类石材料--灰泥的冻融过程

Serious failure on the slope of rock ground can be caused by a cyclic action of freezing and thawing in the cold regions. The frost susceptibility and the effect of freezing and thawing onthe rock material, however, have not been well investigated. In order to find out the freezing effect on the rock materials, mortar specimens are frozen as a pseudo-rock material under the constant rate of freezing by means of controlling the temperature of both ends of specimen. The freezing process is given one-dimensionally to the cylindrical samples in the laboratory to simulate the in-situ freezing phenomena in the natural ground. Formation of ice lens, frost heave and water intake during freezing process are observed on the mortar specimen under constant freezing rate, which probably causes cracks or large deformation in the real rock ground. The values of the velocity of elastic wave propagation are compared before and after freezing process to estimate the degree of weathering due to freezing and thawing.     

Experimental study on three-point bending of granite after cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles at -160 ℃北大核心CSCD

In order to study the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the type I fracture toughness of granite under ultra-low temperature conditions,semi-circular bending（SCB）specimens were used in this study,and different freeze-thaw times（1,2 and 3 times）were selected. The granite in the natural state was treated with -160 ℃ ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycles,and the three-point bending test was carried out on the granite after the freeze-thaw cycle. and microstructure effects. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles,the localized damage of I-type crack tip of granite is intensified,the fracture toughness is decreased,the number of microcracks and pores in the rock is increased,the length of cracks is increased,and the pore size is increased. Finally,the changes of rock frost heaving force and fracture toughness under low temperature and ultra-low temperature conditions are compared and analyzed. Compared with low temperature conditions,the frost heaving force produced by ultra-low temperature freezing and thawing is larger. When fracture toughness decreases by approximately the same amplitude,rocks need more cycles of freezing and thawing at low temperature. The research results can provide theoretical reference for underground storage of liquefied natural gas（LNG）in ultra-low temperature environment. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

寒区路面

The article mainly discusses several essential problems of cold region pavement, including thermal cracking of asphalt concrete, cracking deterioration and heaving, frost heave, seasonal and long term roughness induced by different frost heave, frost heave cracking, bearing capacity loss during spring thaw. The reason for these problems is that cold region pavements are subjected to intense solicitation by climatic and environmental factors. The author offers several models corresponding to the solicitation. Furthermore in conclusion of the article the author indicates future research for cold region.     

冻胀过程与冻结缘特性

The complex process of soil freezing which relates to moisture field, temperature and stress field usually accompanies water migration and crystallization. The mechanism of water migration in the -frozen fringe is blurry though there have rather mature theory analyzing water migration in the unfrozen zone and fully-frozen zone. It is a visualized and easy method to calculate the potential gradient of frozen fringe by frost heave amount, the duration of the steady state of frost heaving and the coefficient of permeability based on the Darcy penetration theory, not directly considering water driving force, ice segregation temperature and the thickness of frozen fringe. The method is feasible by comparing the calculated amount of frost-heaving with the test data.     

Sealing Features of Fluid-Rock System and its Control on Acidic Dissolution in Cretaceous Sandstone Reservoirs, Kuqa Subbasin

The Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation is the main gas-bearing strata in the northern structural deformation zone of Kuqa subbasin. The acidic dissolution of this formation arose at 5–4Ma, which corresponds to the late burial stage of the Bashijiqike Formation. Variability of interlayer due to rock composition is negligible. Differentiation of acidic dissolution in sandstones was controlled by difference in amount of exogenous acid fluid from underlying strata. For the absence of sedimentary and structural carrier system between the isolated sandstone reservoirs, most fluid-rock systems show relative sealing feature during later burial stage by sealing feature of formation pressure, geochemical characteristics of formation water and content of diagenetic products in sandstones. Variation of sealing effects for different fluid-rock systems is obvious. The pressure coefficient is inversely proportional to acidic dissolved porosity of sandstone reservoirs, indicating that the variation of sealing effects for fluidrock system mainly controls the differentiation of acidic dissolution.     

Hydraulic Conductivity Characteristics of Hot Dry Rocks under Different Fracture Modes

Enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is an effective method for developing and utilizing hot dry rock (HDR). The key to the effectiveness of EGS is the construction of an artificial fracture network. The permeability of fractures has severe effects on the heat transfer efficiency and sustainability of geothermal energy. However, the evolution characteristics of hydraulic conductivity under different failure modes have not been adequately studied for HDR. To clarify this, rocks with different failure modes were investigated by conducting thermal triaxial compression experiments, and the fluid seepage related to different rock failure modes was comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the characteristic stresses and crack surface roughness of the rock increased as the confining pressure increased. The permeability in the composited failure mode was the largest (11.4 μm2), followed by that in the Y-shaped shear failure mode (9.7 μm2), and that in the single-shear failure mode was the smallest (7.2 μm2). The confining pressures had an inhibitory effect on permeability. As the confining pressure increased from 5 to 30 MPa, the permeability decreased by 88.8%, 88.4%, and 89.9%, respectively. In contrast, the permeability was significantly enhanced by 128.3%, 94.6%, and 131% as the flow rate increased from 3 to 7 mL/min.     

冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响

The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate.     

Cyclic Characteristics of the Physical Properties of Key Strata in CBM Systems Controlled by Sequence Stratigraphy—An Example from the Gujiao Block

Multiple coal seams and interbedded rock assemblages formed in vertical progression due to the influence of multiple stages of sea level transgressions.Based on mercury injection experiment,low temperature liquid nitrogen experiment,porosity and permeability experiment and breakthrough pressure experiment,the vertical variation characteristics of coal-bearing strata in Gujiao block are explained in detail.The results of the mercury injection and low temperature liquid nitrogen experiments show that the pore structure characteristics fluctuate with increasing depth in the strata,with fewer micropores followed by transition pores.The BET specific surface area and average pore diameter of the Shanxi Formation are generally larger than those of the Taiyuan Formation.Due to the continuous cyclic sequence stratigraphy changes,the porosity,permeability,breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time of the samples show a certain cyclicity.Within the same sequence,the porosity is larger,and the permeability is smaller near the maximum flooding surface.Although the permeability of the sandstone samples is higher,the porosity is lower,and the breakthrough pressure and breakthrough times are greater.The strata in the study area formed in an oxidized environment that was affected by freshwater,and the pore structure of different lithologies is quite different.After the formation of sandstone,the intergranular pores generally underwent filling with secondary quartz,clay minerals and organic matter,resulting in low porosity and permeability.     

土的力学性质对冻胀力影响的试验研究

Frost heaving stresses are a result of thermal, mechanical, and chemical forces. The process is complicated, and despite numerous publications on the subject, as yet there is no clear consensus on the model of mechanical interaction for soil freezing. Frost heaving stresses depends on mechanical properties of soil and conditions of measurements. Mechanical equilibrium between water, ice and soil particles based on the generalized Clapeyron equation and deformability of the components is considered. Increase of volume of freezing soil due to water flow to freezing fridge and phase transfer affects surrounding soil layers and appears to be the major reason of change of stress-strain conditions. A simplified model of mechanical interaction between soil and engineering construction is proposed. Experimental results of study of frost heaving forces by sensors of variable frigidity are presented. The experiments with different types of soil in conditions of open and close system were performed to provide a basis for the model and further estimations. Ongoing improvements and possible applications are discussed.     

Effect of Overpressure on Rock Frame and Its Implications for Overpressure Evolution

Overpressure is a hot topic in the study of sedimentary basins. It is important in generation,maturation migration,and accumulation of hydrocarbon,but the effects of overpressure on rock frame have not been investigated. In this study,experiments were carried out to study the effects of overpressure on rock frame structures using five core samples from the Junggar basin,Northwest China. The deformations and velocities for the samples were measured at different effective pressures related to non-equilibrium compaction and fluid expansion overpressure mechanisms. The results show that the effect of overpressure on rock frames gradually increases when the effective pressure drops down to a certain value (called critical pressure). Moreover,non-equilibrium compaction mechanism has more effects on rock frames than fluid expansion mechanism under the same effective pressure. Furthermore to study rock frame structural changes,we use Kuster and Toks?z's expressions to simulate the effective aspect ratios of inclusions α (penny shapes) for different effective pressures. The results show that the α decreases dramatically when the effective pressure decreases from the critical pressure. Changes of α can be interpreted as responses to the rock frame changes when grains conform one another by rotating and self-adjusting. However,different mechanisms of overpressure have different effects on rock frames. The rock frame can be affected more easily by overpressure in shallow regions generated by non-equilibrium compaction mechanism. Once this kind of rock frames are preserved after overpressure releases to a normal hydrostatic pressure,they can be identified by their specific rock frame characters. This method provides a new way to study overpressure release and fluid migration and accumulation.     

