Electrical geophysical and hydrogeological investigations of groundwater aquifers in Ruseifa municipal landfill, Jordan

The effect of the Ruseifa municipal landfill on the shallow groundwater aquifers in the area was investigated in two separate sites. The first one was not used since 1994, whereas the other is still being used for dumping. Fourteen electrical resistivity soundings were performed to detect the leachate and its effect on the quality of the groundwater. Results indicated that the solid waste thickness of the landfill was ranged from 3 to 20 m with resistivity value less than 10 Ω m. Based on the resistivity decreases of values less than 5 Ω m, the leachate was detected in the landfill sites at depths ranged from 10 to 50 m. However, the flow direction of the leachate at depth ranging 10–20 m in the terminated site was toward north, whereas the flow direction of the leachate in the site still used for dumping was toward east–northeast which causes the major source of groundwater pollution.     

固体废弃物的生态环境效应分析——以兖济滕矿区煤矸石为例

兖济滕矿区煤矸石长期露天堆放,既造成大量土地资源浪费,又造成矿区水体、土壤、大气等环境污染,是不容忽视的环境污染源地。从矿区煤矸石的化学成份和矿物成份分析可以看出,煤矸石的化学成份以SiO2为主,其次为Al2O3;矿物成份以高岭石为主,其次为石英。选用大量测试数据对煤矸石中有害微量元素对水环境、土壤环境的污染效应进行了研究,认为：煤矸石在酸性条件下淋溶析出的重金属的含量均超过了生活饮用水标准;碱性条件下,除Cu、Zn、As外,其余的也超过了地面水环境质量V类水的标准：煤矸石回填区的As、Cu、Pb、Zn四种重金属对矿区水环境影响不明显;填矸石的汇水区以及矸石山附近的水井水化学类型已由重碳酸型转变为硫酸型,部分区域已经受到了SO4^2-、总硬度、固形物的污染;矿区煤矸石堆放对附近土壤的影响并不显著,但某些有毒有害的重金属元素远远大于背景值,植物在土壤中对其吸收与积累可能形成潜在危害性。最后指出了降低煤矸石污染、提高煤矸石的综合利用才是解决矿区固体废弃物生态环境效应的主要途径。     

Environment impact of heavy metals on urban soil in the vicinity of industrial area of Baoji city,P.R. China

Heavy metals in soils are of great environmental concern, in order to evaluate heavy metal contents and their relationships in the surface soil of industrial area of Baoji city, and also to investigate their influence on the soils. Soil samples were collected from 50 sites, and the concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni heavy metals and the contents of characteristics in soil from industrial area of Baoji city were determined with X-ray fluorescence method. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni in the investigated soils reached the amount of 2,682.00–76,979.42, 169.30–8,288.58, 62.24–242.36, 91.96–110.54 and 36.14–179.28 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The major element Pb contents of the topsoils were determined. to highlight the influence of ‘anthropic’ features on the heavy metal concentrations and their distributions. To compare, all values of elements were much higher than those of unpolluted soils in the middle of Shaanxi province that average 16.0–26.5, 67.1–120.0, 17.8–57.0, 46.9–65.6 and 24.7–34.6 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni, respectively. An ensemble of basic and relativity analysis was performed to reduce the precipitate of Pb in soil was extremely high and greatly relativity with other elements. Meanwhile, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni heavy metals were typical elements of anthropic activities sources, so it was easy to infer to the tracers of anthropic pollutions from the factorial analysis, which was coming from the storage battery manufactory pollutions. The pollutant distributions were constructed for the urban area which identified storage battery manufactory soot precipitate as the main source of diffuse pollution and also showed the contribution of the topsoils of industrial area of Baoji city as the source point of pollution. Consequently, the impact of heavy metals on soil was proposed and discussed. These results highlight the need for instituting a systematic and continuous monitoring of heavy metals and other forms of pollutants in Baoji city to ensure that pollution does not become a serious problem in the future.     

