苏北断陷湖盆坡折带类型与戴南组隐蔽圈闭分布

对苏北盆地高邮凹陷上白垩统—第三系层序地层及戴南组沉积特征研究表明,断陷湖盆中发育多级多类断裂坡折带,它们控制着层序和沉积体系的发育以及砂体的加厚带.高邮凹陷中真1断层为陡坡盆缘坡折带,控制了盆地的边界并控制着戴南组粗碎屑扇体的发育;真2断层为陡坡盆内坡折带,控制了戴南组粗碎屑扇体的加厚带;汉留断层为缓坡盆内坡折带,控制了戴南组三角洲前缘砂体的加厚带和滑塌浊积扇的分布,同时也控制着低位体系域以及高位体系域三角洲前缘—岸线的分布.坡折带的发育受到盆地幕式构造运动的控制.沿盆内坡折带附近发育各类隐蔽圈闭,是断陷湖盆中油气勘探的重点地区.     

珠江口盆地文昌凹陷陆相坡折带类型及其控砂作用

珠江口盆地文昌凹陷多幕构造演化与复杂构造变形形成了极具特色的坡折类型.以构造沉积学、层序地层学为理论基础,结合钻井及三维地震资料,在文昌凹陷识别出4类6种陆相坡折带,并分析各类坡折带对砂体的控制作用.断裂坡折带分布于凹陷南部陡坡带,可进一步划分为单断式盆缘断裂坡折带、多级盆缘断裂坡折带及帚状盆缘断裂坡折带,控制着扇三角洲、滑塌扇及湖底扇砂体的分布;挠曲坡折带、沉积坡折带及侵蚀坡折带分布于凹陷北部缓坡带,控制着下切水道充填砂体、三角洲砂体及小型湖底扇砂体的分布,缓坡坡折带上发育的小型断裂调整并改造沉积物充填方向与沉积体系的分布.坡折带控制下的砂体是非构造圈闭发育的有利部位,勘探潜力巨大.      

陆相断陷湖盆T—R旋回沉积层序与研究实例

陆相断陷湖盆的沉降机理、湖盆形态等均有别于其它类型的沉积盆地,因此,沉积层序的内部构成及层序边界发育特征也不同。在这种湖盆中,不适合于直接套用“Ｖａｉｌ学派”的被动大陆边缘型盆地的层序地层学模式,但其基本原理仍可应用。以东濮断陷盆地为例,分析了盆内构造－沉积旋回之内的湖进－湖退（Ｔ－Ｒ）旋回沉积层序,这种层序由湖进体系域（ＬＴＳＴ）与湖退体系域（ＬＲＳＴ）组成。ＬＲＳＴ中发育有各种不同类型的储集砂     

蒙古国塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷早白垩世构造古地貌控砂机制*

构造活动是源-汇系统中形成古地貌和砂分散体系的重要影响因素。塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷在早白垩世是一个典型的断陷湖盆,经历了多期幕式断陷活动,但同沉积构造活动及其配置所产生的古地貌对层序结构特征、沉积体系及砂体分布的控制作用仍不明确。文中以地震、测井、岩心资料为基础,以层序地层学理论和古地貌控砂理论为指导,建立了塔南凹陷下白垩统层序地层格架;结合断层活动性分析,阐明了不同类型古地貌对沉积体系和砂体分布的控制作用和规律。构造演化和沉积充填的综合研究表明: 受控盆主断裂的幕式断陷活动及同沉积断裂的差异断陷活动影响,塔南凹陷发育横向凸起和走向斜坡2种类型的构造调节带,这些构造调节带是水系入盆的通道,控制着盆地的主体物源方向、沉积体系类型与分布特征;根据断层的几何形态及发育部位,共识别出4种类型构造坡折带,分别是陡坡断崖型坡折带、陡坡断阶型坡折带、缓坡反向断阶型坡折带和盆内坡折带,它们各自控制了不同类型沉积体系的形成与分布;沉积物入盆后,沉积物分散体系和砂体的分布特征受同沉积断裂的组合样式控制,研究区共发育梳状断裂系、叉状断裂系和平行断裂系3种同沉积断裂平面组合;与构造调节带相对应的断裂坡折带低部位是大型储层砂体,特别是低位扇三角洲或盆底扇砂体发育的有利部位,是寻找砂岩油气藏的有利区带。研究成果对于深化断陷湖盆源-汇系统理论、指导断陷湖盆砂体分布预测具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。     

