深海潜水器谱系化框架探索研究

深海潜水器是我国走向深远海的重要装备,国家在“十三五”规划纲要中提出了蛟龙探海工程,这是国家对海洋事业的整体布局和规划。通过几十年的技术取得跨越性发展,研制出了“蛟龙” “潜龙”系列、“海龙” “海马” “海斗” “海燕”等不同类型和深度的深海系列装备,并逐渐向谱系化发展。未来将根据海洋科学研究、海洋资源开发利用、海洋权益维护的需求,研发出更多符合实际要求的深海装备。文章借鉴其他高科技领域,开展潜水器谱系化探索研究,构建谱系化框架。     

中国近海海洋水文气候区划──Ⅱ.聚类分析和模糊聚类软划分

本文对文献[1]给出的中国近海历年海洋水文气候要素的主因子分析结果,进行了谱系聚类分析和模糊聚类软划分,把中国近海划分为3个气候带、9个气候区和1个亚气候区.通过与水文季节分布特征及海洋动、植物种类区系分布特征的对比分析,结果表明,各个气候区都有其特有的季节特征及生物区系分布特征,均相互对应,从而证明上述10个气候区的划分是合理的.     

我国三种海洋学期刊论文,引文进展分析

在对 1 992～ 1 996年《海洋学报》、《海洋与湖沼》和《东海海洋》三种海洋学期刊的论文和引文进行统计分析的基础上 ,又对三刊 1 997～ 1 998年的论文和引文进行延伸统计和比较分析。从中可以看出这三种海洋学期刊论文引文的进展情况 ,得出的结论对搞好海洋学科研究和图书情报服务工作具有一定意义。     

日本《海洋基本计划》研究

为全面、及时地掌握日本海洋战略发展态势,为我国加快建设海洋强国和海洋立法提供借鉴和经验,文章对日本三期《海洋基本计划》进行对比研究。研究发现,三期《海洋基本计划》普遍关注海洋资源与保护的平衡、海洋安全保障等问题;第二期计划重点强调海洋产业发展、海洋安全保障、海洋科技发展;第三期计划更加突出保卫海洋安全,包括北极开发、离岛管理等。为此,我国应加快海洋立法、坚持海洋卫国、统筹海洋发展、培养海洋意识。     

《海洋地质学概论》简介

《海洋地质学概论》一书系2006年由教育部审定出版的“十一．五”高等院校规划教材之一,吕炳全编著,由同济大学出版社出版,列为该出版社近年来出版的重点图书。海洋地质学是人类在了解和探测海洋中逐步形成的学科,也是人们了解和研究海洋必不可缺的基本学科知识。《海洋地质学概论》是根据十年前出版的《海洋地质与环境》教材改编而成,《海洋地质与环境》出版十年来,     

废弃物海洋倾倒费征收标准有关问题的探讨

为了贯彻落实《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》,防治废弃物的海洋倾倒对海洋资源和生态环境的损害,加强海洋倾废对海洋环境污染的控制与管理,根据《海洋环境保护法》、《排污费征收使用管理条例》(国务院令字第369号)、《中华人民共和国海洋倾废管理条例》(1985年3月6日国务院     

《海洋学研究》征稿简则

本刊原刊名为《东海海洋》,创刊于1983年。根据国家海洋局海科字[2005]2号文件转发的2005年1月31日国家新闻出版总署新出报刊[2005]58号“关于《中国养蜂》等科技期刊更名的批复”,已于2005年第2期起正式更名为《海洋学研究》,其主管单位不变,主办单位变更为中国海洋学会、国家海洋局第二海洋研究所和浙江省海洋学会。《海洋学研究》的办刊宗旨是注重介绍全球性海洋科技的新发展,报道研究项目的最新成果及资料数据的分析研究等,为全国的海洋学科研究服务。其特色以海洋观测、调查数据的科学表达为基础,报道海洋技术的最新发展和海洋科学研究…     

