Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperature and precipitation in China during the Holocene, especially the last two millennia. The quality of proxy data, methodology of reconstruction, and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperature and precipitation reconstruction and clarifying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene. The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet. The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP, whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.0-5.0 cal ka BP. There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes. During past two millennia, a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected, but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene. Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age （AD 1400-AD 1900）, but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period （AD 900-AD 1300） was not distinct in China, especially west China. The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China, especially east China. The modern warm period has lasted 20 years from 1987 to 2006. Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.     

新、旧气候态的差异及对东北地区气候业务的影响

选取参与东北地区短期气候预测业务质量评估的53个气象站的月平均气温、降水资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析的月平均500 hPa位势高度场资料,以及由NOAA重构的海温场资料,对比了新、旧气候平均态下,冬、夏季东北地区气温、降水及全球500 hPa位势高度场及海温场差异, 并分析了气候平均值改变对气候变化、影响评价和预测业务的影响。结果表明：就东北大部分地区而言,新气候态（1981-2010年）表征的气候较旧气候态（1971-2000年）更暖湿;新气候态的全球500 hPa位势高度值和海温值较旧气候态均有所增大;新气候态下东亚大槽强度和西伯利亚高压强度变弱是造成东北冬季气温升高的主要原因;西太副高和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压强度增强,是造成东北地区大部分月份降水量增加的主要原因;而东北冷涡强度减弱是造成东北地区6月降水量减少的主要原因;9月和10月降水量减少可能与海温的变化有关。气候平均值的改变会对气候业务产生影响,如需对冷冬事件和ENSO事件重新评估,对极端事件重新分析,及对要素预报量级和趋势产生影响。     

营口和鞍山城市气候变化对比分析及原因探讨

利用1951—2005年辽宁省沿海轻工业城市营口和重工业城市鞍山的气温、降水、云量、相对湿度及平均风速等气候资料,采用对比分析方法,分析了近55 a来2城市的各类气候变化特征及产生的原因。结果表明:近55 a来营口和鞍山平均气温呈递增趋势,降水、总云量、平均风速和相对湿度均呈递减趋势,只有低云量变化趋势不同,其中营口呈递增趋势,鞍山呈递减趋势,鞍山平均气温递增趋势及总云量、平均风速和相对湿度递减趋势均强于营口同类气候要素变化;营口和鞍山城市平均气温、相对湿度、低云量和风力气候要素特征趋势变率较大,降水和总云量趋势变率相对较小。     

Anomalies in temperature and rainfall during warm Arctic seasons as a guide to the formulation of climate scenarios

Recently much concern has been expressed regarding the impact of an increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration on climate. Unfortunately, present understanding and models of the climate system are not good enough for reliable prediction of such impacts. This paper presents an analysis of recent climate data in order to illustrate the nature of regional temperature and rainfall changes in different seasons and to provide some guidance with regard to points which might be borne in mind when scenarios of future climate (especially those taking into account human impacts) are being formulated.Since it is believed that an increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration will cause a warming and models and data suggest that the Arctic is more sensitive to climatic change than other latitudes, anomalies associated with warm Arctic seasons have been studied.The regional temperature, precipitation and pressure anomalies in the northern hemisphere for the 10 warmest Arctic winters and 10 warmest Arctic summers during the last 70 years have been investigated. Even when the Arctic area is warm, there are circulation changes such that large coherent anomalies occur elsewhere, with some regions warming and some cooling. The 10 warmest Arctic winters were characterised by larger amplitude anomalies, in the Arctic and elsewhere, than the 10 warmest summers, illustrating the difference in response between seasons. The precipitation differences for the 10 warmest Arctic winters and summers show for North America large coherent areas of increase or decrease, which again differ according to season. However, in winter the differences are not statistically significant, while the differences in two areas are significant in summer.     

