碰撞造山过程中流体向前陆盆地大规模迁移汇聚：来自长江中下游三叠纪膏盐建造和区域蚀变的证据

文章通过对长江中下游的地质调查，提出了大规模流体迁移汇聚的3个地质证据：①穿切寒武系一三叠系的大面积白云石化和硅化蚀变域，整体上发育在沿江成矿带与大别造山带的夹持地带，蚀变域内强弱相间的蚀变带呈NW向展布，受垂直于大别造山带的断裂系统控制，可能记录了长距离迁移的流体活动轨迹；②沿江局限盆地内大量发育的中下三叠统巨厚的膏盐建造。其结构构造特征揭示了区域热卤水在局限盆地内的排泄汇聚与化学沉积对其形成有重要的贡献；③早中三叠世同生沉积的铁碳酸盐建造和块状硫化物铁铜铅锌矿床，与膏盐建造或呈互层，或者分离，但均具有相同的产出层位和密切的伴生关系，是高盐度热卤水同生沉积的产物。根据调查结果，结合前人资料，提出了大别碰撞造山过程中流体迁移汇聚与成矿的概念性模式。     

Intracontinental Collisional Orogeny During Late Permian-Middle Triassic in South China: Sedimentary Records of the Shiwandashan Basin

Sedimentary response to an orogenic process is important for determining whether South China had compressional or extensional orogeny during the period from the Late Permian to the Middle Triassic besides the tectonic and magmatologic evidence. An intracontinental collision event took place between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in the Late Permian. Beginning at the Late Triassic, the tectonic movement was completely changed in nature and entered a post-collisional extensional orogenic and basin-making process. This paper presents sedimentological evidence from the Late Permian to the Middle Triassic in the Shiwandashan basin at the southwestern end of the junction zone between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks.     

长江中下游地区地质异常与成矿

笔者运用地质异常理论和方法,对长江中下游地区沉积,构造和岩浆岩异常的类型及特征进行了定性和定量分析。研究结果表明,沉积异常是导致矿床层控性的主 要因素;地壳升降运动产生的升降异常带为成矿提供了有利的含矿建造;构造复杂度异常控制了铜铁金矿床的空间定位和分带;中生代岩浆岩的异常演化是铁、铜元素从岩浆中分离,并富集成矿的必要地质过程;岩浆岩的时空分布异常制约着铁铜金矿带的时空结构;地质组合熵异常是反映多     

Geological Fluid Mapping in the Tongling Area： Implications for the Paleozoic Submarine Hydrothermal System in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, East China