Catastrophic groundwater pollution in a karst environment: a study of phosphorus sludge waste liquid pollution at the Penshuidong Cave in Yunnan,China

Due to a humid climate, karst areas in south China have an abundance of groundwater. With the development of agriculture, industry, and mining, the potential factors that may result in catastrophic groundwater pollutions are increasing. A phosphorus groundwater pollution event and its subsequent emergency treatment at Penshuidong Cave in Songming, Yunnan Province on February 24, 2008 were analyzed in addition to water quality monitoring in the region. The results showed that concentrations of phosphates, fluoride, cyanides and volatile phenols in phosphorus sludge waste liquid to be 11,532, 252, 224, 200 times higher than that of the Environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838-2002) III, respectively. The element phosphorus concentration was 16,510 times higher than the limit set by the Water quality standard for fisheries (GB11607-1989). The addition of quicklime and water to the phosphorus sludge waste liquid dumping pit clearly decreased pollutant concentrations, which indicates that the quicklime can remove the phosphorus from the waste liquid. Peak values of pollutant concentration decreased along the flow direction, which suggests the highly concentrated polluted water mass may be diluted during its movement. After treatment with water, a pollutant concentration peak appears at the groundwater outlet indicating that washing may accelerate the moving speed of the pollutants in groundwater. Element phosphorus concentrations, however, remained at a high and stable range(46–65 times higher than the limit set by the Water quality standard for fisheries).     

Comprehensive evaluation of shallow groundwater quality in Central and Southern Jiangsu Province,China

Evaluation of the shallow groundwater quality in Central and Southern Jiangsu Province (CSJ) in China is important not only to public health but also to sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources. In this work, 968 groundwater samples were collected by field surveys during 2006 to 2010 to investigate spatial distribution and extent of pollution. The single factor pollution standard index method, considering the values of both the natural groundwater background and the standard of safe drinking water, was used to assess the groundwater quality in the study area. Results showed that the shallow groundwater was severely polluted with Grade V and VI (i.e., severe and extremely severe pollution) groundwater covered about 1/3 and 1/4 of the study area, respectively. The main groundwater contaminants that cause the severe and extremely severe pollutions were manganese, iron, arsenic, and nitrogen. Findings from this work showed that natural hydrogeochemical processes were the main causes of the iron and manganese pollution, however, human activities (e.g., industrial, agricultural, and domestic pollutions) mainly contributed to the nitrogen pollution in the study area.     

Changes of oceanographic characteristics and the state of pollution in the Izmit bay following the earthquake of 1999

The Izmit Bay is an elongated semi-enclosed bay in the Marmara Sea. It is being increasingly polluted by both domestic and industrial waste discharge since 1970’s. A monitoring program was conducted between 1999-2000 to document the state of pollution in the bay. This includes the effect of Marmara (Izmit) earthquake (magnitude 7.4) that occurred in August 1999. A stable two-layer ecosystem exists in the bay throughout the year due to continuous inflows of the saltier Mediterranean and brackish Black Sea waters to the Marmara basin. Therefore, the principal biochemical characteristics of the bay are governed by the two-layer flow system over the basin. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally at a saturated levels in the surface layer which is 10 to 15 m thick, but it is depleted to 60–70 μM in the lower layer, exhibiting a steep gradient in the sharp halocline. When the earthquake occurred, great loads of industrial wastes were released into the bay surface waters, which enhanced primary production in the upper layer and thus large export of particulate organic matter to lower layer and eventually to the bottom. Accordingly, DO was consumed and anoxic condition was established even in the upper layer/halocline interface, the halocline and bottom waters of the eastern and central bay. In this period, concurrent increases were observed in phosphate and ammonia contents at the halocline and in deep waters whilst the nitrate was almost consumed via denitrification processes in the anoxic water. Recently, the industrial C, N and P loads increased by as much as 8 fold within five years (1995–2000) whilst domestic inputs increased by 50%. Total organic matter discharged to the bay increased more than double within the last 15 years. Besides, most factories in the region release toxic wastes into the bay after only partial treatment.     

