利用长、短期波高分布规律确定多年一遇有效波高

许多单位对北部湾中涠洲岛西南(20°27′N,109°38′E)海区设计波要素的推算作了大量的工作,为该海区海洋工程设计提供了海洋环境参数。从有关的资料中看出,大家采用的实测资料大都是来自北部湾沿岸海洋站的风、浪资料,主要的是以涠州岛海洋站的风、浪资料,涠洲岛西南海区离岸较远,水深为42米,而有长期资料的涠州岛海洋站在岸边,水深为19米,利用岸边资料推算外海波浪,一般多使用相关分析法和外推法(分析波浪到达岸边前的传播过程中的变形,由近岸的波浪观测值反推外海的波浪要素)。由于涠西南海上实测风、浪资料甚少,各单位在资料选取方面的不同,选用的推算方法的不同,以致于推算出的多年一遇设计波高产生了一定的差异。因此,为了定出较为确切的多年一遇有效波高,应用于海洋工程设计,我们利用了海上平台、海上浮标、涠洲岛海洋站的波浪资料,采用各种计算方法,分别用长、短期实测波浪推算多年一遇有效波高,然后,作出同种波浪资料,长、短期推算结果比较,作出岸边和外海不同波浪资料,同时间短期推算结果比较,作出外海浮标和平台不同时间短期推算结果比较。最后综合分析各种资料的可靠性和代表性以及长期与短期资料推算结果的可靠误差,确定涠西南海区的多年一遇有效波高。     

台湾周边海区的海浪特点

本文收集了1960～1990年的国际气象船舶报资料,以台湾岛为中心,范围为20°～28°N、116．5°～124°E的海区,并将整个海区划分为台湾海峡、台湾东部、台湾北部、巴士海峡四个海域。按1°×1°网格逐月进行统计,并将统计结果绘制成海面风、海浪玫瑰图,以及平均波高、平均周期、大浪大涌(≥2．5m)频率、小于等于1．2m波高和各类波长频率分布图。通过分析得出全年的海浪特点及其分布规律,这对发展国民经济、航海和军事活动具有重要意义。     

应用WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ模式对南海的波浪场进行数值计算、统计分析和研究

以30a再分析风场数据为输入,采用WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ波浪模式,对南海海域1976—2005年的波浪场进行了数值计算。与大量的T/P高度计波浪资料和部分台风资料进行对比验证后发现,波浪计算结果较好。将计算结果进行统计和推算,得出南海海域波浪如下的主要特征:1)南海海域的常浪向基本为NE,出现频率占各向总数的40%;北部海域的强浪向主要为E,中部和南部海域的强浪向主要为NE;2)夏季的波高为全年最小,冬季受东北季风的影响,波高达到全年最大;3)100a一遇极值波高分布:海南岛东南附近海域最大,有效波高最大超过18m,中部海域的有效波高平均为14m左右,南部海域的有效波高平均约为9m。     

钦州湾台风浪的多年一遇极值推算

利用WAVEWATCH Ⅲ(WW3)和SWAN海浪模式模拟了1949—2005年间对钦州湾海域影响较大的台风浪.以模拟结果为基础,利用皮尔逊Ⅲ(P-Ⅲ)频率适线法推算了钦州湾湾外深水的累积频率波高和平均波周期(Tm)的多年一遇极值,同时模拟了其间在百年一遇高潮水位条件下的台风浪,以及在百年一遇高潮水位、百年一遇风暴潮增水共同作用下对钦州湾影响较大的台风产生的波浪场.使用P-Ⅲ法推算了在极端天气下,钦州湾湾内统计点的累积波高和平均波周期的多年一遇极值.研究结果表明,由于湾内浅滩较多,波浪在传播过程中水体底部摩擦使能量耗损明显,所以湾内波高较小,湾口处的波高大于内湾处的波高.近岸海区的波浪耗散、破碎等物理过程比较强烈,因此近岸统计点C1处的波高极值最小,其最大波高向岸边快速减弱并沿东向传播.在极端天气情况下,波浪在传播过程中发生破碎,波高衰减显著.     