蒙古国塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷早白垩世构造古地貌控砂机制*

构造活动是源-汇系统中形成古地貌和砂分散体系的重要影响因素。塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷在早白垩世是一个典型的断陷湖盆,经历了多期幕式断陷活动,但同沉积构造活动及其配置所产生的古地貌对层序结构特征、沉积体系及砂体分布的控制作用仍不明确。文中以地震、测井、岩心资料为基础,以层序地层学理论和古地貌控砂理论为指导,建立了塔南凹陷下白垩统层序地层格架;结合断层活动性分析,阐明了不同类型古地貌对沉积体系和砂体分布的控制作用和规律。构造演化和沉积充填的综合研究表明: 受控盆主断裂的幕式断陷活动及同沉积断裂的差异断陷活动影响,塔南凹陷发育横向凸起和走向斜坡2种类型的构造调节带,这些构造调节带是水系入盆的通道,控制着盆地的主体物源方向、沉积体系类型与分布特征;根据断层的几何形态及发育部位,共识别出4种类型构造坡折带,分别是陡坡断崖型坡折带、陡坡断阶型坡折带、缓坡反向断阶型坡折带和盆内坡折带,它们各自控制了不同类型沉积体系的形成与分布;沉积物入盆后,沉积物分散体系和砂体的分布特征受同沉积断裂的组合样式控制,研究区共发育梳状断裂系、叉状断裂系和平行断裂系3种同沉积断裂平面组合;与构造调节带相对应的断裂坡折带低部位是大型储层砂体,特别是低位扇三角洲或盆底扇砂体发育的有利部位,是寻找砂岩油气藏的有利区带。研究成果对于深化断陷湖盆源-汇系统理论、指导断陷湖盆砂体分布预测具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。     

陆相断陷湖盆T-R旋回沉积层序与研究实例

陆相断陷湖盆的沉降机理、湖盆形态等均有别于其它类型的沉积盆地,因此,沉积层序的内部构成及层序边界发育特征也不同。在这种湖盆中,不适合于直接套用“Vail学派”的被动大陆边缘型盆地的层序地层学模式,但其基本原理仍可应用。以东濮断陷盆地为例,分析了盆内构造－沉积旋回之内的湖进－湖退（T－R）旋回沉积层序,这种层序由湖进体系域（LTS）与湖退体系域（LRST）组成。LRST中发育有各种不同类型的储集砂体。由于断陷湖盆的边缘坡度陡峭,以及湖平面升降幅度有限,因此,叠加于构造－沉积族目之上的更高频T－R旋回层序缺乏Ｉ型层序边界,控制T－R旋回发育的主要因素是区内构造（断层）的幕式活动,而更高频的T－R旋回的形成则与米兰柯维奇气候旋回相关联。     

蒙古国境内贝尔湖凹陷早白垩世沉积充填演化与同沉积断裂的响应

蒙古国境内的贝尔湖凹陷是新近发现的一个主要勘探可开发区。早白垩世垂向充填演化序列综合研究表明,南屯组早期地层的大规模同生断裂系统组合样式及其分布对断陷湖盆内沉积体系域的发育、分布起着重要的控制作用。凹陷内的充填序列和演化反映了幕式断裂作用及湖盆右旋走滑特征对盆内沉积体系演化模式起着至关重要的控制作用。长期活动的同沉积断裂配合构造的右旋走滑运动严格控制古地貌、断裂坡折及断坡带的形成与分布,从而进一步控制着湖盆内碎屑岩沉积体系发育与沉积展布模式。凹陷内部的东次凹北洼槽内的洼陷边缘断裂坡折带常常控制着粗碎屑沉积体系的沉积、沉降中心,特别是低位域近岸水下扇的发育和分布,是盆内寻找砂岩油气藏的最有利区带。同沉积断裂具有多种组合样式,包括"人"或"之"字形等多种组合的断裂系统等,造就湖盆内复杂多变的构造古地貌及断裂坡折系统,严格控制着凹陷内砂体分散体系的沉积和堆积模式。揭示同沉积断裂(坡折)带的活动和分布,再造各沉积期次构造古地貌、断坡带是进行沉积体系展布模式和砂体分布预测的关键。     

