应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图

This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.     

Simulation and assessment of soil temperature and moisture in seasonally frozen soil regions of the Tibetan Plateau based on SHAW model北大核心CSCD

In recent years,more and more attention has been paid to the problem of the cryosphere changes on the Tibetan Plateau,and it has gradually become a hot issue for scholars. Known as the“water tower of Asia”,the Tibetan Plateau is the source of many major rivers in Asia. Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities,water resources on the Tibetan Plateau have undergone profound changes,especially soil water,as an important component of water resources,which plays an important role in regulating vegetation and crop growth,rainfall and runoff. However,global warming leads to the degradation of permafrost and seasonal⁃ ly frozen soil,which affects the original water cycle process and the spatial and temporal pattern of water re⁃ sources by changing the properties of soil water storage and water transport. In the Tibetan Plateau,where there are few data,it is difficult to directly study the soil water cycle process under freezing-thawing by using original data. Therefore,it is an important means to simulate the variation characteristics of soil water and temperature under freezing-thawing in seasonally frozen soil regions of the Tibetan Plateau by using coupling model of soil water and heat. Aiming at the key problem of the difference of soil temperature and moisture characteristics in typical seasonally frozen soil regions under different meteorological conditions,this paper simulated the charac⁃ teristics of soil moisture and temperature change in Maqu,Naqu（Nagqu）and Shiquanhe from 2017 to 2018 by using SHAW（Simultaneous Heat and Water）model and three soil moisture characteristic curve models. The simulation effect and variation characteristics of soil moisture and temperature under different meteorological conditions were analyzed,and the influence of soil moisture characteristic curve model on the simulation effect was studied. The results show that SHAW model can well simulate the temporal variation and vertical distribu⁃ tion of soil temperature and moisture under different meteorological conditions. The simulation effect of soil tem⁃ perature is better than that of soil moisture. The average NSE,R2 and RMSE of soil temperature are 0. 88,0. 96 and 2. 20 ℃,respectively. The mean NSE,R2 and RMSE of soil moisture are 0. 60,0. 72 and 0. 03 m3·m-3,respec⁃ tively. In terms of different meteorological conditions,the simulation effect of soil temperature in relatively dry region was significantly better than that in humid region,while the simulation effect of soil water in relatively hu⁃ mid region was significantly better than that in arid region. From different depths in soil,the simulation effect of soil temperature decreases gradually with the increase of depth,while the simulation effect of soil moisture in the middle and lower layers is better than that in the surface layer. From the view of different soil moisture character⁃ istic curve models,different soil water characteristic curve models have no significant effect on soil temperature simulation effect,but there are significant differences in soil moisture simulation effect. In addition,there are great differences and uncertainties in simulating soil temperature and moisture in different freezing-thawing stag⁃ es. With the increasing trend of climate warming,permafrost and seasonally frozen soil on the Tibetan Plateau may continue to degrade,may change the current water resources pattern,resulting in frequent extreme weather events. Therefore,from the perspective of numerical simulation,this paper verified the applicability of soil moisture and heat coupling model in soil temperature and moisture simulation under different meteorological con⁃ ditions,revealed the influence of precipitation and temperature on soil temperature and moisture simulation at different depths in seasonally frozen soil regions,and analyzed the differences in simulation effects of different soil moisture characteristic curve models. The results provide reference for the study of soil water resources vari⁃ ation under freezing-thawing conditions. © 2023 Chinese Journal of General Practitioners. All rights reserved.     

Accuracy verification of MODIS daily cloud-free snow cover products over the Tibetan Plateau北大核心CSCD

Snow cover is of great hydrological,ecological,and climatic significance in the Tibetan Plateau. MODIS snow products are widely used at present but are seriously affected by clouds. Scholars at home and abroad have developed a variety of cloud removal products for raw MODIS daily snow products,but the accuracy of these products in the Tibetan Plateau has not been evaluated comprehensively. Therefore,this paper uses Landsat-8 data with high resolution as the reference value to conduct systematic verification of three datasets of cloud-free snow products released on a daily basis. The results show that compared with the two sets of products （M*D10A1GL06 and MODIS_Dysno_Cloudfree）,which are produced based on raw MODIS daily snow cover product realized by NSIDC（National Snow and Ice Data Center）,the MODIS CGF SCE product produced based on MODIS surface reflectance data,has a great advantage in snow identification accuracy. The MODIS CGF SCE product optimized the NDSI threshold for different land cover types. Although the accuracy of snow identification was significantly improved,the problem of large snow identification error in forest areas was still not effectively resolved,and there was a high underestimate error. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