近60年深圳气候平均值变化特征分析

利用深圳国家基本气象站1953—2010年的观测资料,分析深圳气象要素平均值变化趋势和气候特点。结果表明,深圳总体呈现气温升高、降水量起伏、相对湿度下降和日照时数减少趋势。深圳的夏季延长、秋冬渐短,雷雨影响时段略有延长。另外,冬季平均气温的升高对深圳暖冬年份的判定有较为明显的影响,在气候评价等气候业务中需要注意这些差异。     

20世纪60~90年代辽东地区气候年代际变化特征分析

利用1961～2000年辽东地区13个观测台站的逐月降水和气温资料,分析了辽东地区降水和气温的年代际变化。并利用高桥公式计算出辽东地区的蒸发量,得出了该地区蒸发量和降水蒸发差的年代际变化特征;同时利用干燥度指标研究了辽东地区气候干旱对气候变暖的响应。结果表明:近40 a来辽东地区气候变化呈暖干变化趋势,即气温升高、降水减少,尤其以20世纪90年代变化最为明显。     

Reconstructed Temperature And Precipitation On A Millennial Timescale From Tree-Rings In The Southern Colorado Plateau,U.S.A.

Two independent calibrated and verified climate reconstructions from ecologically contrasting tree-ring sites in the southern Colorado Plateau, U.S.A. reveal decadal-scale climatic trends during the past two millennia. Combining precisely dated annual mean-maximum temperature and October through July precipitation reconstructions yields an unparalleled record of climatic variability. The approach allows for the identification of thirty extreme wet periods and thirty-five extreme dry periods in the 1,425-year precipitation reconstruction and 30 extreme cool periods and 26 extreme warm periods in 2,262-year temperature reconstruction. In addition, the reconstructions were integrated to identify intervals when conditions were extreme in both climatic variables (cool/dry, cool/wet, warm/dry, warm/wet). Noteworthy in the reconstructions are the post-1976 warm/wet period, unprecedented in the 1,425-year record both in amplitude and duration, anomalous and prolonged late 20th century warmth, that while never exceeded, was nearly equaled in magnitude for brief intervals in the past, and substantial decadal-scale variability within the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age intervals.     

新旧气候平均值的差异及其对西南气候业务的影响

选取西南地区短期气候预测业务选定的81个气象站,将其1971~2000年30年气候平均值与1981~2010年30年气候平均值进行比较,结果发现,就西南大部分地区而言,前者所表征的气候较后者更冷湿。把两个平均值放在长序列中分析,发现冬季平均气温和汛期降水量平均值的变化幅度较大,这些变化已经对气候影响评价、气候预测业务产生影响。     

河南省棉花气候适宜度变化趋势分析

结合前人的研究确立河南省棉花气候适宜度模型, 对所选46个站点1961—2000年的适宜度进行计算, 分析1961—2000年全省及各站点适宜度的变化趋势, 表明1981—2000年适宜度变化趋势显著。对1981—2000年各站点适宜度的变化趋势根据变化的方向和强度进行分类, 将河南省划分为适宜度强增长型、弱增长型、减弱型。分析结果表明:河南省棉花气候适宜度总体呈下降的变化趋势, 各地的变化趋势依据热量带和地形地貌的不同有明显的地域差异。结合各地1981—2000年的气候资料对各类型的气候适宜度变化原因进行了初步分析。     

Spatial Patterns of Precipitation Anomalies for 30-yr Warm Periods in China During the Past 2000 Years

The spatial patterns of precipitation anomalies during five 30-yr warm periods of 691-720, 1231-1260, 1741-1770, 1921-1950, and 1981-2000 were investigated using a dryness/wetness grading dataset covering 48 stations from Chinese historical documents and 22 precipitation proxy series from natural archives. It was found that the North China Plain (approximately 35 -40 N, east of 105 E) was dry in four warm periods within the centennial warm epochs of 600-750, the Medieval Warm Period (about 900-1300) and after 1900. A wet condition prevailed over most of China during 1741-1770, a 30-yr warm peak that occurred during the Little Ice Age (about 1650-1850). The spatial pattern of the precipitation anomaly in 1981-2000 over East China (25 -40 N, east of 105 E) is roughly consistent with that in 1231-1260, but a difference in the precipitation anomaly appeared over the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial patterns of the precipitation anomalies over China varied between all five 30-yr warm periods, which implies that the matching pattern between temperature and precipitation change is multiform, and the precipitation anomaly could be positive or negative when a decadal warm climate occurs in different climate epochs. This result may provide a primary reference for the mechanism detection and climate simulation of the precipitation anomaly of the future warm climate.     