低温岩体裂隙冻胀力与冻胀扩展试验初探

低温裂隙岩体冻融损伤与断裂破坏一直是寒区岩体工程建设中的关键科学问题。低温下含水裂隙的冻胀扩展演化过程受冻胀力量值的控制,然而裂隙中冻胀力的大小及其演化机制一直存在争议,尚缺乏有效的试验测试方法。通过在类岩石材料中预制不同长度和宽度的宏观裂隙,进行了低温下饱和裂隙的冻胀力测试试验;利用薄膜压力传感器和温度传感器分别对饱和裂隙在低温冻结过程中的冻胀力和冻结温度进行了实时连续的监测,获取了其时空演化曲线。试验结果表明：（1）在冻结过程中,岩体裂隙中冻胀力的萌生是一个突发的过程,其演化过程可分为孕育阶段、爆发阶段、跌落阶段以及平衡阶段;（2）冻结完成后,裂隙冰发生了明显的挤出且裂隙尖端产生了可见的冻胀裂纹;（3）融化过程中,冻胀力跌落较快,但存在滞后现象;（4）对于宽度在2～5 mm范围内的半开口裂隙,从裂隙开口端冻结时,最大冻胀力与裂隙宽度线性正相关;在宽度为5 mm的饱和裂隙中最大冻胀力达到了7.2 MPa。研究成果可为认识裂隙中冻胀力的萌生演化机制以及进行裂隙冻胀扩展计算与分析提供借鉴。     

饱水裂隙岩石冻融变形特性研究

寒区岩体在裂隙水冻胀作用的影响下发生损伤劣化,严重威胁寒区工程建设安全。针对孔隙率不同的绿砂岩、红砂岩和花岗岩开展了饱水裂隙岩石的冻融循环试验,分析了不同裂隙长度、裂隙宽度和岩性的岩石在冻融循环过程中随时间和温度变化的变形规律,得到了饱水裂隙岩石冻融变形特征值的变化特征,探究裂隙长度、裂隙宽度及岩性对冻融应变特征值的影响,分析了裂隙岩石冻融变形特性和破坏机制。试验结果表明：（1）不同裂隙几何参数岩石冻融应变变化过程可分为7个阶段：冷缩阶段、冻胀阶段、冻胀趋稳阶段、热胀阶段、融缩阶段、融缩回弹阶段和融缩趋稳阶段;（2）饱水裂隙岩石冻融应变随温度变化的曲线为不能闭合的滞回环,出现“冻融滞回”现象,且随冻融次数增加,滞回环逐渐上移,残余应变逐渐增加;（3）饱水裂隙岩石冻融应变特征值包括最大应变、残余应变、冻胀幅值和融缩幅值,且应变特征值与裂隙长度、裂隙宽度和岩体岩性相关,裂隙岩石冻融破坏是残余应变逐渐累积的过程。     

兰新客运专线浩门区间路基温度、水分及冻胀变形特征

粗细颗粒混合填料的微冻胀严重影响着寒冷地区高速铁路的安全运营.基于对兰新客运专线浩门区间运营期4个路基断面不同深度的温度、水分及冻胀变形现场监测,分析了冻结期该铁路路基在不同深度下的温度、水分及冻胀随季节变化特征.结果表明：越接近地表,对外界环境温度变化的敏感性越高,温度传递随时间的滞后性呈指数递减规律,深度超过3 m时全年无负温.寒季2.7 m厚的路基最大冻胀量约2.1 cm,其中,0～0.5 m处寒季最低温度介于-10.3～-15.6℃,暖季及冻结初期含水量相对较高有15%左右,其冻胀率约4.86 mm·m^-1,故级配碎石在低温含水量高情况下能有效减弱冻胀.冻胀率最大值（14.34 mm·m^-1）发生在0.5～1.5 m之间的普通AB组填料层,寒季最低温度介于-7.2～-12.4℃,暖季及冻结初期含水量介于10%～15%.1.5～2.7 m之间的填料层冻胀率约为1.94 mm·m^-1,寒季最低气温-3.2～0.4℃,暖季及冻结初期含水量介于12.5%～15%.路基填料细颗粒（粒径小于0.25 mm）含量越高,冻胀率越大,建议将细颗粒料控制在15%以内.     