基于二元Gumbel-Logistic模型的石岛湾海区异常水位研究

本文利用石岛湾海洋站实测的连续20年的波高和风暴潮增水的数据资料,计算取得异常水位资料,以二元Gumbel-Logsitic分布模型为基础,考虑波高和增水的相关性,运用联合概率法,推算石岛地区多年一遇设计异常水位组合,并与均取极值方法的结果作对比。结果显示,石岛地区应采用以波高为主的同时性资料为主要分析资料,本文的方法更加接近实际情况,使用方便,结果可靠。     

江苏滨海海域海上风电场的极值波高推算

为了给江苏滨海海域海上风电场的结构设计提供更为合理的设计参数,本文利用定量分析法对比分析了采用不同推算方法推算得到的工程海域极值波高,讨论了不同推算方法的差异及影响。结果表明：采用年极值法、条件极值法（包括风暴统计法、阈值上限法）和组合法推算出的工程海域极值波高受理论频率曲线、热带风暴年均频次、极端设计风速和特定水位的影响较大。其中,热带风暴年均频次主要影响风暴统计法推算的结果,当热带风暴年均频次不小于1时,推算的结果趋于稳定,相对偏差小于5%;极端设计风速和特定水位主要影响组合法推算的结果,极端设计风速的选择主要影响极值波高在各个方向上的分布,特定水位的叠加主要影响极值波高的幅值;对于非特定水位下的极值波高,利用条件极值法中的风暴统计法推算的结果最大,为6.55 m;利用年极值法中P-Ⅲ型曲线推算的结果最小,为5.48 m;两者相对偏差约20%;对于特定水位下的极值波高,利用组合法推算出的NW—SE方向极值波高与水位呈正相关,即叠加正水位时,极值波高增大,叠加负水位时,极值波高减小,幅值变化可达±15%;且极值波高的方向分布与所采用的极端设计风速的方向分布相同,利用极值波高对应的设计...     

基于广义极值分布的设计波高推算

简介了广义极值分布函数及其3种参数估计方法,包括极大似然(ML)、线性矩(LM)和间隔最大积(MPS)估计的计算方法。使用广义极值分布函数推算了北部湾涠洲岛海域3个波向的年波高极值序列设计波高,并与Weibull分布、Gumbel分布和皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布的推算结果加以对比。分析表明,涠洲岛海域极值波高服从于广义极值Ⅲ型分布,拟合优度检验结果表明广义极值分布能更好地拟合极值波高;MPS方法是一种优良的参数估计法,推算的设计波高可作为海岸环境工程设计的首要参考值。     

杭州湾海域50年一遇波浪数值模拟研究

杭州湾外围海域岛礁众多,波浪传播机制复杂。为了了解该海域的波浪分布特征,采用MIKE 21 SW模块建立了杭州湾海域波浪数值模型,利用实测波浪资料对模型进行了验证,结果表明该模型适用于模拟杭州湾海域的波浪传播。利用1970—2002年嵊山海洋站实测极值波浪资料推算50年一遇波浪要素,将其作为模型边界条件,对杭州湾海域50年一遇的设计波浪进行了模拟,并对该海域的波浪传播特征进行了分析。结果表明,杭州湾内波高较之外海明显减小,外围众多岛礁起到了很好的遮挡保护作用。     

渤海重现期波高的数值计算

利用RAMS大气模式给出的20年风场资料,利用SWAN近海波浪模式对渤海海域的波浪进行了20 a数值计算.通过与一般过程和大风过程的实测资料的对比后发现.波浪模拟值与实潮值符合地较好,SWAN模式适合渤海海域波浪的计算。通过分析发现.辽东湾常浪向为SSW。强浪向为SSW;渤海中部常浪向为S,强浪向为NE;渤海海峡常浪向为NNW,强浪向为NNW;莱州湾常浪向为S,强浪向为NNE;渤海湾常浪向为S.强浪向为NE。渤中偏东南海域(38°～39°N,119.5°～120.5°E)多年一遇有效波高最大.其中百年一遇有效波高最大值达到6.7m。     

基于ADCIRC-SWAN耦合模式的山东海洋牧场近30年风暴潮和海浪灾害特征分析

基于ADICRC-SWAN耦合模式,文章模拟了山东半岛1985— 2017年的61场风暴潮过程,研究了佳益、明波、富瀚3个海洋牧场的增水与有效波高的分布特征。通过分析3个海洋牧场的风暴增水与有效波高的年极值序列得出,台风风暴潮发生次数最多,但强度没有明显的规律;温带气旋频率最低,但引起的平均增水较高。寒潮引起的风暴潮主要在明波海洋牧场形成高增水,同时在佳益海洋牧场形成大浪。以年极值序列为基础,利用Gumbel极值分布计算了出3个海洋牧场的百年一遇增水与有效波高,增水在明波最高,在佳益最低,而有效波高则相反。进一步考虑波高与增水的联合概率分布,佳益海洋牧场的百年一遇有效波高在增水为50 cm时降低至6.5~7.1 m,在增水150 cm的情况再降至3.9~4.6 m;富瀚海洋牧场的波高在50 cm增水条件下降幅比较明显,在水位增加到150 cm时变化不大,都在2.6~3.2 m;明波海洋牧场在增水为0,50 cm和150 cm时的波高在1.9~2.8 m,与考虑单变量极值情况差别不大。模拟结果对海洋牧场的风暴潮防灾减灾工作有一定参考价值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.