冻融试验对土中含水量分布的影响

The silty clay and silty loam are two typical soil types obtained from two test sites along the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The two types of soil have been designed various initial dry densities, water eontents, temperature conditions in repeated freezing and thawing tests with free access to water at the bottom. Afterfreeze-thaw cycles, the moisture content in the freeze-thaw zone increases more than that in the unfrozen zone to the peak approximately at the top of the samples. With comparison of the water contents in the frozen and thawed states, the moisture content in the upper freeze-thaw zone in the frozen state is greater than that in the thawed state, while that in unfrozen zone in the frozen state is smaller than that in the thawed state. Within the region of the frost front, the water content in frozen state is smaller than that in thawed state. These findings help to study the freeze-thaw mechanisms deeply and perfect the forecasting module of moisture transferring in freeze-thaw cycles.     

Experimental study on three-point bending of granite after cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles at -160 ℃北大核心CSCD

In order to study the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the type I fracture toughness of granite under ultra-low temperature conditions,semi-circular bending（SCB）specimens were used in this study,and different freeze-thaw times（1,2 and 3 times）were selected. The granite in the natural state was treated with -160 ℃ ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycles,and the three-point bending test was carried out on the granite after the freeze-thaw cycle. and microstructure effects. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles,the localized damage of I-type crack tip of granite is intensified,the fracture toughness is decreased,the number of microcracks and pores in the rock is increased,the length of cracks is increased,and the pore size is increased. Finally,the changes of rock frost heaving force and fracture toughness under low temperature and ultra-low temperature conditions are compared and analyzed. Compared with low temperature conditions,the frost heaving force produced by ultra-low temperature freezing and thawing is larger. When fracture toughness decreases by approximately the same amplitude,rocks need more cycles of freezing and thawing at low temperature. The research results can provide theoretical reference for underground storage of liquefied natural gas（LNG）in ultra-low temperature environment. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

类石材料--灰泥的冻融过程

Serious failure on the slope of rock ground can be caused by a cyclic action of freezing and thawing in the cold regions. The frost susceptibility and the effect of freezing and thawing onthe rock material, however, have not been well investigated. In order to find out the freezing effect on the rock materials, mortar specimens are frozen as a pseudo-rock material under the constant rate of freezing by means of controlling the temperature of both ends of specimen. The freezing process is given one-dimensionally to the cylindrical samples in the laboratory to simulate the in-situ freezing phenomena in the natural ground. Formation of ice lens, frost heave and water intake during freezing process are observed on the mortar specimen under constant freezing rate, which probably causes cracks or large deformation in the real rock ground. The values of the velocity of elastic wave propagation are compared before and after freezing process to estimate the degree of weathering due to freezing and thawing.     

The modes and its implications of water accumulation near the freezing front during soil freezing with considering ice segregation北大核心CSCD

Water accumulation associated with water migration is closely related with the ice segregation,but their coupling relationship is still unclear. To decoupling the relationship of water accumulation and ice segrega⁃ tion,herein,the dynamics of water migration and ice segregation during the freezing and thawing of different soil types under different water supplying conditions have been investigated based on pore water pressure mea⁃ surement and layer-scanning technique. Results showed that apparent water accumulation near the freezing front during the freezing of silty clay and loess tested here,but there exist differences in modes. During loess freezing under closed system,no ice segregation was observed,the pore water pressure increased,and there existed ap⁃ parent liquid water accumulation during the early stage of freezing;while during the freezing of silty clay,there existed ice segregation,the pore water pressure decreased,and no apparent liquid water accumulation occurred during the early stage of freezing. The results implied that there exist two modes of water accumulation near the freezing front during soil freezing：one is the water accumulation induced by water pressure gradient induced by pore ice which results in water flowing from the frozen zone and unfrozen zone to the location near the freezing front;the other is the water accumulation induced by cryo-suction of segregation ice which results in the water flowing from the unfrozen zone to the location near the freezing front. Notably,the contribution from each mode associated with water accumulation of soil freezing depends on whether the ice segregation exists. As no ice seg⁃ regation forms,water accumulation induced water pressure gradient predominates during the early stage of freez⁃ ing. As there exists ice segregation during freezing,water accumulation induced cryo-suction predominates dur⁃ ing the later stage of freezing. Investigating on different modes of water accumulations will be helpful for the ex⁃ ploring the mechanisms of freeze-thaw diseases and the ground ice in the cold regions. © 2023 Chinese Journal of General Practitioners. All rights reserved.     

