内作用的复杂性,使探讨IGFBP-3体内(in vivo)作用机制的研究成为热点。本文综述了IGFBP-3的功能、作用机制,与肿瘤、血管生成的关系,以及正常状态下IGFBP-3的生理功能。     

Oxidative damage in rainbow trout caged in a polluted river

Sewage treatment works (STWs) are a common source of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. In order to assess effects of these effluents on oxidative stress parameters in aquatic organisms, we caged rainbow trout at five sites: upstream, near an STW effluent, and three sites downstream in the river Viskan in western Sweden for 14 days during autumn, 2006. We then measured protein carbonyls in plasma as well as 20S proteosome activity and lipid peroxidation products, i.e. MDA and 4-HNE, in liver samples. Levels of both lipid and protein oxidative damage products were elevated in fish caged near the STW effluent while 20S activity showed no differences. This argues that complex mixtures of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment do have deleterious effects on fish. Additionally, oxidative stress parameters can serve as a biomarker in aquatic organisms.     

Protein carbonyls and antioxidant defenses in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) from a heavy metal polluted and a PAH polluted site

The use of fish in environmental monitoring has become increasingly important in recent years as anthropogenic substances, many of which function as prooxidants, are accumulating in aquatic environments. We have measured a battery of antioxidant defenses as a measure of oxidative status, as well as protein carbonylation as a measure of oxidative damage, in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) captured near a disused copper mine, where water and sediment are contaminated with heavy metals, and an aluminum smelter, a site contaminated with PAHs. Results were compared to two different reference sites. Fish at the heavy metal site had lower glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and elevated protein carbonyls (1.8 times) compared to fish from the reference site. At the PAH site, EROD was increased 2-fold, while total glutathione and methemoglobin reductase concentration, were decreased. No differences were seen in protein carbonyl levels at the PAH site. Measures of both antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage should be used when assessing effects of xenobiotics on oxidative stress in fish species.     

鱼类维生素D3代谢及其生理功能的研究进展

维生素D(VD)是一类具有抗佝偻病作用的类固醇激素,其中维生素D3(VD3)是VD在动物体内的主要存在形式.作为生命活动必不可少的一类物质,VD发挥着广泛且重要的生理学作用.VD在动物体内的代谢过程及相关的代谢酶具有较高的进化保守性,同时也受到多种因素的调控影响.由于鱼类在生活环境方面与陆生脊椎动物存在显著差异,VD在...     

盐胁迫对海滨香豌豆叶片三种物质含量的影响

实验检测在不同浓度的盐胁迫及不同的胁迫时间下，海滨香豌豆叶片内脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖三种成份含量的变化。得出：脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫浓度和胁迫时间变化呈现一定的正相关；可溶性蛋白则呈相对比较稳定的趋势；而可溶性糖则呈无规则变化。这些结果表明，在以上三指标中，脯氨酸对盐胁迫起主要的调节作用。     

Primary molecular basis of androgenic gland endocrine sex regulation revealed by transcriptome analysis in Eriocheir sinensis

In crustaceans, the male sexual dif ferentiation and maintenance are specially regulated by androgenic gland(AG). However, little is known about the genes involved in the regulation process.RNA-Seq was performed on AG with ejaculatory duct(AG_ED) and ejaculatory duct(ED) as control in Eriocheir sinensis, one of the most important economic and ?shery crabs with typically sex dimorphism. A total of 925 unigenes were identi?ed as dif ferentially expressed genes(DEGs) and the expression of nine genes randomly selected was con?rmed by qRT-PCR. 667 unigenes were up-regulated in AG_ED, being supposed to be AG preferential genes. Among them, the full length of i nsulin-like androgenic gland factor( IAG) cDNA named as Es-IAG was obtained as a logo gene of AG, which together with the genes i nsulin-like receptor( INR), and s ingle insulin binding domain protein( SIBD), might constitute the sex regulation pathway. Several sex related genes were identi?ed, and their function will have to be investigated. Also,the identi?cation of j uvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase 1( JHEH1), ecdysteroid 22-hydroxylase( DIB) and e cdysone receptor( ECR) preliminarily clari?ed the molecular regulation mechanism of eyestalk-AG-testis axis, which plays important roles in molting and reproduction. The results will enhance our understanding for the molecular basis of the AG involved in male sex regulation in crabs.     