植被对云南气候要素影响的敏感性试验

利用MM5模式对云南两个具有代表性的强降水过程进行高分辨率模拟,通过下垫面植被的敏感性试验,考察云南气候要素(降水、温度、湿度、风等)对下垫面植被状况的敏感性,从而达到了解自然环境及人类活动在云南天气、气候及气候变化中的作用与影响,以期提高对未来天气、气候变化、环境变化及其对人类社会发展影响的预测和评估能力。试验结果表明,下垫面植被状况的改变对云南气候要素值的影响非常明显,这种影响一般在近地面至700 hPa之间;下垫面植被覆盖率的锐减,使云南降水范围、降水量、空气湿度急剧减小,温度、风力、蒸发能力、干旱指数迅速增大,加剧了云南的干旱化和沙漠化,最终将导致云南的天气气候和环境生态系统偏离本来的平衡状态和演变过程。但下垫面植被状况的改变对降水中心、冷(暖)中心、干(湿)中心位置影响不大。     

CCSM4.0的长期积分试验及其对东亚和中国气候模拟的评估

本文利用通用气候系统模式CCSM4.0的低分辨率 (T31, 约3.75° × 3.75°) 版本进行了700年的长期积分试验, 将中国地表气温、降水及东亚海平面气压、500 hPa和100 hPa位势高度、850 hPa风场的最后100年模拟结果与观测和再分析资料进行了定性比较, 并对前三个要素的不同统计量值进行了定量计算, 系统评估了CCSM4.0对东亚及我国气候的模拟能力。结果表明, 模式能够合理模拟各变量的基本分布形态, 但幅度与观测有所差别, 其中地表气温的模拟效果最好, 降水的相对最差。具体而言, 地表气温空间分布型与观测一致, 但全年青藏高原地表气温模拟值偏高, 位于塔里木盆地的暖中心未能模拟出来; 降水空间分布型模拟较差, 除冬季不明显之外, 我国中南部全年都存在一个虚假降水中心, 并在夏季达到最强; 冬季东亚地区海陆热力对比大于观测, 夏季海平面气压场整体模拟效果不如冬季; 模式对冬、夏季500 hPa东亚大槽和西北太平洋副热带高压的主要特征刻画较好, 但模拟结果整体比观测偏强; 夏季100 hPa南亚高压强度与观测接近, 但高压范围及中心位置存在偏差; 850 hPa东亚冬季风和夏季风环流模拟较好, 但冬季西北气流偏强, 夏季索马里越赤道气流偏弱、我国东部西南气流偏强。总的来说, CCSM4.0对东亚和我国大尺度气候特征具备合理的模拟能力, 尽管在定量上还存在着不足。     

Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperatare and precipitation in China during the Holocene,especially the last two millennia.The quality of proxy data,methodology of reconstruction,and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperatare and precipitation reconstruction and clarilying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene.The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet.The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP,whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.O-5.0 cal ka BP.There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes.During past two millennia,a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected,but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene.Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age (AD 1400-AD 1900),but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period(AD 900-AD 1300)was not distinct in China,especially west China.The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China,especially east China.The modern warm period has lasted 20、years from 1987 to 2006.Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.     

RECONSTRUCTING MIDDLE-TIBET CLIMATE DURING THE LAST 600 YEARS BY DENDROCLIMATOLOGICAL METHOD*

Based on four tree-ring chronologies which was analyscd with appropriate collection and accurate dating in the middle Tibetan Plateau,an essential procedure on reconstruction of past climate has been pointed out in this paper.First,the response function of each dendrochronology has been built and used to estimate how ring-width growth responds to variations in monthly climatic change.Second,the climate factors which could be produced with different tree-ring series have been selected.Then,the transfer function equation,including a new set of orthogonal variables,can be used to reconstruct local past temperature or precipitation.It should be emphasized that prior growth has been considered in the relationship between climate factor and tree-ring chronology,Besides,some different periods for calibration and verification have been divided.And some statistics and other kinds of proxy data have been adopted as test approaches.As a result,the variations of air temperature during the last 600 years and precipitation during the last 340 years were reconstructed by combining the same types of tree-ring series in the middle Tibet.     