Fractal characteristics of sand grain group changes under freeze-thaw cycles and its correlation with long-term strength北大核心CSCD

Seasonally frozen soils are widely distributed in China in terms of area,and the freeze-thaw cycle effect generated by the alternation of cold and warmth is one of the causes of engineering damage in cold areas during construction,and it is particularly important to restore the nature and state of the soil when it is subjected to freeze-thaw action. Therefore,sandy soil specimens with different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were prepared,and the long-term strength of frozen sandy soil was tested using a spherical template indenter. Using fractal theory and the microstructure image processing software ImageJ,the change law of grain group and long-term strength of two frozen sandy soils under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were studied. The results show that：for fine sand（FS）,the fractal dimension DB has a highly significant positive correlation with the long-term strength variation,among which ≥0. 15~0. 20 mm and ≥0. 25~0. 40 mm have the best fit with the long-term strength,and are the dominant grain classes of FS. For medium sand（MS）,the fractal dimension DB is slightly positively correlated with the long-term strength,and the variation shows a“vertical N”trend,in which the grain size content of ≥0. 30~0. 40 mm and ≥0. 40 mm fits better with the long-term strength,and is the dominant grain class for MS. The content of other grain groups did not correlate significantly with the long-term strength change. The freeze-thaw action changed the content ratios of coarse and fine grain agglomerates in the soil. With the increase of the overall particle size interval,the dominant particle size also increases,which shows that the long-term strength of frozen sandy soil tends to decrease and then increase with the increase of the content of some particle sizes. The results of the study can provide theoretical reference for the determination of long-term strength in areas subject to freeze-thaw action. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Changes in surface soil mositure during freeze-thaw process under different vegetated status using Sentinel-1A in Beiluhe北大核心CSCD

Beiluhe basin lies in a permafrost region where is located in the interior of Tibetan Plateau. Ecosystem in the area is subjected to the freeze-thaw process of the active tjaele,and there is conspicuous correlation between soil moisture（SM）and vegetation coverage. To retrieve the soil moisture content of Beiluhe basin with a total area of 2 037. 94 km2,a synergistic method,which combined improved water cloud model,Oh,Dubois and Topp model,was presented in this paper base on Sentinel-1A multi-polarization SAR and Landsat-8 time series images data. The accuracy was validated with the in-situ point SM data：Adjusted-R2 of the regression equation is 0. 6848,and RMSE is 0. 039 cm3·cm-3. The analysis of correlation among freeze-thaw process,SM and vegetation cover from macro watershed scale manifests：Vegetation coverage has a significant delayed effect on the freeze-thaw process of the active tjaele,that is,the higher vegetation coverage,the more lagging freeze-thaw time;These study results are basically consistent with predecessors in-situ observation data,verifying the feasibility of studying correlation among soil freeze-thaw process,SM,and vegetation coverage from the macro watershed scale based on Sentinel-1A annual time series data. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

土的力学性质对冻胀力影响的试验研究

Frost heaving stresses are a result of thermal, mechanical, and chemical forces. The process is complicated, and despite numerous publications on the subject, as yet there is no clear consensus on the model of mechanical interaction for soil freezing. Frost heaving stresses depends on mechanical properties of soil and conditions of measurements. Mechanical equilibrium between water, ice and soil particles based on the generalized Clapeyron equation and deformability of the components is considered. Increase of volume of freezing soil due to water flow to freezing fridge and phase transfer affects surrounding soil layers and appears to be the major reason of change of stress-strain conditions. A simplified model of mechanical interaction between soil and engineering construction is proposed. Experimental results of study of frost heaving forces by sensors of variable frigidity are presented. The experiments with different types of soil in conditions of open and close system were performed to provide a basis for the model and further estimations. Ongoing improvements and possible applications are discussed.     