许氏平鲉三种促性腺激素释放激素基因的启动子克隆及生物信息学分析

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)是1种在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad,HPG)的活动中发挥关键作用的神经激素。研究采用染色体步移方法,从许氏平鲉的肌肉组织中克隆得到GnRH1、GnRH2和GnRH3共3个基因的启动子序列,长度分别为4,3.5和2.5kb。利用在线生物信息学软件对这3个GnRH基因的启动子进行预测分析,结果表明,3个基因均存在Sp1,Oct-1,C/EBP,CREB,Pit-1,NF-1,Brn,GATA-1,USF和MyoD等转录因子的结合位点,以及糖皮质激素受体(GR),雄激素受体(AR),雌激素受体(ER),黄体酮受体(PR),视黄酸受体(RAR)和视黄醇受体(RXR)等核受体的结合位点,推测其对GnRH的调控起到关键作用。但是甲状腺激素受体(TR)和嗅觉相关的Olf-1的结合位点只在GnRH1和GnRH2基因启动子中发现,而在GnRH3中没有预测出。本研究结果表明许氏平鮋不同类型的GnRH是受不同的机制调控的,从而在生理过程中发挥着不同的作用。     

Cytochrome P450 gene diversity and function in marine animals: past, present, and future

The biotransformation of xenobiotics by microsomal cytochromes P450 is known to be pivotal in the effects of some compounds, and thought to be so for many. A knowledge of CYP gene diversity and CYP function and regulation in aquatic species is pursued, expecting that it will disclose mechanisms, allow predictions regarding species differences in susceptibility, and provide markers for exposure to xenobiotics. As well, it is hoped that such knowledge will provide clues to CYP endogenous functions, and to the origin and functional significance of CYP gene diversity. The knowledge of CYP in marine and other aquatic species is expanding rapidly. The diversity of CYP genes in non-mammalian vertebrates may approximate that in mammals. At present, cloning studies have identified members of gene families 1 to 4 have been cloned from one or more fish species. Where known, the gene structures of fish CYP genes are like those of mammalian homologues. Only one CYP1A gene has been identified in most fish species examined. Fish CYP1As, including multiple forms from recent divergence in some genera, have structural and catalytic properties more like CYP1A1, but also have properties that are 1A2-like, consistent with fish CYP1As representing the CYP ancestral to both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. A number of genes cloned from several species have been classified in the 3A subfamily. Fish CYP3As catalyze steroid 6β-hydroxylase, and have other properties consistent with mammalian 3As. Recently identified CYP4 genes classify to novel subfamilies but apparently are homologues of mammalian CYP4 genes, and may act on similar substrates. The greatest diversity of fish CYP genes is in family 2; there are now six fish CYP2 subfamilies known. Four of these are novel subfamilies, although cladistic analysis suggests distinct relationships to mammalian CYP2 subfamilies. Heterologous expression and characterization of some of these CYP have identified similar functions among genes in different subfamilies. For example, fish CYP2Ns and CYP2Ps are related to mammalian CYP2Js, and CYP2P3 and CYP2J2 have strikingly similar functions as fatty acid epoxygenases and hydroxylases, with nearly identical regio- and enantioselectivity for metabolism of arachidonic acid. In addition to sequence and catalytic similarities, there also are indications that CYP regulation, tissue and cellular localization are similar between fish and mammals. Yet even in cases where orthology is strongly suggested, e.g. CYP1A, there appear to be taxonomic differences in active site structure suggesting potential differences in involvement of CYP1A in toxicity. In contrast to fish, CYP diversity and functions in aquatic invertebrates are poorly known. Investigators have identified novel gene families and subfamilies in crustaceans (CYP2L; CYP45), molluscs (CYP30, CYP10) and sponges (CYP38). CYP4C genes occur in crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms, and a new subfamily (CYP4Y) in molluscs. The future? There is no doubt that new CYP will continue to be discovered in non-mammalian vertebrates; some (e.g. CYP51) can be predicted confidently. And, there is no doubt that the numbers known in invertebrates will expand greatly. In insects and C. elegans the numbers are very high, and even slime molds have 18 CYP genes. It is virtually certain that CYP genes with unique functions will be discovered. While the knowledge of CYP genes is increasing, knowledge of CYP function and regulation lag well behind. Technical approaches to speed the aquisition of such knowledge are available. The information will be essential to discern the role that CYP play in the disposition and toxicity of xenobiotics, during development as well as in adults. Yet, when such data are in hand, we may have to face the paucity of information on the diversity, function and regulation other enzymes, notably the glutathione S-transferases, glucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases, in aquatic species. Discerning orthologous relationships among CYP genes, as well as those for phase II enzymes, could highlight gene lineages associated with conserved and endogenous functions. Understanding CYP endogenous functions, as well as their metabolism of xenobiotics, may reveal fully the ways that chemicals cause toxicity. [Support: Sea Grant NA46RG0470-R/P61, EPA R-829890, NIH ES07381].     

斑鳢(Channa maculata)微囊藻毒素去毒相关基因sGST的克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR技术和RACE技术成功克隆淡水鱼类斑鳢sGST基因cDNA全序列,推测得到氨基酸序列,初步分析其结构功能域及系统进化关系。结果表明,斑鳢sGST基因cDNA序列全长为898bp,编码225个氨基酸。斑鳢sGST与真鲷、金头鲷、鲽、黑头鲦、川鲽、大口黑鲈等最新定名为ρ型的sGST氨基酸同源性较高,ρ型sGST为水生生物所特有并共同占据进化树上独立的分枝;与大鼠、小鼠、人等哺乳动物sGST现有所有类型同源性均很低,并且在进化树上距离也较远,表明本研究成功克隆的sGST基因应属于ρ型,可能在鱼类等水生生物对水栖环境的适应上有重要作用。