山东及邻区地壳介质剪切波分裂研究

采用山东地震台网记录到的近场源地震波形数据,基于剪切波分裂研究,获得山东地区多个台站的剪切波分裂参数。研究结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向反映了该地区构造应力空间分布特征,CHD台和LIS台显示出两个优势偏振方向,揭示山东地区地壳介质各向异性受到区域背景应力及局部断裂构造的双重制约。     

Shear-wave splitting in the crust beneath the southeast Capital area of North China

This study focuses on the southeast Capital area of North China (38.5–39.85° N, 115.5–118.5° E). Shear-wave splitting parameters at 20 seismic stations are obtained by a systematic analysis method applied to data recorded by the Capital Area Seismograph Network (CASN) between the years 2002 and 2005. Although some differences in the results are observed, the average fast-wave polarization is N88.2° W ± 40.7° and the average normalized slow wave time delay is 3.55 ± 2.93 ms/km. The average polarization is consistent with the regional maximum horizontal compressive stress and also with the maximum principal strain derived from global positioning system measurements in North China. In spite of the uneven distribution of faults around the array stations that likely introduce some amount of scatter in the shear-wave splitting measurements, site-dependent polarizations of fast shear wave are clearly observed: in the northern half of the study area, the polarizations at CASN stations show E–W direction, whereas in the southern half the polarizations exhibit a variety of possible azimuths, thus suggesting dissimilar stress field and tectonic frame in both areas. Comparing the splitting results with those previously obtained in the northwest part of the region, we find a difference in polarization of about 20° between the southeast and northwest parts of the Capital area; also, in the southeast Capital area the average time delay is smaller than in the northwest Capital area, thus making clear that the magnitude of crustal seismic anisotropy is not the same in the two zones. Being the shear-wave splitting polarizations in the southeast Capital area, which lies on the basin, clearly different from the observed polarizations in the northwest Capital area, where uplifts and basin converge, it is quite evident that the shear-wave splitting results are consequence of the tectonics and stress field affecting the two regions.     

Shear-wave splitting in the southeast of Cathaysia block, South China

This study is focused on Fujing Province in China, southeast of Cathaysia block (SECB). The present work benefits from the data provided by the Fujian Seismic Network (FJSN) to study the seismic anisotropy in the crust. By means of a systematic analysis and adequate software package, we examine shear-wave splitting from data recorded at ten FJSN stations during the period January 1999 to December 2003. The results demonstrate that the average fast wave polarization is N109.4° E ± 42.6°, corresponding to the horizontal principal compressive stress in the test zone, and the average normalized slow wave time delay is 2.5 ± 1.5 ms/km. The predominant polarizations at stations in the eastern part of SECB are in the N–W direction, which suggests that they are related to the regional horizontal principal compressive stress and also to the strikes of faults. In contrast, the predominant polarizations at two stations in the western part of SECB are in the N–E direction. This polarization direction does not coincide with the direction of the horizontal principal compressive stress, but it follows the strikes of near faults, thus suggesting the influence of the local tectonics and a change in the stress field. The results prove that the predominant polarizations are parallel to the strikes of faults whenever the stations are on active faults. At a few stations near the coastal line, some polarizations show a certain amount of scatter which may be caused by crossing faults and irregular topography. Finally, the spatial distribution of time delays depicts strong lateral variations near the coast just where the seismic activity is comparatively bigger, so that the magnitude of anisotropy seems to be consistent with the most seismically active area.     

川滇地区壳幔地震各向异性研究进展

根据川滇地区已有的地震各向异性研究结果,利用体波、面波资料的结果,分析川滇地区不同构造尺度、不同深度的地震各向异性特征。对比不同方法研究川滇地区介质各向异性的特点,探讨了该地区的介质连续性及壳幔耦合状态。分析认为,地壳上地幔各向异性的差异表明,川滇地区具有复杂的地壳及上地幔形变机制。因此,对于川滇地区壳幔地震各向异性的深入理解,需在理论上和高密度数据资料基础上加强量化分析和综合研究。     

中国东北地区北部上地幔各向异性及其动力学意义

中国东北地区广泛发育新生代板内火山,晚中生代以来岩石圈遭受过多期拉张作用.作为中国唯一的深震孕育区,中国东北地区受到太平洋板块的西向俯冲,使得其成为研究岩石圈变形、板块俯冲和板内火山成因及其相互作用关系的天然实验室.通过分析架设在中国东北地区北部的147个流动和固定台站的SKS波形数据,共计得到了377对各向异性参数和251个无效分裂结果.结果表明,中国东北地区东西两侧具有不同的各向异性分布:西部地区各向异性方向变化范围为N143-199°E,平均N169°E,与晚中生代岩石圈伸展方向一致;其各向异性延迟时间平均值约为0.8s,说明来自地幔的各向异性比较微弱,主要由残留在岩石圈中的古老变形所引起.同时,在松辽盆地和佳木斯地块部分区域,观测到延迟时间较小的各向异性(~0.4s),可能是由于岩石圈的拆沉和热地幔物质的上涌侵蚀了保留在岩石圈的古老形变所致.在研究区东部,NNW-SSE朝向的各向异性被观测到,并伴随较大的延迟时间(大于1.0s),可能与太平洋板块撕裂回撤而产生的地幔流动有关.此外,近W-E方向的各向异性只在佳木斯地块被观测到,而太平洋板块在地幔过渡带中的俯冲可能是其产生的主要成因.     