青藏高原唐古拉多年冻土区冻融循环过程中的能量平衡特征

青藏高原多年冻土区冻融循环过程对地表能量及其分配的影响研究相对较少,青藏高原唐古拉站多年冻土的实测资料,依据10 cm土壤温度划分浅层土壤冻融循环的各个阶段并结合能量闭合率、地表能量各通量等数据探讨浅层土壤冻融循环过程与地气间水热交换过程之间的影响。结果表明：浅层土壤冻融循环过程各阶段均受气候变化的影响,其融化过程起始时间提前同时冻结过程起始时间推后,完全融化阶段持续时间增加,且逐渐接近完全冻结阶段持续时间;在浅层土壤不同冻融状态下,能量闭合率差值较大,其中完全融化阶段能量闭合状况普遍好于完全冻结阶段;净辐射值在完全融化阶段高于完全冻结阶段,净辐射在完全冻结阶段主要转化为感热通量,在完全融化阶段主要转化为潜热通量,地表土壤热通量在完全融化阶段为正值,在完全冻结阶段为负值。     

冻融期东北农田土壤温度和水分变化规律及影响因素分析

为了更好地认识季节性冻融区冻融过程对农田土壤温度和水分的影响, 以吉林省长春市黑顶子河流域为研究对象, 监测了冻融期流域内玉米田和水稻田土壤温度和水分的变化过程。结果表明： 冻融期表层土壤温度主要受积雪厚度影响, 深层土壤温度主要受土壤初始含水率影响。冻结期, 冻结层含水率几乎都呈增加趋势, 其中浅层土壤增幅最大; 冻结速度慢、 初始含水量低、 相邻土层含水量高的土层冻结过程水分增加量更大, 反之则小。融化期, 各下垫面、 土层土壤含水率基本呈下降趋势, 且主要集中在表层0 ~ 30 cm, 水分损失以蒸发为主, 冻结层对土壤蒸发有抑制作用; 冻结层的融化是造成各下垫面不同土层土壤含水率差异, 以及各土层在不同融化阶段土壤含水率差异的主要原因。     

渠基土在冻融循环作用下的变形和应力变化特征

受季节性气候变化和昼夜交替的影响,处于寒区的地表浅层土体不可避免地会发生冻融循环作用。冻结过程引起土体的膨胀变形,融化过程引起土体的压缩沉降变形。同时冻融交替变化会诱发渠基土的结构与物理力学性质发生显著改变,从而危害工程设施的服役性。土体所处的应力环境是影响冻融过程中土体变形发展的关键因素。为了研究不同上覆荷载条件下冻融循环过程对寒区渠基土变形与冻胀应力发展特性的影响,开展了一系列冻融循环试验。结果表明：在上覆荷载为10 kPa时,冻融循环会使土体产生膨胀变形;当上覆荷载为50 kPa或100 kPa时,冻融循环会使土体产生非常明显的固结沉降,且上覆荷载越大,沉降量也会越大。随着冻融循环次数的增加,土体在其所处的应力环境下逐渐形成相对稳定的固结结构,单次冻融过程中产生的冻胀量与融化固结量趋于相等,即冻融稳定系数趋于1。在不同上覆荷载条件下固结稳定后,保持试样两端约束的位移不变,发现土体冻融过程中产生的最大竖向冻胀应力随冻融循环次数的增加不断衰减,且冻胀应力的发展与孔隙水压力的变化具有一致性。因此,通过对恒定上覆荷载条件下冻融过程中正冻与正融界面附近孔隙水压力分布的研究,可揭示冻融过程中土体变形发展的内应力机理。     

饱和粉质黏土反复冻融电阻率及变形特性试验研究

针对青藏铁路北麓河粉质粘土,利用冻融循环全过程电阻率试验设备获取封闭系统下冻融过程电阻率、土体温度场、冻胀融沉变形量全过程曲线,探讨了饱和粉质黏土正冻正融过程电阻率及变形特性。试验结果表明：冻融循环过程中电阻率与冻融变形的变化是实时的、完全同步的,利用电阻率特性研究冻融过程土体结构变化是可行的;每次冻融冻土电阻率随着冻融次数增加呈指数关系减小,融土电阻率随冻融次数增加呈指数关系增加;每次冻胀量与融沉量随冻融次数的增加而减小,平均干密度随冻融次数增加而增加,并且经过5次冻融循环后冻胀融沉量和干密度均趋于稳定。     

冻融循环作用下富平黄土微观结构几何类型变化研究

冻融循环作用可通过影响寒区土体结构致使基础设施发生破坏,而导致工程失稳宏观现象的根源来自于冻融作用改变了土体的微观结构。为探索冻融作用下土体微观结构变化规律,将富平黄土作为研究对象,分别对其进行0、4、6、8、10、50、100次冻融循环下的电镜扫描观测试验,得到对应次数下的微观照片,对其从颗粒形态、连结方式、排列形式对孔隙的影响三方面进行分析,并且将微观照片中出现的颗粒接触方式以几何模型的方式进行归类,研究几何模型随冻融循环次数增加后的变化规律。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,土颗粒大小朝着均一性的方向发展,平均粒径呈先减小后增大趋势;颗粒的连结形式从面胶结为主逐渐演变为点接触为主最终再回归为面胶结为主;土体在0~6次冻融循环时孔隙率呈下降趋势,6~8次冻融循环时孔隙率快速上升,之后随着冻融循环次数的增加孔隙率逐渐减小;粒状粒子几何模型变化规律从棱边接触逐渐过渡为粒面接触,扁平状粒子几何模型变化规律从初始粒面接触为主逐渐演变为棱边接触为主,最终再演变为粒面接触。     