The Tongling area is one of the 7 ore-cluster areas in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt,East China,and has tectonically undergone a long-term geologic history from the late Paleozoic continental rifting,through the Middle Triassic continent-continent collision to the Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental tectono-magmatic activation.The Carboniferous sedimentary-exhalative processes in the area produced widespread massive sulfides with ages of 303-321 Ma,which partly formed massive pyrite-Cu deposits,but mostly provided significant sulfur and metals to the skarn Cu mineralization associated with the Yanshanian felsic intrusions. To understand the Carboniferous submarine hydrothermal system,an area of about 1046 km~2 was chosen to carry out the geological fluid mapping.Associated with massive sulfide formation,footwall sequences 948 m to 1146m thick,composed of the Lower Silurian-Upper Devonian sandstone,siltstone and thin-layered shale,were widely altered.This hydrothermal alteration is interpreted to reflect large- scale hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the late Paleozoic crustal rifting and subsidence.Three hydrothermal alteration types,i.e.,deep-level semiconformable silicification(S_1),fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration(S_(2-3)),and upper-level sub-discordant quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration(D_3),were developed to form distinct zones in the mapped area.About 50-m thick semiconformable silicification zones are located at～1-km depth below massive sulfides and developed between an impermeable shale caprock(S_1)and the underlying Ordovician unaltered limestone. Comparisons with modern geothermal systems suggest that the alteration zones record a sub-seafloor aquifer with the most productive hydrothermal fluid flow.Fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration formed transgressive zones,which downward crosscut the semiconformable alteration zones, and upwards grade into sub-discordant alteration zones that enveloped no economic stringer- stockwork zones beneath massive sulfides.This transgressive zone likely marks an upflow path of high- flux fluids from the hydrothermal aquifer.Lateral zonation of the sub-discordant alteration zones and their relationship to overlying massive sulfide lenses suggest lateral flows and diffusive discharging of the hydrothermal fluids in a permeable sandstone sequence.Three large-sized,14 middle-small massive sulfide deposits,and 40 massive sulfide sites have been mapped in detail.They show regional strata- bound characters and two major styles,i.e.,the layered sheet plus strata-bound stringer-style and the mound-style.Associated exhalite and chemical sedimentary rock suites include(1)anhydrite-barite,(2) jasper-chert,(3)Mg-rich mudstone-pyrite shale,(4)barite lens,(5)siderite-Fe-bearing dolomite,and (6)Mn-rich shale-mudstone,which usually comprise three sulfide-exhalite cyclic units in the area. The spatial distribution of these alteration zones(minerals)and associated massive sulfides and exhalites,and regional variation inδ~(34)S of hydrothermal pyrite and inδ~(18)O-δ~(34)C of hanging wall carbonates,suggest three WNW-extending domains of fluid flow,controlled by the basement faults and syn-depositional faults.Each fluid domain appears to have at least two upflow zones,with estimated even spacing of about 5-8 km in the mapped area.The repeated appearance of sulfide-sulfate or sulfide-carbonate rhythmic units in the area suggests episodically venting of fluids through the upflow conduits by breaking the overlying seals of the hydrothermal aquifer.     

中朝地块与扬子地块碰撞的时限与方式—长江中下游地区震旦纪一侏罗纪沉积环

古陆碰撞继之为海洋盆地关闭、山脉隆起和前陆盆地巨厚碎屑岩系的堆积。造山带的前陆地区，前身是被动陆,构造上位于较低的部位，其地质记录可以保存得相对完整。长江中下游地区，是大别造山带的前陆构造带。通过对那里沉积物形成环境，特别是物源区的分析研究，识别出震旦系至下三叠统被动陆缘沉积岩系和中三叠统至中侏罗统前陆盆地沉积岩系，据此推测大别造山带碰撞造山作用发生在中三叠世。早三叠世被动陆缘岩系和前陆盆地堆积物的空间分布，揭示出中朝与扬子两个地板之间的碰撞方式，在长江中下游地区从东到西基本是同时的。     

Discussion on Sedimentary Environments,Origin and Source of Middle Permian Gufeng Formation Bedded Cherts in theNorthern Margin of the Middle-Lower Yangtze Area

Cherts contain important information of paleogeography, paleostructure and paleo-ocean, which is the important means of studying petrotectonics. With regard to the major disputes on the sedimentary environments, origin and source of Gufeng Formation bedded cherts in the northern margin of middle-lower Yangtze area, demonstrations from both forward and reverse aspects from the perspective of the sedimentary-tectonic evolution were given. By summarizing previous views on the genesis of bedded cherts in Gufeng Formation, and extensively collecting published original geochemical data, in the forward demonstrations we created the database of the cherts about rare earth elements to systematically identify the sedimentary environments, origin and source of cherts. By sorting out the time and cause of the main geological events in the middle Permian in south China, in the reverse demonstrations we established the sequence of tectonic evolution to verify or explain the current series of disputes. The results show that:\mathrm{①} Except some areas, such as Guichi-Tangtian, Tongling-Huashupo and Chaohu-Pingdingshan in Anhui province, which were affected by volcanic activities and faults, the bedded cherts of Gufeng Formation in the northern margin of middle-lower Yangtze area are mainly of non-hydrothermal origin or biological origin, and deposited in the passive continental margin deep water environments.\mathrm{②} Paleocontinental uplift in cathaysian and sea level eustacy controlled the input of some terrestrial materials in the the Gufeng Formation bedded cherts in the study area, but the contribution of terrestrial materials to cherts is not obvious.\mathrm{③} The study of cherts in Gufeng Formation is of great significance to the eruption time and dynamic mechanism of Emeishan basalts.     