叠前纵波和转换波地震资料Q值提取及反Q滤波(英文)

纵波和转换波联合的多波地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气勘探的有效技术,提高转换波的分辨率是其关键问题之一。影响转换波分辨率的主要原因是地层对地震波的吸收,有效地计算地层Q值、消除地层吸收对转换波传播的影响,是提高转换波分辨率的关键。本文提出了从叠前转换波道集中估算横波Q值的方法,并利用沿射线路径的波场延拓,将一种稳定有效的反Q滤波方法应用到叠前共炮点纵波和转换波道集的衰减补偿中。模型资料结果表明,本文提出的估算转换横波Q值的方法精度较高;模型资料和实际资料的吸收补偿结果表明,此稳定全反Q滤波能有效地提高叠前纵波和转换波资料的分辨率。     

甘东南地区地壳介质各向异性特征

利用甘肃数字地震台网(2001 -2008年)的观测资料,采用SAM分析方法进行剪切波分裂,获得了甘东南地区7个台站319条剪切波分裂参数.结果表明甘东南地区快剪切波平均偏振方向与该区域最大主压应力方向一致,是区域应力环境的较好描述;位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向大多数与对控震的活动断裂走向一致;复杂的局部构造会影响剪切波分裂结果,造成偏振优势方向与主要活动断裂走向不一致,或与区域主压应力相差较大的现象.     

四川及邻区Lg尾波的Q值分布特征

首先利用叠加谱比法，对成都数字地震台网的12个台站及中国数字地震台网的5个台站所记录的504个宽带垂直分量进行分析，得到与各路径相对应的椭圆内的Lg尾波Q0和η的测量值，再应用反投影技术反演得出四川及邻区Lg尾波Q0和η的分布图像。结果表明：Q0值的分布与构造活动性紧密相关，在所研究的范围内，Q0值在225～400的范围内变化。低的Q0值(225～250)发生在安宁河断裂、龙门山断裂和鲜水河断裂的交汇区域，以及由安宁河断裂和则木河断裂等多条断裂所组成的南北向断裂带；在川东的四川盆地，Q0值有所升高，在250～300的范围内变化；在所研究区域东南部的扬子地台，Q0值呈现出350～400的较高值。叩值在0．4～0．8的范围内变化。绝大部分地区的叩和Q0反向相关。     

利用远震接收函数研究黄海周边地区的地壳上地幔结构

利用宽频带流动台站(YSBSN)记录的远震波形数据和远震接收函数方法,反演了黄海东、西两侧地壳上地幔的S波速度结构.结果表明,莫霍面深度在30~38 km之间变化,位于中方一侧的JNN台下方地壳厚度最大,可以归因于华北板块和扬子板块的碰撞;韩方一侧的地壳厚度自北向南逐渐变厚,但仍然难以厘定朝鲜半岛南部潜在碰撞带的位置,这些问题的解决需要更大范围的流动台站观测.由于部分台站位于巨厚的沉积层和多孔的火山岩之上,与浅部构造的相关性使得接收函数表现出较大振幅的混响,从而影响了来自深部结构的转换震相.     

利用Sato模型对宁夏及邻区尾波Q值的研究

本文利用Sato模型,选取2008-2009年宁夏地震台网记录的121次ML≥2.0地震的数字地震波资料,计算宁夏及邻区平均尾波Q值,并拟合了Q值对频率的依赖关系. 结果表明,与国内其他地区相比,宁夏及邻区Q值较低,对频率f依赖性较高. 结合研究区同期地震活动水平及地震地质构造特征,将研究区划分为四个小震密集区:吉兰泰...     