Climatic Warming and Humidification in the Arid Region of Northwest China: Multi-Scale Characteristics and Impacts on Ecological Vegetation

The climatic warming and humidification observed in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC) and their impacts on the ecological environment have become an issue of concern. The associated multi-scale characteristics and environmental responses are currently poorly understood. Using data from satellite remote sensing, field observations, and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, this paper systematically analyzes the process and scale characteristics of the climatic warming and humidification in the ARNC and their impacts on ecological vegetation. The results show that not only have temperature and precipitation increased significantly in the ARNC over the past 60 years, but the increasing trend of precipitation is also obviously intensifying. The dryness index, which comprehensively considers the effects of precipitation and temperature, has clearly decreased, and the trend in humidification has increased. Spatially, the trend of temperature increase has occurred over the entire region, while 93.4% of the region has experienced an increase in precipitation, suggesting a spatially consistent climatic warming and humidification throughout the ARNC. Long-term trends and interannual changes in temperature and precipitation dominate the changes in climatic warming and humidification. Compared to interannual variations in temperature, the trend change of temperature contributes more to the overall temperature change. However, the contribution of interannual variations in precipitation is greater than that of the precipitation trend to the overall precipitation change. The current climatic warming and humidification generally promote the growth of ecological vegetation. Since the 1980 s,82.4% of the regional vegetation has thrived. The vegetation index has a significant positive correlation with precipitation and temperature. However, it responds more significantly to interannual precipitation variation, although the vegetation response varies significantly under different types of land use. The warming and humidification of the climate in the ARNC are probably related to intensifications of the westerly wind circulation and ascending air motions.They are expected to continue in the future, although the strength of the changes will probably be insufficient to significantly change the basic climate pattern in the ARNC. The results of this study provide helpful information for decision making related to China's "Belt and Road" development strategies.     

Unstable climate−growth relations for white spruce in southwest Yukon, Canada

We used dendroclimatology to quantify inter-annual to multi-decadal climatic variation effects on white spruce radial growth in southwest Yukon, Canada. Local climate is dry and cold, such that tree growth was primarily moisture- rather than temperature-limited, although the mechanisms varied temporally. During the 20th century, significant increases in precipitation countered warming temperatures, so that heat?moisture indices have not changed significantly. Directional climatic change, superimposed on variation due to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), resulted in unstable climate?growth relations. Prior to 1977, ring widths were positively correlated with previous growing season precipitation and warm temperatures had a negative impact, exacerbating moisture limitations in dry years especially during the cool, dry negative PDO phase (1946?1976). After 1977, correlations with previous growing season precipitation became negative and correlations with previous fall and winter precipitation and current year July and August temperatures became positive, although not statistically significant. These changes suggest precipitation and temperature increases over recent decades benefitted white spruce growth. Climate projections for this region include further temperature and precipitation increases, which may promote white spruce growth depending on the seasonality and interactions between temperature and precipitation. This study demonstrated the complexity of potential responses of white spruce to climate variation and change.     

Are Chemical And Climatic Drivers Synergistic?

Studies on pine ecosystem functioning were carried out in different climates along a W–E transect extending more than 1500 km across Central-Eastern Europe (Germany-Poland-Belarus). Decomposition of litter in litter bags, measured at 13 locations simultaneously during 1995 and 1996 was correlated with components of climate: long-term annual temperature (TANN), temperature amplitude (TAMP) defined as the difference between temperatures of the warmest and coldest months, annual precipitation (PANN) and precipitation amplitude (PAMP). The content of eight metallic elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd) was determined in litters from the same stands and correlations with decomposition rates were estimated. In those 13 pine stands influenced by gradually changing thermoclimate, the role of chemical factors was evaluated. It is suggested that similar interactions between decomposition, thermoclimate and metallic elements can occur in the case of climate change. In the warmer year, 1995, statistically significant correlations between decomposition rate and metal content or climatic factors were more frequent. Among the four fractions of litter analysed, needle litter responds most to the presence of climate and metals as regards its decomposition. Results from the calculation of partial correlations excluding the influence of various climatic factors suggest that a synergistic interaction might exist between two groups of factors driving decomposition processes, i.e. climate (in this case TANN, TAMP and CONT) and litter chemistry.     

