近11 a南京市酸雨变化及其成因分析

本文结合2003—2013年以来南京国家基准气候站的逐日酸雨资料以及地面气象资料和高空探测资料,分析了近11 a来南京地区的酸雨变化特征以及相应的气象和气溶胶影响因子变化。所得结果表明:近11 a来南京地区的酸雨变化总体呈明显恶化态势,表现为酸雨的发生率明显提高,相应的酸度(pH值)显著下降;从影响酸雨变化的气象条件看,酸雨的pH值随着降水量增大而降低;垂直不稳定条件是影响酸雨的另一重要方面,酸雨事件出现时通常伴随出现高空逆温,在冬季有99%的事件出现逆温;分析850 hPa的风速和风向情况发现,冬、夏季分别有47%和52%的酸雨事件出现东风或东北风,这可能说明外部的输入性污染物对酸雨的形成也起着重要的作用。     

大连地区短时强降水天气特征及预报指标研究

利用2004—2013年4—10月大连地区7个气象站和249个自动气象站逐小时降水观测数据及常规气象观测数据,对大连地区短时强降水的时空分布特征及气候特征、演变趋势和环流背景进行了分析,并建立了强降水天气预报指标。结果表明:2004—2013年大连地区各气象站短时强降水年平均发生次数为2.2—2.8次,南部和东部地区短时强降水年平均发生次数呈略增多的趋势,中部和西北部地区短时强降水年平均发生次数变化较小,中北部地区短时强降水年平均发生次数呈略下降的趋势。大连地区短时强降水最早出现在4月,最晚出现在10月,7—8月为短时强降水集中出现的月份,强降水多出现在02—10时。短时强降水发生次数具有明显的区域分布特征,由东部向中部和西部呈递减的趋势,大连东北部地区短时强降水发生次数最多,南部地区次之,西北部瓦房店地区短时强降水发生次数最少;其中7月北部地区短时强降水发生次数最多,8月东部地区短时强降水发生次数最多,其他月份短时强降水发生次数较少,说明大连地区短时强降水发生分散性较强。925hPa与850hPa平均比湿、700hPa温度露点差、850hPa与500hPa温度差平均值、K指数平均值、0℃层平均高度及暖云层平均厚度等参数阈值可用于短时强降水实际预报业务中,可为大连地区强降水预报提供参考。     

广州酸雨现状及影响因素分析

通过对广州1992—2008年酸雨资料的统计分析表明,广州酸雨年变化明显,17年的年平均pH值为4.05,酸雨年均pH值最低达3.41,最高达4.53;17年的酸雨年均发生频率为86.9%,最低为71.8%,最高为98.6%;酸雨季节变化明显:春季pH值最低,夏季pH值最高;酸雨月平均pH值变化幅度大:pH值最低出现在2月,最高在12月。通过对广州雨水离子组分和污染物浓度分析表明,影响广州雨水酸度的主要离子为: 、Cl-、Ca2+、 和 ,主要大气污染物为SO2和NOx。广州酸雨形成机制不仅与污染源有关,还与污染物在迁移扩散过程的天气系统和边界层气象特征有关。      

广州酸雨观测站2008年-2012年酸雨资料分析

利用广州酸雨观测站2008年-2012年的酸雨观测数据,分析广州市年、月、季平均酸雨pH值及酸雨发生频率,并对广州市酸雨变化情况进行分析总结,结果表明：五年中广州的年酸雨平均pH值为4.48,年平均发生频率为75.8％.年平均酸雨最大pH值为4.67,年平均酸雨最小pH值为4.22.酸雨发生频率最高是2009年,为95.9％,最低则是2012年,为82.3％.按照酸雨PH值标准划分来看,2008至2010年年平均pH值属于较强酸性降水,而2011至2012年年平均pH值属于弱酸性降水.月平均酸雨最大pH值出现在11月,pH值为4.71,月平均酸雨最小pH值出现在2月,pH值为3.29;而酸雨频率月变化则可以看出6月份酸雨发生频率最高,为90.4％,而10月份酸雨发生频率最低,为44.0％.按季节分析,广州市秋季降水pH值最高,冬季降水pH值最低,秋季出现酸雨频率最小,冬季出现酸雨频率最大.四季轻雾日数与降水pH值呈显著的负相关,与酸雨频率呈显著的正相关.对风速与酸雨平均pH值分析,说明风速增大时,容易造成外来污染物的入侵,使污染加剧,酸雨平均值减小,酸雨频率增大.而雨量的变化对四季酸雨平均pH值有着显著的影响.     