长江中下游地区地下水中Ni元素的背景特征及其形成

根据国家科技攻关研究的结果，论证了长江中下游地区地下水中Ｎｉ元素的背景特征的形成及其分布规律与地下水的含水介质成分，迳流条件以及地下水酸碱度的关系。     

长江中下游马头斑岩型钼铜矿床常量元素、稀土元素特征及迁移规律研究

安徽马头钼铜矿是长江中下游成矿带中斑岩型矿床的典型代表,矿床在空间上划分出了3个不同的蚀变分带,即钾长石化带、石英-绢云母化带和青磐岩化带.本文对该矿床不同蚀变带内的常量元素迁移规律和稀土元素特征进行了探讨:①常量元素的迁移规律明显,从钾长石化带和石英-绢云母化带到青磐岩化带,均为带入的主要成分有K2O、CaO、Fe2O3、SiO2、H2O+,说明引起蚀变的流体中富含K2O、CaO等;而Na2O、FeO、MnO等成分的明显带出,说明矿化蚀变作用导致Na2O、FeO等成分向矿体迁移方向流失,其中Na2O的贫化最明显,与成矿元素Mo、Cu呈显著的负相关.②马头钼铜矿床花岗闪长斑岩的稀土配分模式图表现为左高右低的较平滑曲线,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损.稀土元素的质量迁移计算结果同样证明了稀土元素在矿化蚀变过程中发生了分馏,且从钾长石化带到青磐岩化带,稀土元素带出量呈递增趋势.③该矿床样品的稀土元素配分特征表明,较新鲜花岗闪长斑岩与蚀变围岩的曲线基本相同,表明成矿物质主要来自花岗闪长岩熔体,并且可能有海水的混入.由δEu、δCe值及Fe2O3与FeO带出带入的关系可知,斑岩流体晚期氧逸度逐渐升高,表明成矿环境可能由相对还原过渡到氧化环境.④除Al2O3、TiO2保持惰性外,常量元素、稀土元素在矿化蚀变过程中都发生不同程度的带入带出,富集贫化特征和迁移规律不完全相同.     

长江中下游及邻区基底和花岗岩成矿元素丰度背景的研究

本文系统地研究了长江中下游及邻区的结晶基底,褶皱基底及花岗岩岩基成矿元素丰度背景,从而为区域Ｃｕ、Ａｕ,Ｗ、Ｓｎ等成矿作用提供了一套完整的基础地球化学数据,用此来作为窥视地壳组成及成矿作用时空演变的窗口。     

长江中下游繁昌盆地火山岩年代学和地球化学:岩石成因和地质意义

长江中下游地区发育多个中生代火山盆地,自西向东依次为金牛、怀宁、庐枞、繁昌、宁芜、溧水和溧阳盆地.繁昌盆地自下而上发育中分村组、赤沙组和蝌蚪山组火山岩.中分村组下段和上段流纹岩的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为131.2±1.1Ma和129.1±1.3Ma,和蝌蚪山组流纹岩的形成时代(130.7±1.1Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明繁昌盆地火山岩喷发持续时间较短.中分村组发育英安岩和流纹岩,赤沙组以粗安岩为主,并有少量的流纹岩,两者的SiO2含量分别为64.36％ ～75.45％和63.08％ ～69.75％.中分村组和赤沙组火山岩的稀土和微量元素特征基本一致,均富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nd、P和Ti,其中,流纹岩表现为Eu的负异常.中分村组样品的87Sr/86 Sr(t)为0.7060 ～ 0.7074,εNd(t)为-7.91～ -8.11,赤沙组样品的87Sr/86Sr(t)为0.7073,εNd(t)为-6.62～ -6.71,和蝌蚪山组玄武岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成很相似.综合分析表明,中分村组火山岩为岩石圈地幔部分熔融的岩浆底侵形成的下地壳再次部分熔融的产物,并经过辉石、角闪石、斜长石和磷灰石的结晶分异.赤沙组粗安岩为岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆,经过橄榄石、辉石、斜长石和钛铁氧化物结晶分异形成.岩石圈地幔的部分熔融在长江中下游地区中生代火山岩中表现的最为集中,表明～ 130Ma时期为本地区的拉张峰期.     