《海洋地质前沿》征稿简则

《海洋地质前沿》（原《海洋地质动态》）是由青岛海洋地质研究所主办、《海洋地质前沿》编辑部编辑、科学出版社出版的海洋地质科学领域的学术类正式期刊（月刊）,主要刊登国内外以海岸带与大陆架区为重点的海洋地质、海洋石油地质、海洋矿产资源、海洋地球物理、海洋地球化学、海洋环境和灾害地质等学科及相关领域的最新的调查与研究成果、技术方法以及海洋地质调查研究活动和学术交流等的重要信息。     

《海洋地质前沿》征稿简则

《海洋地质前沿》（原《海洋地质动态》）是由青岛海洋地质研究所主办、《海洋地质前沿》编辑部编辑、科学出版社出版的海洋地质科学领域的学术类正式期刊（月刊）,主要刊登国内外以海岸带与大陆架区为重点的海洋地质、海洋石油地质、海洋矿产资源、海洋地球物理、海洋地球化学、海洋环境和灾害地质等学科及相关领域的最新的调查与研究成果、技术方法以及海洋地质调查研究活动和学术交流等的重要信息。     

《海洋地质前沿》征稿简则

《海洋地质前沿》（原《海洋地质动态》）是由青岛海洋地质研究所主办、《海洋地质前沿》编辑部编辑、科学出版社出版的海洋地质科学领域的学术类正式期刊（月刊）,主要刊登国内外以海岸带与大陆架区为重点的海洋地质、海洋石油地质、海洋矿产资源、海洋地球物理、海洋地球化学、海洋环境和灾害地质等学科及相关领域的最新的调查与研究成果、技术方法以及海洋地质调查研究活动和学术交流等的重要信息。     

Historical demography of southern African patellid limpets: congruence of population expansions,but not phylogeography

Global climatic oscillations have shaped the contemporary genetic structure of marine taxa in different ways. Previous demographic studies have indicated that various intertidal marine species display genetic signatures of demographic expansion that either pre- or postdate the Last Glacial Maximum. Such expansions and the ability of species to colonise new habitats will influence their genetic structure, but the link between scales of larval dispersal and the strength of phylogeographic structure is not always clear. We analysed a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene of 11 sympatric species of intertidal southern African patellid limpets to investigate how ancient oceanographic dynamics have shaped and maintained their contemporary spatial genetic variation. Our data show that the patellid limpets investigated display congruent evidence of spatial expansion during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene, which corresponds with the establishment of the contemporary southern African shoreline. We argue that closely related and co-distributed southern African intertidal invertebrates responded to ancient climatic oscillations as a cohesive group. In contrast, contemporary oceanographic circulation has shaped the phylogeographic patterns of these limpets in different ways. We show close relationships between phylogeography and biogeography for some species, but not for others, despite the similarities in their life histories and exposure to the same climatic changes.     

Phylogeography of New Zealand's coastal benthos

During the past 30 years, 42 molecular studies have been undertaken in New Zealand to examine the phylogeography of coastal benthic invertebrates and plants. Here, we identify generalities and/or patterns that have emerged from this research and consider the processes implicated in generating genetic structure within populations. Studies have used various molecular markers and examined taxonomic groups with a range of life histories and dispersal strategies. Genetic disjunctions have been identified at multiple locations, with the most frequently observed division occurring between northern and southern populations at the top of the South Island. Although upwelling has been implicated as a cause of this disjunction, oceanographic evidence is lacking and alternative hypotheses exist. A significant negative correlation between larval duration and genetic differentiation (r² = 0.39, P < 0.001, n = 29) across all studies suggests that larval duration might be used as a proxy for dispersal potential. However, among taxa with short larval durations (<10 days) there was greater variability in genetic differentiation than among taxa with longer pelagic periods. This variability implies that when larval duration is short, other factors may determine dispersal and connectivity among populations. Although there has been little congruence between the phylogeographic data and recognised biogeographic regions, recent research has resolved population subdivision at finer spatial scales corresponding more closely with existing biogeographic classifications. The use of fast‐evolving and ecologically significant molecular markers in hypothesis‐driven research could further improve our ability to detect population subdivision and identify the processes structuring marine ecosystems.     