江苏省2006年酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系分析

统计江苏省4个酸雨监测站2006年的酸雨监测资料得到:徐州、南京的年酸雨发生频率高于常年同期,年平均pH值低于常年同期;常州、淮安的年酸雨发生频率比常年同期偏少,年平均pH值高于常年同期;各站的月酸雨发生频率呈逐月上升趋势,秋冬季酸雨发生频次均高于历史同期.结合同步的气象要素分析发现,降水强度、风、前期气候状况以及天气系统等都与酸雨的发生有密切关系.     

对济南市龟山酸雨观测站资料的分析

利用济南龟山观测站2004--2008年酸雨观测数据,分析了济南酸雨出现次数及频率变化规律。结果表明：济南降水的月平均pH值变化范围在4．77～7．13之间,降水的年平均PH值除2006年为5．61外,其他年份均小于5．60,各年pH值小于5．6的降水次数与全年酸雨观测次数呈现增加趋势,年降水量越少,酸雨出现次数越多,且在近两年呈明显增加,酸雨出现频率为40％。     

贵阳市近年酸雨特征分析

该文利用2005—2010年贵阳酸雨观测资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析了近年来贵阳地区的酸雨变化特征,研究了气象条件及大气污染物与酸雨的关系。结果表明:2005—2010年降水平均pH值均小于5.6,且近5 a来,降水pH值呈两端高中间低的分布型。贵阳地区夏、秋两季降水平均pH值及K值较春、冬季节高;pH值及K值随降水量的增大呈下降趋势,而强酸雨频率则随降水量的增大呈上升趋势,酸雨污染严重;当连续发生逆温状况时,酸雨出现频率增大;大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM2.5的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关关系,说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

福建省区域酸雨特征及成因分析

利用2007—2014年福建省邵武、福州、永安和厦门4个气象观测站的酸雨监测资料,统计分析了福建省不同区域酸雨的时空变化和强酸雨变化特征,并对酸雨成因进行了初步探讨。结果表明:2007—2014年福建省降水年平均pH值为4.64—4.97,达中度酸性标准,pH值呈逐年升高的趋势,降水酸度呈逐渐减弱的趋势,强酸雨发生频率呈下降的趋势。邵武和福州地区为酸雨高发区,邵武地区降水酸度最强,酸雨和强酸雨发生频率最高,2011年后两个地区降水酸度均减弱,强酸雨发生频率均降低;厦门和永安地区为轻酸雨区,永安地区全年基本无强酸雨发生,由于两个地区酸雨发生频率增加,累积酸雨量比例增大,2012年后两个地区降水酸度均呈不同程度的增强。福州、厦门和邵武地区月酸雨变化均表现为一定的规律性,冬春季酸雨污染较重,夏季酸雨污染偏轻;永安地区则相反,秋冬季降水呈碱性,春季有轻微的酸雨污染。2007—2014年福建省降水月平均pH值4.50的概率分别为:永安地区0.0%、厦门地区4.2%、福州地区29.2%和邵武地区42.7%,均呈逐年下降的趋势。城市致酸污染物排放、酸性物质的省际输送、地理环境和天气条件是造成福建省区域性酸雨污染的原因。     

2006—2019年山西省酸雨变化特征分析

利用2006—2019年山西省五台山、大同、太原、长治、侯马5个站酸雨观测资料,分析山西省不同时间尺度上酸雨次数和频率、降水pH、电导率K值的变化以及空间分布特征,不同酸度各雨量等级酸雨频率变化特征.结果表明:2006—2019年山西省酸雨次数和酸雨频率均呈下降趋势,年平均pH值范围为5.43—6.49,年平均电导率K...     

石家庄市酸雨污染现状研究

利用1992—2005年石家庄气象站酸雨观测资料,计算了近14 a的年平均降水pH值、酸雨发生频率等反映酸雨强度的参数,分析了酸雨的变化特征以及pH平均值与气象条件、电导率、空气污染的关系。结果表明：1992—2005年石家庄年平均酸雨发生频率为8.7%;酸雨主要发生在夏、秋季,占全年的74.4%;月平均降水pH值与电导率具有相似的变化规律,显著相关系数为0.661;SO2浓度的逐年下降是石家庄市酸雨减弱的主要原因;月平均风速和月平均降水pH值相关不显著;不同降水等级酸雨的发生频率差异较大,暴雨的酸雨发生频率最高为41.67%;采用Daniel趋势检验法分析表明,石家庄酸雨污染呈下降趋势。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.