Changes in daily climate extremes in the arid area of northwestern China

There has been a paucity of information on trends in daily climate and climate extremes, especially for the arid region. We analyzed the changes in the indices of climate extremes, on the basis of daily maximum and minimum air temperature and precipitation at 59 meteorological stations in the arid region of northwest China over the period 1960–2003. Twelve indices of extreme temperature and six indices of extreme precipitation are examined. Temperature extremes show a warming trend with a large proportion of stations having statistically significant trends for all temperature indices. The regional occurrence of extreme cool days and nights has decreased by ?0.93 and ?2.36 days/decade, respectively. Over the same period, the occurrence of extreme warm days and nights has increased by 1.25 and 2.10 days/decade, respectively. The number of frost days and ice days shows a statistically significant decrease at the rate of ?3.24 and ?2.75 days/decade, respectively. The extreme temperature indices also show the increasing trend, with larger values for the index describing variations in the lowest minimum temperature. The trends of Min Tmin (Tmax) and Max Tmin (Tmax) are 0.85 (0.61) and 0.32 (0.17)?°C/decade. Most precipitation indices exhibit increasing trends across the region. On average, regional maximum 1-day precipitation, annual total wet-day precipitation, and number of heavy precipitation days and very wet days show insignificant increases. Insignificant decreasing trends are also found for consecutive dry days. The rank-sum statistic value of most temperature indices exhibits consistent or statistically significant trends across the region. The regional medians after 1986 of Min Tmin (Tmax), Max Tmin (Tmax), warm days (nights), and warm spell duration indicator show statistically more larger than medians before 1986, but the frost days, ice days, cool days (nights), and diurnal temperature range reversed. The medians of precipitation indices show insignificant change except for consecutive dry days before and after 1986.     

2019年贵州省夏收粮油作物生长季农业气候评价

根据贵州省84个气象观测站的资料,分析2018-2019年夏收粮油作物生长季内的气温、降水、日照3个气象要素的变化特点,结合作物生物学特性对气象的要求,并与历史同期气候条件进行对比,评估2018-2019年夏收粮油作物生长季内气候条件对农业生产的影响。结论为:小麦主产区大部光温水条件匹配较好。油菜生长季前期光热条件较差,生育期明显推迟,长势差于2018年,但后期天气转好,利于推进油菜生育进程和产量形成。春播马铃薯气候条件明显好于冬播马铃薯,利于全年马铃薯产量的稳产,冬播马铃薯主产区受阴雨寡照天气影响明显。夏收粮油作物全生育期内无大范围重大农业气象灾害,农业气象条件总体有利于夏收粮油作物生长发育和产量形成,属于较好农业气候年景。     

我国中北亚热带优质烤烟烟区气候相似性分析

利用1991—2020年我国中北亚热带不同烤烟烟区180个国家级气象站气候因子数据,根据影响优质烟叶生长发育的气候条件,分析气候差异性,探究烟叶生长发育的气象规律,应用主成分分析计算各气候因子的权重,依据气候相似原理,对湖北省两大烟区与周边烟区采用改进的欧氏距离作为相似度量指标,并与系统聚类结果进行相似性对比。结果表明:鄂西南、鄂西北、豫西、豫南、豫中、湘西、湘中烟区基本具备了生产优质烟叶的气候条件,除降水量外,其余各气候因子在不同发育期的差值伸根期最大,旺长期次之,成熟期最小。鄂西北和陕南烟区的气候因子最为接近,鄂西南和湘西、川东南烟区的气候因子具有高度相似性,从而为不同区域间借鉴生产经验、优化烤烟种植布局和开发特色优质烟叶提供理论依据。