区域化探成果在环境保护中的应用

进入土壤和天然水体中的有害元素,对环境质量造成影响,其影响程度在区域化探资料上有反映,可采用水系沉积物背景值、污染起始值、污染指数等参数来评价环境质量,圈出污染区和划分污染等级。据1/200 000株洲幅区域化探资料,计算Cd、W、Ag、Bi、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mo、Zn、F、Cu、U、As、Ba、Sb、Be、P、Cr等18个元素各项污染参数,圈出50多处污染区,中等污染程度达21处,以Cd、W、Ag、Bi、Hg等污染严重、污染面广、危害较大,並对潘家冲、贺家桥两个污染区的环境质量作了具体评价,指出工厂、矿山排放的“三废”为污染源,应有效地进行治理。     

运城市地下水资源开发利用的问题及对策

通过对运城市平原区地下水超量开采引起的环境地质问题以及工业废水、生活污水对地下水的污染状况的分析,基于可持续发展思想,提出加强沿黄地下水水源地的建设开发,加大节水灌溉设施建设,调整开采层位,对地下水资源合理定价,严格控制工业废水及生活污水对地下水资源的污染等一系列对策措施.     

Assessment of water quality and identification of pollution sources of three lakes in Kashmir, India, using multivariate analysis

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to evaluate and interpret the water quality data set for 13 parameters at 10 different sites of the three lakes in Kashmir, India. Physicochemical parameters varied significantly (p?<?0.05) among the sampling sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 10 sampling sites into three clusters of less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted sites, based on similarity of water quality characteristics. FA/PCA applied to data sets resulted in three principal components accounting for a cumulative variance of 69.84, 65.05 and 71.76% for Anchar Lake, Khushalsar Lake and Dal Lake, respectively. Factor analysis obtained from principal components (PCs) indicated that factors responsible for accelerated eutrophication of the three lakes are domestic waste waters, agricultural runoff and to some extent catchment geology. This study assesses water quality of three lakes through multivariate statistical analysis of data sets for effective management of these lakes.     

Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey

Land-locked seas were polluted mainly by land-based pollutants. The Black Sea is the largest enclosed sea in the world and widely perceived to be heavily polluted. In order to determine the impact of marine activities on heavy metal pollution, shore (500 m distance from edge)–offshore (5,555 m distance from edge) samples of various stations through the Sinop, Samsun and Ordu cities located in the Middle Black Sea region between May 2000 and October 2001 were taken. In addition, samples were taken between April–May 2000 in order to designate the heavy metal pollution of certain rivers, streams, harbor and shores in Samsun’s boundary and 32 sampling stations for the routine pollution monitoring studies are selected including rivers, streams, industrial and domestic discharge points along the Black Sea coast of Turkey in the year 1996. Heavy metal concentrations of whole samples were measured and compared with “Quality Criteria of General Marine and Continental Inside Water Sources” currently effective in Turkey so as to bring up the levels of pollution in marine, rivers and streams.     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Manali industrial area, Chennai, Southern India

The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, Pb, Sr, V and Zn) were studied in soils to understand metal contamination due to industrialization and urbanization around Manali industrial area in Chennai, Southern India. This area is affected by the industrial activity and saturated by industries like petrochemicals, refineries, and fertilizers generating hazardous wastes. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor and degree of contamination. Soil samples were collected from the industrial area of Manali from the top 10-cm-layer of the soil. Soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals by using Philips MagiX PRO-2440 Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The data revealed elevated concentrations of Chromium (149.8–418.0 mg/kg), Copper (22.4–372.0 mg/kg), Nickel (11.8–78.8 mg/kg), Zinc (63.5–213.6 mg/kg) and Molybdenum (2.3–15.3 mg/kg). The concentrations of other elements were similar to the levels in the earth’s crust or pointed to metal depletion in the soil (EF < 1). The high-EFs for some heavy metals obtained in the soil samples show that there is a considerable heavy metal pollution, which could be correlated with the industries in the area. Contamination sites pose significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are important sources of pollution and may result in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, groundwater and aquatic ecosystems. In this perspective there is need for a safe dumping of waste disposal in order to minimize environmental pollution.     