海南东北部地区地壳地震各向异性特征初步研究

基于海南省地震台网2000～2013年的区域地震波形数据,用剪切波分裂系统分析方法（SAM）获得了海南琼东北部地区“九五”数字台网中2个台站的剪切波分裂参数。结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向代表了原地最大主压应力方向。七星岭台NE方向的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域水平主压应力场方向不一致,与NE走向的断裂一致,体现了局部构造和局部应力场的复杂性;青山岭NNE向的快剪切波偏振优势方向揭示了NNE走向断裂的构造意义。同时,本研究证实,位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向,与对所选用的小地震起控制作用的活动断裂走向一致,并且快剪切波偏振优势方向较为离散,反映了该区域复杂的断裂构造和应力分布特征。     

中国大陆及其周边地区应力场特征

本文收集了1976—2018年发生在中国大陆及其周边地区(15°~55°N, 65°~125°E)的4303个地震震源机制解, 分析了该区震源机制解和P、 T轴空间分布特征, 并使用这些震源机制解, 反演得到了中国大陆及周边地区二维构造应力场分布。 应力场反演结果表明, 云南大部、 青藏高原大部以及华北华南大部以走滑型应力性质为主, 印度洋板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞控制着中国西部地区, 大量的逆断型地震集中分布在青藏高原周缘和西域活动地块的天山地区。 青藏高原内部也存在正断型地震, 且应力场方向在26°N发生了很大的变化。 位于青藏高原东构造线以南的滇缅活动块体, 最大主压应力σ₁方向在大致100°E发生突变, 由以西的NNE方向偏转到NNW方向。 中国东部的东北块体到华北块体再到华南块体, 最大主压应力方向有一个从NE向逐渐转变成EW向再变化到NW向的旋转趋势。 应力场总体结果表明, 中国东部应力场主要受到太平洋板块和菲律宾板块对欧亚大陆俯冲的作用, 中国西部主要受印度板块向北碰撞欧亚大陆的影响, 块体内部相互作用、 块体与断裂带相互作用也对应力场变化产生影响。     

Criteria for Selecting and Adjusting Ground-Motion Models for Specific Target Regions: Application to Central Europe and Rock Sites

A vital component of any seismic hazard analysis is a model for predicting the expected distribution of ground motions at a site due to possible earthquake scenarios. The limited nature of the datasets from which such models are derived gives rise to epistemic uncertainty in both the median estimates and the associated aleatory variability of these predictive equations. In order to capture this epistemic uncertainty in a seismic hazard analysis, more than one ground-motion prediction equation must be used, and the tool that is currently employed to combine multiple models is the logic tree. Candidate ground-motion models for a logic tree should be selected in order to obtain the smallest possible suite of equations that can capture the expected range of possible ground motions in the target region. This is achieved by starting from a comprehensive list of available equations and then applying criteria for rejecting those considered inappropriate in terms of quality, derivation or applicability. Once the final list of candidate models is established, adjustments must be applied to achieve parameter compatibility. Additional adjustments can also be applied to remove the effect of systematic differences between host and target regions. These procedures are applied to select and adjust ground-motion models for the analysis of seismic hazard at rock sites in West Central Europe. This region is chosen for illustrative purposes particularly because it highlights the issue of using ground-motion models derived from small magnitude earthquakes in the analysis of hazard due to much larger events. Some of the pitfalls of extrapolating ground-motion models from small to large magnitude earthquakes in low seismicity regions are discussed for the selected target region.     

川滇地区横波Q值动态变化

Q值的动态变化能够反映地壳应力、裂隙、地下流体等的变化趋势,为进一步理解地震的孕育发生提供证据.文中尝试将选自中国地震年报、四川省地震台网观测报告及云南省地震台网观测报告的数据分成6个时间段,分别对每个时间段的数据进行成像,来获得Q值的动态变化图像.首先选择一个具有超过14000条射线数据的时间段,通过原始数据加噪音的方法和Bootstrap方法对ML振幅成像的结果进行误差和可信度分析,然后在误差可接受的基础上,再对每个时间段的数据进行成像.研究结果发现:(1)原始数据的观测误差和忽略震源辐射花样对成像结果的影响比较小,40%的噪音所造成的结果误差最大不超过6%.(2)用Bootstrap方法获得的结果最大误差不超过平均Q值的8%,说明振幅层析成像方法在川滇地区的应用因采用大量数据所获得的结果是稳定可靠的,误差是比较小的.(3)分辨率测试发现,川滇地区在射线超过50条的区域,分辨率能够达到20'.(4)分别对每个时间段进行成像,从而获得Q值变化的动态图像.每个时段的区域平均Q值与中强地震的个数有明显的正相关关系,即地震个数越多,则区域平均Q值越大,这可能是区域整体应力变化的结果.通过分析地震的分布和Q值动态变化的关系还发现,大多数中强地震不是分布在Q值变化最大的区域,而是分布在Q增加和降低最大区域之间的过渡区域,这可能是由于差应力变化在过渡区最大,更容易触发地震造成的.     