长江中下游成矿带矿产勘查-科研工作回顾和展望

长江中下游成矿带是我国勘查-研究程度相当高的成矿带之一,地质勘查和相关研究工作可以追溯到二十世纪初。本文简要对成矿带自二十世纪初至今的勘查-科研工作成果进行了概括性回顾和综述。中华人民共和国成立后成矿带勘查研究工作总体上可以分为三个阶段:(1)第一阶段:点上起步、由点到面;(2)第二阶段:区域展开、重点突破;(3)第三阶段:立体调查、深部找矿。近年来,长江中下游成矿带的地质找矿和科学研究均取得了重要进展,主要集中在以下几方面:(1)控矿构造格架(包括大地构造,后期还尝试引入了动力学背景的探讨);(2)成岩成矿作用的时代;(3)成矿系列(系统)及其演化;(4)成矿规律;(5)深部找矿。包括本专辑(代序)20余篇文章在内的近年来的找矿新发现、新突破以及对成矿的新认识,深化了成矿带成矿理论研究,指示成矿带特别是深部"第二找矿空间"具有很好的成矿潜力,同时也揭示了成矿带值得关注和仍有待进一步研究的科学问题。     

长江中下游成矿带火山岩盆地的成岩成矿作用

长江中下游成矿带是我国重要的铜铁多金属成矿带,其中发育溧水、溧阳、宁芜、繁昌、庐枞、怀宁和金牛盆地等火山岩盆地.与成矿带中断降区相比,火山岩盆地内的成岩成矿作用研究仍显滞后.本文综合已有研究工作和资料,以庐枞盆地和宁芜盆地为主,探讨长江中下游地区火山岩盆地的地质特征、岩浆岩时空格架、地球化学特征及成矿作用和成矿模式等....     

Cathodoluminescence and Trace Element Composition of Scheelite from the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (MLYB): Implications for Mineralization and Exploration

The Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (MLYB) is known to contain abundant copper and iron porphyry-skarn deposits, with an increasing number of tungsten deposits and scheelite in Fe–Cu deposits being discovered in the MLYB during recent decades. The ore genesis of the newly-discovered tungsten mineralization in the MLYB is poorly understood. We investigate four sets of scheelite samples from tungsten, iron and copper deposits, using CL imaging and LA–ICP–MS techniques to reveal internal zonation patterns and trace element compositions. The REE distribution patterns of four studied deposits show varying degrees of LREE enrichment with negative Eu anomalies. The oxygen fugacity of ore-forming fluid increased in Donggushan, while the oxygen fugacity of ore-forming fluid decreased in Ruanjiawan, Guilinzheng and Gaojiabang. The scheelites from the Donggushan, Ruanjiawan, Guilinzheng and Gaojiabang deposits show enrichment in LREEs and HFSE, with Nb/La ratios ranging from 1.217 to 52.455, indicating that the four tungsten deposits are enriched in the volatile fluorine. A plot of (La/Lu)N versus Mo/δEu can be used to distinguish quartz vein type, porphyry and skarn tungsten deposits. This study demonstrates that scheelite grains can be used to infer tungsten mineralization and are effective in identifying magmatic types of tungsten deposits in prospective mining sites.     