Fine‐scale phylogeography reveals cryptic biodiversity in Pederson's cleaner shrimp,Ancylomenes pedersoni (Crustacea: Caridea: Palaemonidae), along the Florida Reef Tract

Populations of continuously distributed marine organisms that disperse via pelagic larvae are often assumed to exist in a state of genetic panmixia because of their potential ability for long‐distance dispersal. However, obligate symbionts may have more restricted gene flow due to recruitment limitations, making host specificity an important potential driver of biodiversity. To explore the tension between broad dispersal ability and limited recruitment potential, we used sequences of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) to assess the fine‐scale phylogeography of the cleaner shrimp, Ancylomenes pedersoni, an obligate symbiont of sea anemones, along 300 km of the Florida Reef Tract (FRT). The results indicate high genetic diversity within A. pedersoni populations along the FRT. Pair‐wise ?_ST values indicate significant genetic structuring between northern (Fort Lauderdale and Upper Keys) and southwestern (Lower Keys) populations, with significant isolation by distance. Two divergent COI haplotype lineages were detected through statistical parsimony analysis: one evenly distributed across the entire FRT (Clade 1) and one found primarily in two sample localities in the Lower Keys (Clade 2). Phylogenetic analyses using 16S‐rDNA indicates that this genetic diversity is of paraphyletic origin, and possibly the result of multiple colonization events. These results reveal a complex demographic and evolutionary history for A. pedersoni populations and provide the first evidence of highly divergent intra‐specific lineages independently colonizing the FRT. Because the FRT is a highly impacted coral reef system, understanding phylogeographic patterns along it has value beyond documentation of the factors that generate genetic diversity in tropical reef systems: these data are critical for creating scientifically based management strategies.     

Phylogeography of the pelagic fish Seriola lalandi at different scales: confirmation of inter-ocean population structure and evaluation of southern African genetic diversity

The study investigated the global and regional phylogeography of the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi by examining genetic diversity and population genetic structure of this species at inter-and intra-ocean level and on a regional scale. DNA fragments of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b (Cytb) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and one nuclear gene, recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1), were sequenced to investigate the global-scale phylogeography of this species. The population genetic structure within the South Pacific, as well as along the South African coastline, was examined further using six microsatellite markers. Three distinct clades were identified for S. lalandi, which correspond with previously described subspecies of the North-East Pacific, North-West Pacific and the Southern Hemisphere. Within the latter, additional divergence was observed between the South Pacific and the South-East Atlantic regions. Divergence estimates were indicative of a Pacific origin for S. lalandi populations, because of Pleistocene vicariant events. Microsatellite analyses revealed overall significant genetic differentiation between South African and South Pacific samples. This corroborates recent findings on the global phylogeography of the species. No population differentiation was observed within South Africa, indicating high levels of gene flow.     

东海近岸带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)线粒体控制区序列的群体遗传变异研究

带鱼(Trichiurusjaponicus)是广泛分布于东亚大陆架海域的暖温性近底层经济鱼类,也是东海区最重要的海洋渔业捕捞对象。然而,目前的研究报道对东海近岸带鱼群体遗传变异特性认识不足,不利于其种群的遗传资源保护和管理。本研究利用线粒体控制区序列对东海近岸带鱼6个群体191个个体的遗传多样性、遗传分化和历史动态进行分析。在577 bp长的控制区序列中共检测到70个多态位点,定义了121个单倍型。群体总的单倍型多样性较高(0.9911),但总的核苷酸多样性较低(0.0092),群体间遗传多样性水平差异较小。单倍型遗传学关系、Fst值和分子方差分析结果均表明群体间的遗传分化不显著,存在广泛的基因交流。历史动态分析结果表明东海近岸带鱼群体在更新世中晚期可能经历了瓶颈效应和随后的群体快速扩张,这是导致群体遗传多样性较低的主要原因。带鱼较强的扩散能力、洄游行为、海洋环流以及近期的群体扩张可能是造成东海近岸带鱼缺乏显著的系统地理种群结构的原因。研究结果提示,在线粒体DNA水平上,东海近岸带鱼群体是一个随机交配的种群,在遗传资源管理上可作为一个单元进行管理。     