陆相裂谷盆地构造沉积学特征:以松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷为例

构造沉积学不仅强调大地构造背景条件对盆地演化的控制作用,同时还注重盆地内部的构造特征与沉积充填特征之间的控制及响应关系研究。陆相裂谷盆地发育过程中,构造作用强烈,盆地沉积充填过程复杂,进行构造沉积学研究对揭示盆地构造沉积演化过程具有重要意义。以大量地震、钻测井资料为基础,结合大地构造背景资料,研究松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷发育过程中的构造、沉积演化特征,分析构造活动与沉积作用之间的响应及控制关系,并由此讨论半地堑陆相湖盆的沉积充填演化规律及其控制因素。研究表明,在伏龙泉断陷盆地演化过程中,早期的火山岩隆起对盆地初始裂陷期形态具有明显的影响作用;边界断层的分布及其生长速率特征则对盆地结构演化过程起着首要的控制作用。盆地裂陷期,研究区古气候环境比较稳定,构造因素是控制该陆相裂谷盆地地层序列与沉积特征的首要因素;断裂发育特征决定了盆地的古地貌特征,而盆地的古地貌特征直接影响着盆地内部的沉积充填类型与沉积体系展布格局;区域构造抬升与断块掀斜是该半地堑盆地内部发育不整合面的主要因素。在陆相裂陷盆地的构造沉积特征研究中,构造沉积学显示出了其必要性与适用性,有利于在揭示构造沉积现象的同时,合理解释其地质成因。     

试论构造因素对泌阳断陷陆相层序形成的影响机制

构造作用是控制泌阳断陷湖盆陆相层序发育的关键性因素，它制约着低频层序（盆地充填序列、构造层序、层序组及层序）的发生、发展与形成。区域性构造运动控制着盆地充填序列及构造层序；盆地边界断裂的脉动性控制着层序组及层序。在陆相断陷湖盆中，盆地基底构造沉降是非线性或间断函数；由盆缘控盆边界断裂向盆地中心，沉降速率逐渐减小，呈“反铰链式”沉降。在从假定湖平面变化呈一正弦函数曲线、物源供给速率中等且匀速的条件下，采用计算机分别模拟了加速沉降和减速沉降两种过程的陆相层序响应特征。研究结果表明，一个构造沉降旋回过程控制着一个陆相层序及其体系域的发育和形成。     

南襄盆地泌阳断陷下第三系陆相层序地层

泌阳断陷历经中生代小型拉分盆地、早第三纪断陷盆地和晚第三纪坳陷盆地等３个盆地原型的演化、叠合过程,形成了３个盆地充填序列及其所包含的３个构造层序。泌阳断陷下第三系（即构造层序Ⅱ）为湖盆沉积充填主体,其可划分为７个层序组,各层序组具特定的沉积体系配置关系。作为泌阳断陷油气勘探主要目的层段的下第三系核桃园组可进一步划分为１２个层序。其中,核三上段包括跨时分别为１．０８、１．４０、１．０２Ｍａ的３个陆相层序,由南往北呈现冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖泊—三角洲的沉积体系空间配置。泌阳断陷下第三系层序地层年代框架模式清晰地显示了断陷湖盆成盆演化史、沉积充填史及其陆相层序时空展布特征。     

