河南省原阳县地热地质条件及水化学特征研究

原阳县地热资源丰富,具有较高的开发利用价值和经济效益。通过对该县地热热储层的空间分布、地热水水化学特征、地热赋存条件和成因进行研究分析,结果显示:原阳县地下2 000 m深度范围内存在着温水储层、明化镇组温热水储层、馆陶组温热水储层和热水储层四个地热储层,地热流体由西向东或由西北向东南径流。温水及温热水储层水化学类型以HCO_3-Na型为主,偏硅酸含量达到医疗热矿水浓度;馆陶组温热水热储水中氟含量达到有医疗价值浓度;只有热水储层水质较差。研究成果对该县地热资源规划和开发利用具有一定的参考意义。     

山东省高青地区地热资源环境效益研究

山东省淄博市高青地区地热资源为层状砂岩类裂隙-孔隙型地热,地热概念模型显示,地热源主要来自地壳深处及上地幔的传导热,热储层主要为较大厚度的新近纪馆陶组和古近纪东营组砂层,高青断裂为导水断裂,热储盖层为巨厚的第四系和新近系明化镇组粘性土层。评估高青县地热资源量为1.74×1019J,地热流体可开采总量为6.57×106m3/a,以地热供暖方式有效利用地热资源,节煤量可达25 879.71 t/a,环境效益显著。     

鲁北临盘地热资源特征及开发利用

鲁北临盘地热资源丰富，热储层为新近纪黄骅群馆陶组，热储盖层为新近纪黄骅群明化镇组和第四纪平原组，热源主要来自地壳深部正常热流传导。目前已钻凿2口地热井，开发利用效益显著。地热开发要避天油气层，石油开发要防止污染地热储水层。     

邯郸市东部平原区地热地质条件初析

邯郸市东部平原区属华北平原冀南坳陷 ,新生界厚度约 1500m。热储层为上第三系馆陶组和明化镇组下部砂砾岩含水层。地热类型为受上地幔传导热流加热的盆地边缘水热型层状温热水。根据地热地质条件及邻区地热信息和地温梯度 ,邯郸市东部平原区有望找到50～58℃以上的温热水。     

天津滨海新区地热流体水化学特征分析

根据以往的水化学资料,分析天津滨海新区地热流体的水化学特征,结合滨海新区的构造条件,分析水化学特征与该区构造的关系,提出天津滨海新区主要开发热储层明化镇组和馆陶组热储层有关矿化度,水化学类型分布和上下储热层水的联系的三个结论。     

邯郸市地热资源评价

通过对邯郸市的地热地质条件、热储赋存条件的分析与研究，阐述了该区具有经济价值的上第三系热储层的地热赋存特征，并对发育良好、遍布全区、水量丰富、水质好、埋深适中、具有开发利用价值的上第三系明化镇和馆陶组两个热储层其地热资源量进行了计算，就本区地热资源的开发前景进行了评价。     

天津东丽湖地区地热流体地球化学特征及其赋存环境

东丽湖地区位于山岭子地热异常区中心地带,沧东断裂带之上,有3个热储层。其中,奥陶系与雾迷山组水质相似,水化学类型以Cl·HCO_3·SO_4-Na和Cl·SO_4·HCO_3-Na为主,矿化度1 400~1 750mg/L,为部分平衡水;而明化镇组以HCO3·Cl-Na为主,矿化度1 500mg/L,为完全平衡水。地热流体γ(Na)/γ(Cl)均较高,二氧化碳分压(pco2)为10~(-1.98)~10~(-2.7) Mpa,地下水碳酸平衡具有开系统的特征。流体中方解石、白云石、文石处于微饱和状态。深部奥陶系水质与雾迷山组热储温度适合用玉髓温标计算,而浅部明化镇组热储温度则用Na-K温标计算。东丽湖奥陶系与雾迷山组连通性较好,垂向上对流强烈。明化镇储层局部地区受到了基岩裂隙型地热流体的垂向补给。     

河北省柏乡县地热流体同位素特征及其对环境的指示意义

本次采用11组稳定同位素地下水样品数据,对其地热流体来源、迁移特征进行了研究,确定了补给来源、补给高程及其水力联系等;采用放射性同位素数据,研究了地热流体年龄。结果表明:本区地热流体主要源于大气降水;地热流体滞留时间较长,具有深部水循环特征;地下水中HCO3-和CO23-主要来源于土壤或有机质分解,并且有地表冷水混入到向上运移的地下水中,大气溶解的CO2进入水中导致HCO3-的含量增加;研究区地下水中的硫主要来源于沉积层的溶滤作用。研究成果为本区地热水的勘查、开发奠定了基础。     

北京小汤山地区第四系高氟地下水与地热水关系研究

北京小汤山地区第四系深层地下水氟含量普遍超标, 严重制约区域供水。在收集整理基础地质、水文地质、地热地质资料基础上, 开展第四系高氟地下水与地热水之间关系研究工作。研究表明: 小汤山地区位于复式背斜的核部区域, 该区热储层与第四系地层直接接触并形成水力“天窗”, 受构造应力影响在热储层发育大量张性裂隙, 加之上覆第四系盖层结构松散且厚度较薄, 导致该区成为地热富集带; 在高温高压环境下, 地热水中氟化物含量普遍较高, 地热水上涌同第四系深层地下水发生热流-冷流的混合作用, 导致第四系深层地下水中氟化物含量升高, 形成第四系高氟地下水。     

济源-开封凹陷东段馆陶组热储水化学特征及成因启示

对济源-开封凹陷东段馆陶组地热水进行分析研究发现,其水化学性质为中性水、盐水、极硬水,以Cl-Na型水为主,其化学特征、控制因素、特征系数等与上部明化镇组地热水、第四系地下水及地表水差异明显.馆陶组地热水为陆相含盐岩地层沉积型溶滤水,赋存介质为砂岩孔隙,区域发育的断裂、裂隙为其提供导热和运移的通道,在大地热流的传导增温下,不断发生溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用等,同时热储层封闭性良好,热水运移较停滞,还原性彻底,浓缩程度高.开封断隆内馆陶组地热水的以上特征与开封-兰考断陷相比程度更高.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997