Cryptic diversity of marine gastropod Monodonta labio (Trochidae): did the early Pleistocene glacial isolation and sea surface temperature gradient jointly drive diversification of sister species and/or subspecies in the Northwestern Pacific?

Formation of glacial refugia during the Pleistocene climatic oscillations has been put forward to elucidate the diversification of marine organisms in the north‐western Pacific. The marine gastropod Monodonta labio is one of the most common species in the Northwestern Pacific and possibly possesses cryptic diversity. Here, we investigate the phylogeographic pattern of this species to test the potential mechanisms driving its diversification in the Northwestern Pacific. Genetic information for two mitochondrial genes (Cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S rDNA) and one nuclear gene (internal transcribed spacer 1) was acquired to detect genetic structuring and to reconstruct the gastropod's phylogenetic history. Our results revealed that M. labio is comprised of five main clades, and divergence time estimates place their cladogenesis as corresponding to the initiation (c. 2.5 mya) and intensification (c. 0.9 mya) of large‐scale Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. The early and middle Pleistocene divergence times are consistent with the emergence times of the Dongshan land bridge, which would seperate the ancient East China Sea and the ancient South China Sea forming two potential refugia. In addition, the deep trough in the Qiongzhou Strait would possibly act as another potential refugium with the uplift of the Qiongzhou Strait at mid‐Pleistocene. This study suggests that the current genetic architecture of M. labio is probably correlated with glacial isolation and sea surface temperature gradient. We also put forward the possibility that these factors were probably an important driver for the diversification of sister species or subspecies of other taxa in the Northwestern Pacific.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation reveals distinct lineages in Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda,Penaeidae) from the Indo‐West Pacific Ocean

Penaeus semisulcatus, the green tiger prawn, is an ecologically and economically important penaeid shrimp in the Indo‐West Pacific region, especially in rice‐shrimp farming and capture fisheries in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, respectively. Genetic variation and phylogeography of samples of this species from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka were studied utilizing different mitochondrial DNA markers, i.e. cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), control region (CR) and 16S rRNA genes. No evidence of population structure was observed in Bangladesh, but distinct variations were found among the Sri Lankan samples (Φ_ST = 0.04, p = .002; F_ST = 0.07, p = .001), with the western sample differing from the northwestern and southern samples. The Bangladesh population had lower genetic diversity than two of the three Sri Lanka populations. The phylogeography of P. semisulcatus revealed two distinct mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, one in the Western Pacific Ocean and second in the Indian Ocean. The Bangladesh samples showed highest levels of similarity with samples from Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia, with the Bangladesh and Sri Lanka populations sharing the most common recent ancestry. Among the Indian Ocean samples, high levels of variation were observed in the samples from Iran, indicating admixture of two distinct mtDNA lineages, one shared by the populations from the Bay of Bengal and the other possibly originating from Eastern Africa. The genetic and phylogeographic information obtained in this study will be useful in appropriate planning for management and conservation of shrimp fisheries in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and in the Indo‐West Pacific region.     