深大断裂对松辽断陷盆地群南部的控制作用

通过野外地质调查及对各断陷典型地震剖面和构造发育史剖面的综合研究,系统探讨了研究区深大断裂对断陷盆地群的控制作用。以西拉木伦河-长春-延吉板块拼接带、赤峰-开原超岩石圈断裂为边界,将研究区自南向北分为辽西盆地区、辽北盆地区和吉西盆地区等3个一级构造分区;根据控盆断裂及其断陷盆地群的时空分布、断陷构造样式、不同时期伸展量等特征将辽北盆地区分为西部、中西部、中东部等3个二级断陷区。西拉木伦河断裂控制了西部区断陷的形成和分布;嫩江—八里罕断裂和孙吴—大庆—阜新断裂对中西部断陷区的控盆效应大体相近;孙吴—大庆—阜新断裂与佳木斯—伊通断裂共同对中东部断陷区起着重要的控制作用;昌图断陷主要受佳木斯—伊通断裂所控制。辽北盆地区主要表现为双断式地堑,断陷群的形成和分布不仅受北北东向断裂控制,也受到近东西向的西拉木伦河断裂和赤峰—开原断裂重新活动的控制。中西部断陷区伸展率具有从九佛堂组沉积期—沙海组沉积期—阜新组沉积期依次减小的变化规律。中东部断陷区与中西部断陷区存在明显差异,NNE向与近EW向深大断裂对两区构造分区控制程度不同。     

The influence of fault geometry on small strike-slip fault mechanics

Meter-scale subvertical strike-slip fault traces in the central Californian Sierra Nevada exhibit geometric complexities that significantly contribute to their mechanical behavior. Sections of faults that opened at depth channelized fluid flow, as evidenced by hydrothermal mineral infillings and alteration haloes. Thin sections show a variation in the style of ductile deformation of infill along the fault, with greater intensities of deformation along restraining bends. Orthorectified photomosaics of outcrops provide model geometries and parameter constraints used in a two-dimensional displacement discontinuity model incorporating a complementarity algorithm. Model results show that fault shape influences the distribution of opening, and consequently the spatial distribution of fluid conduits. Geometric irregularities are present at many scales, and sections of opening occur along both releasing and restraining bends. Model sensitivity tests focus on boundary conditions along the fault: frictional properties on closed sections and fluid pressure within sections of opening. The influence of the remote stress state varies along a non-planar fault, complicating the relationships between remote stresses, frictional properties, slip, and opening. Discontinuous sections of opening along model faults are similar in spatial distribution and aperture to the epidote infill assemblages observed in the field.     

太行山东缘断裂南支断层性质及断层泥K-Ar同位素定年

太行山东缘断裂是华北盆地西边界的控制性断裂,对研究华北盆地中-新生代油气藏、地震分布及成矿作用具有重要意义。通过对太行山东缘断裂南支断层几何学、运动学的详细研究以及对断层泥的X射线衍射分析、K-Ar同位素年代学研究,确定了太行山东缘断裂为枢纽性质正断层,由一系列北北东走向正断层组成,呈左阶阶梯状展布,断层活动时间为113.42±2.31 Ma。断裂在新生代再次活动,形成多幕式的断陷盆地。     

Principal fault zone width and permeability of the active Neodani fault, Nobi fault system, Southwest Japan

The internal structure and permeability of the Neodani fault, which was last activated at the time of the 1891 Nobi earthquake (M8.0), were examined through field survey and experiments. A new exposure of the fault at a road construction site reveals a highly localized feature of the past fault deformation within a narrow fault core zone. The fault of the area consists of three zone units towards the fault core: (a) protolith rocks; (b) 15 to 30 m of fault breccia, and (c) 200 mm green to black fault gouge. Within the fault breccia zone, cataclastic foliation oblique to the fault has developed in a fine-grained 2-m-wide zone adjacent to the fault. Foliation is defined by subparallel alignment of intact lozenge shaped clasts, or by elongated aggregates of fine-grained chert fragments. The mean angle of 20°, between the foliation and the fault plane suggests that the foliated breccia accommodated a shear strain of γ<5 assuming simple shear for the rotation of the cataclastic foliation. Previous trench surveys have revealed that the fault has undergone at least 70 m of fault displacement within the last 20,000 years in this locality. The observed fault geometry suggests that past fault displacements have been localized into the 200-mm-wide gouge zone. Gas permeability analysis of the gouges gives low values of the order of 10⁻²⁰ m². Water permeability as low as 10⁻²⁰ m² is therefore expected for the fault gouge zone, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the critical permeability suggested for a fault to cause thermal pressurization during a fault slip.     