桂江流域地下水污染途径及防控措施研究

对桂江流域开展岩溶地下水污染调查发现:流域内地下水污染源分为“三氮”污染源、重金属污染源、有机污染源三类;“三氮”污染源主要包括工业、养殖和生活三类污水、生活垃圾渗滤液、农业施用氮肥等;重金属污染主要来自工矿企业;有机污染来自工业、养殖业。污染途径主要有孤峰平原的分散入渗式、孤峰平原的脚洞灌入式、峰丛洼地的消水洞灌入式、溶丘谷地的入渗式和峰丛峰林谷地的天窗灌入式等五类。并对88组地下水样品测试结果进行多指标地下水污染综合评价,结果表明36.5%的水点为“三氮”污染,多以分散入渗进入地下水,其污染形态呈面状分布;15.3%的水点为重金属污染,主要通过峰丛洼地消水洞灌入式补给和溶丘谷地入渗补给两种途径,呈点状分布于污染场地附近;3.49%的水点为有机污染,主要为分散入渗补给途径,污染呈短线状或点状分布。      

煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系探讨

以煤炭基地的水体为研究对象,以煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系的建立为研究重点,在分析中国能源形势和煤炭基地发展现状的基础上,通过查阅大量文献资料,并结合陕北煤炭基地实际情况,有针对性地提出煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系框架,具体分析了该体系五个组成部分的研究目的、研究内容和研究成果用途,在此基础上以陕北煤炭基地水污染问题为研究实例实践这一理论体系。结果表明：煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系由煤炭基地水污染背景条件研究、现状研究、机理研究、发展趋势研究和防治对策研究组成;陕北煤炭基地超过80%的地下水属于轻微污染和未污染,地表水存在一定程度的污染;窟野河大部分水化学组成从上游向下游呈先升高后降低的趋势;陕北煤炭基地未来地下水主要污染区分布在榆林市榆阳区、金鸡滩镇、神木县锦界、神木县城、大柳塔镇、府谷县城等;对原有污染严重的企业进行技术改造做到清洁生产,在企业相对集中的区域采取污水厂统一处理进行,新建企业必须进行污水处理设计,对生活污水采取土地渗滤或污水厂处理,固体废弃物要做无害化处理,农业生产中要求合理施肥。     

Magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity as a proxy for evaluating soil contaminated with arsenic,cadmium and lead in a metallurgical area in the San Luis Potosi State,Mexico

A total of 113 samples of waste and soil were collected from a site in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, that was occupied for several years by the metallurgical industry. Specific magnetic susceptibility (MS), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were determined, as well as the total and available concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, which may cause a health risk for humans, animals and ecosystems, and the concentrations of major ions in aqueous extracts of soils and wastes. The solid phases of the samples were also characterized. The results revealed that the soils and wastes exhibited elevated values of PTEs, MS and EC. For soils these values decreased with increasing distance from the waste storage sites. The MS values were elevated primarily due to the presence of Fe-oxyhydroxides, such as magnetite, hematite and goethite, which contain PTEs in their structure leading to a high correlation between the value of MS and the As, Cd, Fe and Pb contents (r = 0.57–0.91) as well as between the PTEs values (r = 0.68–0.92). The elevated EC values measured in the metallurgical wastes were the result of presence of the sulfate minerals of Ca, Mg and Fe. The pollution index, which indicates the levels of simultaneous toxicity from elements such as As, Cd and Pb, was determined, with extreme hazard zones corresponding to areas that exhibit high MS values (0.91 correlation). In conclusion, MS measurements can be used as an indirect indicator to evaluate the PTE contamination in metallurgical areas, and EC measurements can aid in the identification of pollution sources.     

沾化县采油区土壤环境污染机理探讨

在石油的开采过程中,会产生大量含油废水、有害的废泥浆以及其他一些污染物,如果处理不好就会严重污染周边土壤环境。本次调查以沾化县境采油区为重点,采用了专项地质环境调查、人力浅钻、渗水试验、淋滤试验及土壤监测等方法;查明了油气污染物的污染类型、污染机理、污染程度和迁移变化趋势,并提出治理与保护对策。     

河南三门峡市实验室“三废”污染情况初探及思考

分析了实验室“三废”污染的现状、分布、数量、种类、;建议本着科学选择方法,节约使用试剂,适当处理和回收利用的原则来处理“三废”;强调“谁污染,谁治理”是化学工作者义不容辞的职责。     