中国东北及周边地区地壳横波衰减的成像研究

利用146个台站记录的中国地震年报及黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和内蒙古四省地震台网观测报告的6371个近震46652条横波振幅与周期资料,采用二维层析成像方法反演东北地区地壳介质品质因子Q0空间分布图像.在绝大部分研究区都可达到2°×2°的分辨率.结果表明,东北及周边地区地壳介质品质因子Q0平均值为323,其Q0值分布及其所揭示的衰减变化特征与研究区的地表构造具有明显的相关性,如华北平原、松辽盆地和海拉尔平原等沉积层较厚的区域通常呈现为低Q0值;而燕山、太行、兴蒙褶皱带等沉积层薄或基岩出露的区域则呈现为相对高的Q0值.整个东北地区呈现高低衰减带相间分布.     

Frequency-dependent Attenuation of High-frequency P and S Waves in the Upper Crust in Western Nagano, Japan

—Borehole seismograms from local earthquakes in the aftershock region of the 1984 western Nagano Prefecture, Japan earthquake were analyzed to measure the frequency-dependent characteristics of P- and S-wave attenuation in the upper crust. The records from a three-component velocity seismometer at the depth of 145m exhibit high S/N-ratio in a wide frequency range up to 100 Hz. Extended coda normalization methods were applied to bandpass-filtered seismograms of frequencies from 25 to 102 Hz. For the attenuation of high-frequency P and S waves, our measurements show Q _P ^-1? 0.052?^-0.66 and Q _S ^-1? 0.0034?^-0.12 respectively. The frequency dependence of the quality factor of S waves is very weak as compared with that of P waves. The ratio of Q _P ^-1/Q _S ^-1 is larger than unity in the entire analyzed frequency range.     

An efficient and self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization

The time‐invariant gain‐limit‐constrained inverse Q‐filter can control the numerical instability of the inverse Q‐filter, but it often suppresses the high frequencies at later times and reduces the seismic resolution. To improve the seismic resolution and obtain high‐quality seismic data, we propose a self‐adaptive approach to optimize the Q value for the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation. The optimized Q value is self‐adaptive to the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data, the gain limit of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation function, and the medium quality factor. In the processing of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the optimized Q value, corresponding gain limit, and amplitude compensation function are used simultaneously; then, the energy in the effective frequency band for the seismic data can be recovered, and the seismic resolution can be enhanced at all times. Furthermore, the small gain limit or time‐variant bandpass filter after the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation is considered to control the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and the time‐variant bandpass filter is based on the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization is efficient, and the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation with the optimized Q value produces high‐resolution and low‐noise seismic data.     

Differential Tectonic Stress Pattern Between the Deep and Shallow Crust in North China and Its Possible Genesis

This paper approaches the neotectonic stress field based on the data of foeal mechanismsolution,ground stress measurement,tectonic mechanical analysis and geodetic surveying,and finds out that the orientations of the maximum principal comproessive sterss patterns arequite discordant with different methods and the stress patterns are widely differnt betweenthose in the shallow and deep part of the crust in North China.Based on the analysis ofabove-mentioned data,we established a duplex model by considering the diversities of theStress patterns in 3-dimentional spaces,the boundary conditions and the lithospheric media,and made an inverse calculation by using the finite element method.The calculated results fitwell with the reality in North China,i.e.the stress patterns in lower crust which is below thedetachment interface at the deptp of 10 km from ground surface are relatively consistent withnearly horizontal state and NE-ENE trending of the maximum principal compressive stressaxes,whereas the stress patt     

华北地区深、浅部应力状态的差异及其成因研究

在分析一评价各种应力资料的基础上,从三维空间分析应力图象的差异性,并从边界条件和岩石圈介质的不均一性出发,提出华北地块构造应力双层模式。多面手用有限元方法进进了模拟,计算结果与实际资料相当吻合,即以１０ｋｍ左右深度的滑脱面为分界,其下存在一个比较一致的以近水平的北东－北东东的最大压应力为特征的挤压应力场,而滑脱成之上的浅 地块内主应力方向的一致性很差,总体上反映出多方向伸展的格局。计算得到的剪应力     

4-Dimensional Models of Deformation of the Earth's Crust and Earthquake Prediction

Traditionally, when creating 4-D models of elastic offsets in the Earth's crust, the data from geodesic and GPS monitoring of offsets on the ground surface, earthquake catalogs, monitoring of the water level and radon content in wells, sea level fluctuations, as well as gravitational and magnetic fields, etc., can be taken as bases for information. In essence, the reason for creating a 4-D model of slow elastic deformations is to approximate the process by a set of plane deformation solitons (solitary waves). The parameters of a set of deformation solitons are obtained by a two-stage inversion. First, the parameters of the model are determined in a kinematic way by the use of a modified simplification of the method. Then, a calibration of the amplitude characteristics of the model is carried out in terms of elastic dynamic offsets. Taking Ural, Northern Tianshan, Greece, and China as examples, models for these regions are created on the basis of seismological, geodesic, deformation, hydrogeological, and