侧向卸荷条件下冻结砂岩变形特性

新庄煤矿立井采用冻结法施工技术,在井筒开挖的过程中,由于侧向卸荷作用导致围岩产生卸荷变形。从新庄煤矿立井现场采集白垩系中粒砂岩,对加工后的岩样进行饱水处理,然后利用GCTS电液伺服控制高低温高压岩石三轴测试系统进行冻结（-10 ℃）条件下的恒轴压、卸围压三轴试验,模拟在井筒开挖过程中围岩的应力变化路径,探索冻结砂岩的变形特性。研究表明：侧向卸荷条件下冻结砂岩表现出弹-脆性特征,轴向表现为压缩变形,径向表现为膨胀变形,径向变形量约为轴向变形量的2倍;当卸荷速率一定时,岩样的卸荷变形随初始围压的增大而增大,尤其是径向变形最为显著,这可能与卸荷回弹变形及岩样内部聚集的能量大小有关;围压卸荷到同一应力水平时,高卸荷速率下岩样的卸荷变形量较小,而变形速率较大;卸荷作用导致岩样变形模量减小,横向应变与纵向应变之比增大,卸荷速率越小,初始围压越大,应变之比变化越大。     

白垩系饱和冻结砂岩蠕变试验及本构模型研究

冻结法作为穿越富水软岩地层的重要施工方法,冻结壁的长期稳定性对于工程安全有着至关重要的作用。蠕变破坏是诱发冻结壁变形的显著特点之一,对研究冻结岩石蠕变的特性有重要的理论和工程意义。以白垩系饱和冻结砂岩为研究对象,开展–10 ℃低温冻结条件下,不同围压（0、2、4、6 MPa）的三轴蠕变力学试验。分析了饱和冻结砂岩蠕变变形,根据现有黏弹塑性模型开展了参数辨识并探究蠕变参数的变化规律,基于此提出考虑温度及损伤效应的蠕变本构模型。研究结果表明：低温冻结削弱蠕变过程中颗粒间的相互胶结力,使其蠕变特征明显;而围压却在一定程度上抑制饱和冻结砂岩内部损伤的发展,导致稳态蠕变速率随围压的升高出现明显的下降趋势。随围压的增加饱和冻结砂岩的蠕变破坏形态呈现出从剪切破坏到张拉破坏再到局部塑形硬化破坏的变化过程。在黏弹塑性模型的基础上,总结蠕变参数 、 和 随荷载的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,拐点为屈服应力;而参数 在大于屈服应力后出现并呈现先增后减的趋势。结合冻结岩石蠕变数据对定义的应力-低温耦合蠕变本构模型进行了参数辨识,并将该模型的计算结果与蠕变试验数据对比,验证所建立非线性模型的正确性与合理性。     

高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩试验研究

为综合考察温度、围压对花岗岩力学性质及破坏方式的影响,在高温（25℃～1 000 ℃）作用后,利用MTS815.02电液伺服材料试验系统对花岗岩岩样进行不同围压作用下的三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明,（1）围压一定时,经历不同高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩全应力-应变曲线经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏、塑性流动5个阶段;（2）经历不同高温作用后岩样三轴抗压强度与围压呈非线性二次多项式增长关系,围压为40 MPa时的抗压强度比单轴抗压强度提高了382.30%;常规三轴压缩条件下,400 ℃是花岗岩力学参数的阀值温度;（3）经历高温作用后,岩样弹性模量随围压升高呈增大趋势,围压为40 MPa时的弹性模量比单轴时提高了90.26%;随温度升高呈二次非线性减小,1 000 ℃时的弹性模量比25℃时降低了57.16%;（4）花岗岩的失稳型式同时取决于围压和温度。单轴压缩状态下,随着温度的升高,岩样变形破坏型式由脆性破裂向塑性变形过渡,失稳型式在低温时为突发失稳、中高温为准突发失稳,温度高于800 ℃为渐进破坏;三轴压缩状态下,随着围压的增大,岩样破裂型式由脆性张拉破裂逐渐向剪切破裂过渡,岩样的失稳型式以突发失稳为主。在试验温压范围内,影响花岗岩力学性质的首要因素是温度,其次是围压。     

冻融循环作用下岩石含冰裂隙冻胀力演化试验研究

为探讨寒区裂隙岩体含冰裂隙在冻融循环作用下的冻胀力演化规律,进而揭示疲劳冻融对岩体结构劣化的影响机制,采用自行设计的8通道冻胀力实时监测系统开展了不同岩性、不同裂隙几何形态下的冻胀力测试试验,获取了多次冻融循环中冻胀力演化曲线,并分析了岩性和裂隙几何形态对冻胀力演化规律的影响。研究表明:(1)冻融循环造成岩体结构劣化是冻胀力引起岩体疲劳损伤的过程,每个冻融循环的冻胀力演化过程都经过孕育阶段、暴发阶段、跌落回稳阶段、回升阶段和消散阶段,并且发现了冻胀力回升这一现象;初始冻胀力峰值可作为裂隙岩体抗冻融损伤指标;(2)在多次冻融循环作用下岩体裂隙冻胀力不断暴发、积聚和释放,期间产生的裂隙累积损伤驱动着裂隙持续扩展,引起岩体进一步的疲劳劣化;疲劳冻融作用下,初始冻胀力峰值与二次冻胀力峰值变化趋势可作为裂隙岩体受冻融影响损伤劣化程度的判断依据;(3)岩体结构特性影响冻胀力演化规律,岩体基质的微细观结构影响冻结过程中水分迁移;宏观预置裂隙几何形态影响冻胀力演化规律,扩展程度越大的裂隙积聚出的冻胀力越大。疲劳冻融下冻胀力演化规律的研究可为寒区岩体工程长期冻融稳定性预测及工程建设提供理论依据。     

