中国明对虾核糖体ITS1序列分析及其在对虾科系统分析中的应用

对采自不同群体的5个中国明对虾个体的核糖体RNA转录单元内间隔区1(ITS1)序列特点进行分析,并利用GeneBank数据库中已有的对虾科(Penaeidae)ITS1同源序列对对虾科虾类进行系统分析,探讨ITS1序列在对虾科系统及演化中的应用.结果表明,中国明对虾ITS1序列在个体间和个体内都表现出长度多态性,序列长度范围为637～652 bp,这种长度多态性主要是由于微卫星DNA简单重复序列的重复次数不同所造成.在中国明对虾ITS1序列中发现8个微卫星位点,根据目前已知的12种对虾的ITS1序列,发现某些微卫星位点只存于1种对虾中,如(CAGC)_(2-4)只存在于中国明对虾中,(CGGA)_(4-9)只存在于斑节对虾中,(GCGA)_4只存在于短沟对虾中.利用ITS1序列对12种对虾进行的系统分析表明,12种对虾分为4个类群,同种的不同个体,同属的不同种各自聚支,与形态分类比较吻合.对虾科属间遗传距离范围为0.313～0.977,平均值为0.633,远高于用线粒体基因片段得出的属间的遗传距离,支持将原对虾属的6个亚属提升为属的观点.     

渤、黄海秋汛对虾标志放流试验

为了解对虾(Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye)种群、移动分布规律和相应的捕捞强度,我们于1960-1963年在渤海海峡和越冬场对越冬和生殖洄游的对虾群体进行了标志放流初步试验1)之后,在解决了对虾蜕皮生长阶段的标志方法的基础上,又于1964-1978年专门对秋汛索饵对虾进行了标志放流试验,重点了解各产卵场对虾秋汛索饵期间的死亡和移动分布的特点以及秋捕对虾的捕捞强度,为生产单位秋捕对虾的渔场安排提供依据,以便合理利用对虾资源.     

中国明对虾囊胚和原肠胚细胞的分离和培养

尝试了多种方法分离中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)囊胚细胞和原肠胚细胞并进行了细胞培养.结果表明,解剖法适用于囊胚细胞,自行设计的压片法适用于原肠胚细胞.在培养起始阶段,通过降低血清浓度和缩小培养体系可使中国明对虾囊胚细胞和原肠胚细胞迅速贴壁并铺展,囊胚细胞铺展后有明显的生长晕,中后期原肠胚细胞较易达到半汇聚状态.值得注意的是,中国明对虾囊胚细胞在不同培养液中培养可发生形态上的分化.本实验方法有望用于对虾细胞分化机理和对虾细胞建系的研究.     

中国海洋渔业资源(六)

Ⅱ.4.4.中国对虾 中国对虾大量分布于黄渤海中、朝两国海域。真子渺等(1966)指出,黄海对虾有两大群:一为渤海沿岸群;二为朝鲜西岸群。邓景耀等(1985)根据多年调查研究和标志放流结果,肯定真子渺想法,并提出黄海对虾有两个地     

对虾传染性肌肉坏死病研究进展

对虾传染性肌肉坏死病(infectious myonecrosis,IMN)最初于2002年8月爆发于巴西Piaui州的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖场,并很快在巴西东北沿岸蔓延开来,目前已传至亚洲.2004年,经美国亚利桑那大学(University of Arizona)水产病害实验室研究,该病为一种新的对虾疾病,根据其症状,暂定名为传染性肌肉坏死病.     

对虾养殖的新途径——网箱养虾

1.国内网箱养虾的现状对虾的池塘养殖在我国目前正方兴未艾,无论在养殖规模,生产技术及产量等方面均取得了巨大的成功。从70年代末开始,随着对虾育苗技术、精养高产、南移越冬等技术突破的同时,国内也有不少地方和单位对虾类(主要是中国对虾)的网箱养殖作了各种方法和规模的试验,意图开辟出另一条对虾养殖的途径。这其中已见报的有:辽宁省金县水产研究所于1979年采捕自然虾苗,采用四级网箱试养中国对虾,在3只面积为45m~2的网箱中养成对虾     

三种弧菌对池养中国对虾的急性致死剂量试验

在已知的对虾病害中,细菌性疾病绝大多数是由弧菌引起的,Lightner和Lewis(1975)认为,鳗弧菌是白对虾Penaeussetifierus和褐对虾P.aztecus的病原菌。孟庆显(1992)也指出,对虾红眼病、烂眼病等都是由弧菌引起的。对虾养殖期间,虾体本身往往携带各种弧菌,但并不一定致病,只有在适当环境下弧菌在宿主体内大量繁殖,破坏虾体内免疫系统时,才使对虾致病。本文初步研究了不同种类的弧菌,不同注射剂量对中国对虾感染致死的梯度试验。1　材料与方法1.1　实验虾取于上海奉贤县东海水产研究所养殖基地,对虾体长在7～9cm之间。获得的实验用虾暂养于实验…     

海洋纤毛虫—新种——对虾聚缩虫

于1989年对采自江苏赣榆青浦养殖场对虾体表的纤毛虫研究中，发现一大型共栖种，经鉴定系一新种，定名为对虾聚缩虫Zoothamnium penaei nov.sp.。本种特征为：虫体呈Tan状，具有双层的田围缘，表膜无明显环纹而常为细菌及碎屑物所覆盖，群体中个员大小相差显著，柄为不规则对称式双叉形分枝。模式标本存放于青岛海洋大学水产学院动物室。     

中国对虾一种C型杆状病毒的纯化技术及形态特征研究

染病中国对虾于１９９５年７月取自青岛崂山对养殖场。为探索对虾杆状病毒分离纯化技术，采用组织超薄切片技术对染病对虾进行电镜观察：被病毒感染的对虾经组织匀浆、差速离心和密度梯度离心，纯化出杆状病毒粒子；纯化的杆状病毒经钨酸钾负染色，于透射电子显微镜下观察形态结构。结果表明，中国对虾中肠组织     

高位池养殖对虾携带白斑综合症病毒变化

采用实时荧光定量 PCR 技术研究6口高位池塘斑节对虾和凡纳滨对虾携带WSSV变化,结果表明:养殖过程中凡纳滨对虾WSSV携带量最高为9.7×105拷贝/g;斑节对虾最高携带量为9.5×105拷贝/g.凡纳滨对虾WSSV感染率分别为:苗种没有携带WSSV;30d为80.0%;60 d为90.O%;90 d为90.0%;120 d为93.3%,斑节对虾潜伏感染率分别为:苗种没有携带WSSV;30d为73.3%;60d为83.3%;90d为90.O%:120d为96.7%.     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.