辽宁省阜新地区地下水水质特征及污染防治措施

地下水水质特征和污染程度直接反映地下水环境质量的好坏。由于受工业“三废”、地表水体以及矿山固体废弃物排放等因素的影响,阜新地区地下水水质受到严重的污染,部分地下水化学指标已超出国家饮用水标准。文章综合分析该地区水文地质概况及水质特征,其中包括自然环境下地下水化学特征和人为环境下地下水化学特征,初步探讨了影响地下水污染的主要因素,并提出地下水污染的防治措施和对策,对该地区地下水资源合理开发、保护和可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Trace element distributions in aquatic sediments of Danang – Hoian area, Vietnam

 Distribution of the trace elements Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in surficial sediments of the river/sea environment in Danang – Hoian area (Vietnam) was investigated to examine the degree of metal pollution caused by anthropogenic activities. Point sources from domestic and industrial wastes are identified as dominant contributors of trace element accumulation. Surficial sediments of Hoian River show extremely high total concentrations of Cu (Average Concentration 295 μg/g), Ni (AC 112 μg/g), Pb (AC 396 μg/g) and Zn (AC 429 μg/g) that exceed assigned safety levels ER-M. Similarly, the sediments of Han River show high Pb (AC 188 μg/g) and Zn (AC 282 μg/g) contents. In marine sediments of Thanhbinh beach Pb is also enriched (138 μg/g) above guideline levels. In contrast the sediments of the Cude River are dominated by trace element concentrations close to background values. Received: 17 December 1998 · Accepted: 6 May 1999     

Petroleum pollution and evolution of water quality in the Malian River Basin of the Longdong Loess Plateau,Northwestern China

The possible sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in the Malian River Basin of China’s Longdong Loess Plateau were studied based on chemical analysis. Concentrations of major chemicals in the river were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river and the surface water in the upstream had good quality, while the river from Southern Huanxian County to Qingcheng County was seriously polluted. Groundwater quality was generally good in the phreatic aquifer beneath the loess plateau, with bicarbonate and calcium dominant, but salinity was high and petroleum pollution was present in many parts of the study area. Both surface water and groundwater quality have declined rapidly during the past 20 years, leading to much of the water unsafe to drink and unsuitable for use in irrigation. The substances released into the water included industrial wastes, domestic sewage, organic and inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as a range of other substances that are harmful to humans. However, petroleum contamination caused by the oil industry in the Longdong oilfield is the largest source of pollution that infiltrates surface water and groundwater, leading to deterioration of water quality. It is recommended that oilfield management must be improved and the petroleum products and wastes must be disposed carefully to reduce the risk of further spills and pollution.     

Environmental geology problems in the Tyrrhenian coastal area of Santa Marinella, province of Rome, central Italy

 The Tyrrhenian resort of S. Marinella (central Italy) is subjected to significant anthropogenic pressures during the summer vacation period, a common situation all along the Italian coast. Located 65 km NW of Rome on the southern slopes of the Tolfa Mountains, S. Marinella is built on a gently sloping, E–W trending belt which is cut by 14 N–S oriented ephemeral streams that discharge into the Tyrrhenian Sea. The low to medium permeability turbiditic sandstones which outcrop along this belt belong to the Late Cretaceous Pietraforte unit. Three environmental problems are addressed in this study. The first problem is related to the high water supply demand during the summer months which has forced local residents to dig a large number of wells. Extensive pumping from these wells has caused salt-water intrusion into the Pietraforte, thus compromising the domestic use of the groundwater. The second problem consists of the illegal dumping of urban solid waste, material that represents a hazard during significant rain events as well as a possible cause of groundwater contamination. The final issue addressed concerns the flooding potential of the 14 ephemeral streams that cross the inhabited area of S. Marinella, a risk which is highlighted by the disastrous flood which occurred on 2 October 1981 and during the period of the Roman Emperor Settimio Severo (205 A.D.). Some suggestions are proposed to mitigate and contain the effects of these problems. Received: 7 November 1995 / Accepted: 5 December 1996