积雪变化对中国森林凋落物分解影响研究进展

森林凋落物的分解对于维持生态系统物质循环和养分平衡具有重要意义,并受到不同积雪厚度下冻融格局的影响。冻融期（包括冻结过程期、完全冻结期、融化过程期）是冻土区凋落物分解的重要时期,该时期分解的凋落物量约占全年分解总量的一半。积雪减少通常会导致土壤温度降低、冻融循环次数增加,进而影响凋落物分解。通过综述近10年来积雪变化对我国森林凋落物分解影响的研究成果发现,积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常会抑制凋落物质量损失、碳元素释放和纤维素降解,生长季则起到促进作用,从全年来看多数表现为抑制作用。因此,冻融作用造成凋落物的物理破坏,对其分解的促进作用主要发生在后续生长季。积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常抑制氮元素释放,生长季和全年则无明显规律;磷元素和木质素目前研究还存在很大差异。最后,进一步阐述了积雪变化对凋落物分解影响研究存在的问题及未来研究发展方向。     

青藏高原中部典型下垫面活动层水热动态及其热扩散率研究

多年冻土活动层, 尤其是浅层土壤的水热传输机制, 以及冻融过程的时空异质性是研究地-气间能水交换的关键。利用位于青藏高原中部的唐古拉和通天河两个活动层观测场2013年的土壤温度和水分数据, 比较了不同下垫面浅层土壤日冻融循环过程的差异, 以及不同冻融阶段的地温日变化及热扩散率特征。结果表明： 根据一日之内地温的正负波动, 浅层土壤的冻融过程可以划分为解冻期、 完全融化期、 始冻期和完全冻结期四个时期, 其中解冻期和始冻期统称为日冻融循环发生期。解冻期的持续天数和深度明显高于始冻期, 高寒草原的日冻融循环天数和发生深度明显高于高寒草甸。浅层土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）日地温变化普遍呈现明显的正弦波动趋势, 且不同冻融阶段的振幅差异较大, 由于相变的缘故, 解冻期的日地温变化振幅最小。高寒草甸的日地温振幅显著低于高寒草原, 说明日地温动态与土壤质地和土壤水分密切相关, 植被作为热绝缘层, 减弱了地温对气温波动的响应。地表下5 ~ 10 cm的热扩散率显著大于10 ~ 20 cm深度, 且5 - 10月融化季的热扩散率显著大于冻结季。热传导对流方程可以描述多年冻土区典型下垫面在季节冻融循环周期内不同月份的水分迁移方向。     

寒区路基改良土冻融循环与荷载耦合作用下损伤力学研究

以路基改良土作为研究对象,研究其在冻融受载耦合条件下的损伤演化规律.土体在冻融循环条件下的受载损伤,就可以等效为土体在2种加载下的损伤.以寒区路基工程为背景,考虑冻融与荷载的耦合作用,通过室内试验,研究了冻融循环作用下路基改良填料的强度和变形特性,在此基础上探索改良土路基内部土体发生在细观层次上的损伤形态和演化过程,建立冻融受载损伤模型.     

多年冻土区活动层冻融状况及土壤水分运移特征

利用位于典型多年冻土区的唐古拉综合观测场2007年9月1日—2008年9月1日实测活动层剖面土壤温度和水分数据,对多年冻土区活动层的冻结融化规律进行研究;同时,对冻融过程中的活动层土壤液态水含量的变化特征进行分析,探讨了活动层内部土壤水分分布特征及其运移特点对活动层冻结融化过程的影响. 结果表明：活动层融化过程从表层开始向下层土壤发展,冻结过程则会出现双向冻结现象. 一个完整的年冻融循环中活动层冻结过程耗时要远远小于融化过程. 活动层土壤经过一个冻融循环,土壤水分整体呈现下移的趋势,土壤水分逐步运移至多年冻土上限附近积累. 同时,土壤水分含量和运移特征会对活动层冻融过程产生显著的影响.