深部膨胀性黏土层冻结温度场的分布与冻胀力形成规律

防止冻结管断裂是深部膨胀性黏土层在冻结壁形成过程中的一项亟待解决的课题。针对淮南矿区某矿副井深部膨胀性黏土层, 通过热力耦合计算分析, 研究了其冻结温度场分布与冻胀力形成规律。结果表明： 冻结152天、 236天时, 黏土层冻结壁平均温度分别为-14.42 ℃、 -16.58 ℃, 细砂层冻结壁平均温度分别为-15.86 ℃、 -17.32 ℃, 黏土层冻结壁平均温度比同时期细砂层高1.44 ℃、 0.74 ℃。黏土层冻结壁平均厚度分别为8.92 m、 10.25 m, 细砂层冻结壁平均厚度分别为9.54 m、 10.77 m, 黏土层冻结壁平均厚度比同时期细砂层小0.62 m、 0.56 m。细砂较膨胀性黏土易于冻结。冻结90天时, 黏土层外、 中、 内圈三圈冻结管平均冻胀力约为同时期细砂层的1.1倍。冻结151天时, 黏土层三圈冻结管围成的冻结壁内平均冻胀力均达到初始地应力的81.1%, 是同时期细砂层的1.16倍。冻结236天时, 细砂层内圈管的冻胀力为3.91 MPa, 比中圈管3.72 MPa大了5.11%, 而黏土层内圈管的冻胀力为4.81 MPa, 比中圈管4.74 MPa大了1.48%。黏土层三圈冻结管围成的冻结壁内平均冻胀力均达到初始地应力的88.6%, 是同时期细砂层的1.28倍。深部膨胀性黏土层及与细砂层界面处冻胀力均存在显著的不均匀性, 最大冻胀力的主要位置与实际工程中掘进时的断管处基本对应, 不均匀冻胀力是造成冻结管断裂的重要原因。     

水汽补给下砂土水分迁移规律及冻胀特性研究

利用自主研发的水分迁移和冻胀试验装备,研究了不同初始含水率、冷端温度、干密度对砂土水分迁移规律的影响,分析了三因素作用下砂土水平冻胀力和冻胀量的变化规律,确定了冻结锋面位置。研究表明：初始含水率和冷端温度对砂土的水分迁移和冻胀效果影响明显;初始含水率从0%增加至10%,试样含水率峰值增大了5.00倍,水平冻胀力和冻胀量不断增大,冻结锋面位置上移至2.5 cm高度处。冷端温度从?5 ℃降低至?15 ℃,试样含水率峰值增大了4.38倍,水平冻胀力和冻胀量不断增大,冻结锋面位置上移至2.6 cm高度处。干密度对试样水分迁移和冻胀特性影响相对不明显,整体呈现出在较小干密度下,试样含水率、水平冻胀力和冻胀量增幅稍大的趋势,冻结锋面集中在2.2～2.5 cm高度处。针对不同影响因素提出了水平冻胀力和冻胀量预测公式,为认识水汽补给下砂土水分迁移规律及合理预防冻胀提供参考。     

Deterioration Characteristics of Pre-flawed Granites Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Compression

In order to reveal the evolution characteristics of the frost heaving pressure caused by the water–ice phase transition and volume expansion of the fractured rock mass subjected to the periodic freeze-thaw cycles, and the degradation effect of the freeze-thaw cycle on the mechanical properties of the fractured rocks, the long-term frost heaving pressure monitoring and uniaxial compression test were carried out on saturated fractured granite with different crack size. The results show that the evolution curve of frost heaving pressure can be divided into five stages. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the peak frost heaving pressure decreases exponentially. The peak frost heaving pressure increases linearly with the increase of crack length. The influence of size effect on frost heaving pressure decreases with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the rate of P-wave velocity decreases gradually. The peak stress loss rate of rock with different crack length increases in the form of power function with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. The peak strain changes in the form of quadratic polynomial function with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. The research results can provide reference for theoretical calculation and numerical analysis of frost heaving pressure of fractured rock mass in cold regions.