长江中下游宣城水东地区早白垩世酸性火山岩年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

位于长江中下游的宣城水东地区发育一套酸性火山岩,主要由流纹质角砾岩、流纹岩和珍珠岩组成。本文对该套火山岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、主量元素、微量元素以及Nd-Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示3种岩性的火山岩年龄分别为133.2±0.8、133.4±0.8和131.5±0.9 Ma。主量元素组成上,这套酸性火山岩具高硅(72.51%~81.79%)、富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=2.04~14.93,平均6.72)、贫钙镁(Ca O=0.19%~1.57%,Mg O=0.06%~0.29%)的特征,属于弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.02~1.24)的高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石。微量元素方面,轻重稀土元素分馏明显[(La/Yb)_N=5.43~9.17],具明显的负铕异常(Eu/Eu~*=0.44~0.60),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、K和Pb等,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、P和Ti等元素,表现出壳源的特征。全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围相对较小,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i为0.707 3~0.708 8,εNd(t)值为-7.05~-5.56,εHf(t)为-8.6~-1.3。结合区域地质研究成果,认为宣城水东地区酸性火山岩可能是在约135 Ma古太平洋板块俯冲作用之后的伸展-拉伸环境下,由新元古代早期新生地壳重熔而成。     

长江三角洲典型地区土壤-水稻系统中Cd的分布及其迁移制约因素

为了弄清楚长江三角洲土壤-水稻系统中Cd污染和迁移制约因素,采集了典型地区的水稻土壤、秸秆、籽实等样品共66组,测试了这些样品中重金属元素和常量元素的含量、土壤pH值和总有机碳含量等参数指标,并对这些参数进行相关性分析,评估水稻土壤与籽实中的Cd污染,探讨Cd空间分布,讨论土壤中pH值和有机质以及其他金属元素对Cd在水稻中积累的制约作用。结果表明：长江三角洲典型地区水稻土壤和籽实都存在Cd含量超标现象,土壤样品中Cd质量分数为（81.39～1 441.00）×10-9,平均值277.40×10-9,而水稻籽实样品中Cd质量分数为（10.44～692.40）×10-9,平均值55.63×10-9;根据土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,水稻土壤超标率为9.09%,超标样品主要分布在苏州、镇江和常州;根据食品中污染物的限量标准（GB 2762—2005）,水稻籽实Cd含量超标率为4.55%,超标样品集中在苏州和无锡;影响水稻积累Cd的因素有土壤中总有机碳、CaO、MgO、P的含量和pH值;水稻中S和Se含量与Cd含量关系密切,Cd与Zn表现为协同作用,土壤中S、Se和Zn的含量对水稻积累Cd无明显影响;提高土壤中pH值以及增加土壤总有机碳含量,能适当降低水稻中Cd的积累,适当增加土壤中Ca、Mg和P的含量能在一定程度上降低水稻对Cd的吸收。     

长江中下游地区二叠纪碳酸盐斜坡沉积及其成矿意义

长江中下游地区二叠系发育,主要由碳酸盐岩、硅质岩和碎屑岩组成.其二叠系不仅是华南地区最重要的烃源岩,而且也是长江中下游铜等多金属成矿带的重要赋矿层位之一,因此,进一步确定其沉积相以及古地理意义重大.发育在长江中下游地区的二叠系以往多被认为主要属于浅水碳酸盐台地沉积,其次是较深水的陆棚沉积或者裂陷槽沉积.但进一步研究发现,二叠系的碳酸盐斜坡沉积相发育,它主要由砾屑石灰岩、泥晶粉屑灰岩、硅质岩和泥晶灰岩组成,斜坡主要发育于中二叠世的栖霞期和茅口期,其次是吴家坪期和长兴期.碳酸盐斜坡主要沿安徽铜陵-东至-宿松-线以及湖北大冶-江西瑞昌一线分布,其成因大致受江南断裂和长江断裂控制.同沉积断裂不仅控制着碳酸盐斜坡的发育和展布,同时也构筑了深水盆地、斜坡和浅水台地沉积体系,构成油气生、储、盖单元的组合,为二叠系成为华南地区最重要的烃源岩提供了成因解释.控制斜坡发育的断裂既可以是含矿热水溶液、海底热泉和火山的通道,同时斜坡带也可以成为金属硫化物矿床的富集场所,因此,它对长江中下游铜多金属成矿带的层控和喷流成因提供了可选择的解释.长江中下游地区中、晚二叠世断裂发育,显示盆地的伸展特征,符合古特提斯洋东扩构造背景.     