Morphological and molecular evidence supports the first occurrence of two fishes,Siganus sutor(Valenciennes, 1835)and Seriolina nigrofasciata(Rüppell, 1829)(Actinopterygii:Perciformes), from marine waters of Odisha coast,Bay of Bengal,India

Marine ecosystems provide a wide variety of diverse habitats that frequently promote migration and ecological adaptation. The extent to which the geographic distribution of marine organism has reshaped by human activities remains underappreciated. The limitations intrinsic to morphology-based identification systems have engendered an urgent need for reliable genetic methods that enable the unequivocal recognition of fish species,particularly those that are prone to overexploitation and/or market substitution. In the present study, however, an attempt has been taken to identify two locally adapted fish species, Siganus sutor(Valenciennes, 1835) and Seriolina nigrofasciata(Rüppell, 1829) of order Perciformes, which happens to be the first record in Odisha coast,Bay of Bengal. The diagnostic characteristics of Siganus sutor are: dorsal fin XIII-10, anal fin VII-9, pectoral fin 15,pelvic fin II-3, while that of Seriolina nigrofasciata dorsal fin VI-I-35, anal fin I-17, pectoral fin 16, pelvic fin 5. All COI barcodes generated in this study were matched with reference sequences of expected species, according to morphological identification. Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic trees were drawn based on DNA barcodes and all the specimens clustered in agreement with their taxonomic classification at the species level. The phylogeographic studies based on haplotype network and migration rates suggest that both the species were not panmitic and the high-frequency population distribution indicates successful migration. The result of this study provides an important validation of the use of DNA barcode sequences for monitoring species diversity and changes within a complex marine ecosystem.     

Genetic connectivity among populations of two congeneric direct-developing whelks varies across spatial scales

We examined the phylogeographic structure of two congeneric, direct-developing, intertidal whelks endemic to New Zealand, Cominella virgata and C. maculosa. A total of 855 specimens were collected from 23 rocky shore locations and we used them to determine the level of DNA sequence variation at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Cominella virgata and C. maculosa have relatively high levels of haplotype diversity but low levels of nucleotide diversity. Sample sites formed regional groups that were composed of genetically differentiated populations, a finding consistent with their limited dispersal abilities. Cominella virgata showed higher levels of regional differentiation than C. maculosa, and there were also species-specific differences in genetic patterns within some regions. Both species exhibited genetic homogenisation among proximate sites within groups, suggesting some dispersal does occur between areas that are not connected by contiguous rocky shore habitat.     

Comparative phylogeography and population genetic structure of three widespread mollusc species in the Mediterranean and near Atlantic

Although several studies have evaluated the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns in many species of marine invertebrates, a general model that applies to all of them remains elusive. For example, some species present an admixture of populations with high gene flow, whereas others exhibit more complex patterns characterized by small‐scale unstructured genetic heterogeneity, even at a local scale. These differences are thought to be due to clear biological aspects such as direct versus indirect development, or the presence of lecithotrophic versus planktotrophic larvae, but few studies compare animals with similar distributions and life modes. Here, we explore the phylogeographic and genetic structure patterns in two chiton (Chiton olivaceus and Lepidopleurus cajetanus) and one abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) species co‐occurring in the same habitat. Samples were obtained from shallow rocky bottoms along the Iberian Peninsula (Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts), Italy, Croatia and Greece, and the mitochondrial markers COI and 16S rRNA gene were sequenced. Our data show evidence of admixture and population expansion in C. olivaceus and H. tuberculata, whereas L. cajetanus exhibited a ‘chaotic patchiness’ pattern defined by a high genetic variability with locality‐exclusive haplotypes, high genetic divergence, and a lack of geographic structure. Shared haplotypes were sampled in both coasts of Iberia (for H. tuberculata) and in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean (for C. olivaceus), potentially indicating high dispersal ability and a recent expansion. The processes underlying the fine‐scale structuring in L. cajetanus remain a mystery. These results are especially interesting because the reproductive mode of the two chitons is similar but differs from that of the abalone, with a veliger larva, while instead the genetic structure of C. olivaceus and H. tuberculata are similar, thus contrasting with predictions based on the life history of the three molluscs and showing that the genetic patterns of marine species may be shaped by many factors, including historical ones.