Dating fault activity by surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges

Surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges are examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. It is disclosed that the surface morphology of the grains is variable, but quartz grains extracted from one fault gouge sample commonly show a type of texture different from those observed on the grains from the other samples. The surface textures observed under the microscope are tentatively classified into eight types; subconchoidal, orange peel-like, fish scale-like, moss-like, moth-eaten, stalactitic, pot-hole, and coral-like textures. These textures can be classified into four groups. Arranged in the order of their apparent features, it is interpreted that the progressive corrosion of quartz grains by ground water has taken place after faulting. The change of this surface feature can assist in estimating the time elapsed since the last fault activity.     

塔里木盆地柯坪断隆断裂构造分析

柯坪断隆内断裂发育，笔者根据野外及地震数据对各主要断裂和二级断裂进行了分析，认为柯坪塔格断裂形成于晚第三纪，沙井子断裂早期与柯坪塔格具有不同的发育历史，阿合奇断裂形成于挤压而非走滑的背景下，皮羌断裂和印干走滑断裂其实是协调作用的捩断层。萨尔干断裂是一条假走滑断层，实际上应该是一条撕裂断层。在挤压背景下形成了二类主要的断裂构造组合样式；叠瓦推覆体、构造窗。笔者认为柯坪断隆上的构造其实是印度板块和欧亚板块远程碰撞造山和板内变形的一种表现。     

Discontinuous fault zones

Many tectonic faults and tension fractures are, at least initially, composed of separate segments. This note deals with a little explored reason for this phenomenon which, in faulting, has obvious implications both for the migration of hydrocarbons and for the sealing capacity of faults. Theoretical arguments based on CoulombMohr's theory of shear failure and on a theorem for the integrability of vector fields lead to the expectation that, in general, non-uniform and truly three-dimensional stress fields will impede the formation of smooth, coherent fault surfaces; this is in contrast to the stress fields that are associated with plane deformation. Examples are given and special attention is drawn to the role of tectonic stress fields with horizontal principal stresses that change with depth in magnitude and direction.     

The occurrence of graphite-bearing fault rocks in the Atotsugawa fault system,Japan: Origins and implications for fault creep

Graphite in fault zones has received little attention even though it is a well-known solid lubricant that could affect frictional properties of faults dramatically. This paper reports the presence of abundant graphite in fault zones of the Atotsugawa fault system, central Japan. Mesoscopic and microscopic observations of fault rocks revealed two processes of carbon enrichment in fault zones. One is a pressure solution process or diffusive mass transfer in general which removes water-soluble minerals such as quartz and carbonates from rocks, resulting in the enrichment of insoluble minerals including carbon. The other process is precipitation of graphite from a high-temperature carbon-rich fluid, forming graphite filling fractures within cataclasitic fault zones. The two processes have led to the concentration, up to 12 wt% of graphite, in the Atotsugawa fault zones, compared to 0 to 3 wt% of carbonaceous materials in the host rocks. This concentration is high enough for graphite to affect frictional properties at wide range of slip rates. The presence of graphite may provide an explanation for the low resistivity, the patterns of microearthquakes and fault creep along the western part of the Atotsugawa fault system. Graphite should receive more attention as a weakening and stabilizing agent of faults.     

Fudzin-Iman lateral fault

The fault is 200 km in length, trending N 5°W., cutting the N 30° E-trending structure of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Correlation of northwesterly-dipping Paleozoic and Mesozoic sequences on either side of the fault show that the fault is vertical, with a left-lateral displacement of about 40 km. The youngest beds displaced are Senonian, dating the movement as Upper Senonian (a post-geosynclinal stage of the Sikhote-Alin development). — P. B. Ives