扬子板块西缘中生代—新生代碰撞造山事件的记录:来自峨眉山玄武岩的锆石U-Pb同位素证据

利用LA-ICP-MS测定技术,对扬子板块西缘滇东倘甸一带的峨眉山玄武岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb同位素年龄测定,363个年龄数据的分布范围为(14.9±0.6)~(3 023±50) Ma,跨越地质时代长,其11个年龄峰值为750~850 Ma、~450 Ma、~275Ma、~260 Ma、~247 Ma、~215 Ma、~160 Ma、~120 Ma、~100 Ma、~52 Ma及~35 Ma,反映了峨眉山玄武岩在形成过程中经历地壳物质的混染,形成后受到了后期构造热事件的巨大影响。其中峨眉山玄武岩一、二亚旋回分别形成于(259.9±3.2) Ma及(259.2±3.6) Ma,~275 Ma的玄武岩锆石年龄可能代表峨眉山玄武岩岩浆房的形成年龄及峨眉地幔柱事件导致地壳开始隆升的时间,峨眉山玄武岩形成后,扬子板块西缘依次经历了~247 Ma、~215 Ma、~160 Ma、~120 Ma、~100 Ma、~52 Ma、~35 Ma的构造热事件,这些年龄数据是扬子板块西缘中生代—新生代碰撞造山事件达到温压高峰的时间记录。     

The Background of Regional Lead Isotopic Compositions and Its Application in the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and Neighbouring Areas

The paper systematically deals with the background of regional isotopic compo-sitions in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and neighbouring areas. It isshown that the lead isotopic compositions of different geological formations and units are con-trolled by the primary mantle heterogeneity, dynamic process of crust-mantle interchange,abundances of uraninm, thorium and lead of various layers of the earth and timing. Studies onthe background of regional isotopic compositions may offer significant information forgeochemical regionalization, tracing of sources of ore-forming materials, and regionalprognosis of ore deposits.     

长江中游泥沙淤积与全新世长江三角洲的发育——兼论长江中游防洪策略

全新世海侵以来,巨量泥沙在长江河口湾一带堆积,形成了自西向东雁列的六个亚三角洲河口沙坝。长江口随之从镇江、扬州向东南方向推进到长兴岛一带,加之百余年来长江中游荆江河曲的演化和簰洲湾弯曲河道的发展,长江中下游河道累计延长620 km。长江中下游河床纵比降的自动调整,促使了中游一带河道泥沙淤积达12.9 m。长江河道的不断延伸加长和长江中下冲积河床对纵比降的自动调整,是长江中游河道淤涨和洪水位上升的内因;而荆江一带人类工程活动的参与,强化了长江泥沙向下游输移,加速了长江三角洲的发展和长江河道的延伸,构成了长江中游河道淤涨和洪水位上升的正反馈机制。长江中游防洪减灾策略、长江流域防洪规划和流域国土空间规划,应统筹考虑长江口浚海清淤和长江三角洲泥沙资源化利用,或开辟新的防洪入海通道,如开辟南通-如东入海新运河暨防洪新河。     

长江源各拉丹冬地区晚二叠世乌丽群的腕足类生物组合

在长江源区各拉丹冬一带晚二叠世地层中建立了2个腕足类生物组合,下部为Spinomarginifera cf.kueichowensis-Tschernyschewia cf.sinensis-Tyloplecta cf.yangtzeensis组合,见于乌丽群下部的那益雄组;上部为Leptodus nobilis-Perigeyerella costellata-Enteletes subequivalis组合,见于乌丽群上部的拉卜查日组.两个组合生物群属于特提斯动物群,均可与华南地区同期地层中的生物群相对比.