Introduction of accumulation-dispersal coefficient of marine organisms

Avoiding the subject for fish accumulation, the traditional view in fish population dynamics has ascribed immigration and emigration of fish to dispersal of fish. The main purpose of this paper is to find a quantity that represents the time rate of accumulation-dispersal of marine organisms, and also has some relation to the horizontal convergence of current velocity of the surrounding water. For this, the accumulation-dispersal coefficient is introduced not in the form of diffusion, but in the same form as the convergence. Since the accumulation-dispersal of organisms is a factor that changes its distribution density, all factors causing the change are first classified to locate the position occupied by the accumulation dispersal. Each factor corresponds to each coefficient appearing in a linearized equation describing the rate of change in the density, averaged over a region or a group. The immigration-emigration coefficient is divided into three coefficients of passage, accumulation dispersal and diffusion velocity. For the organisms ranging in a nearly horizontal layer, the accumulation-dispersal coefficient is shown to equal the area-averaged horizontal convergence of organismal velocity relative to land, which is the sum of the area-averaged horizontal convergences of swimming velocity relative to water and of current velocity. However, the area-averaged convergence of current velocity associated with the accumulation-dispersal coefficient for a region is shown to be somewhat different from the usual one.     

厦门寨后垃圾填埋场释气影响及其控制

本文是在承担厦门市寨后“垃圾埋场”工程环境影响评价的基础上,对该填埋场的垃圾释气规律作进一步研究。研究结果表明,（１）厦门煤气的普及率较高;（２场营运１１ａ左右,废气产物量及排一达到最大值;（３）于小风条件下,在下风向５０ｍ处,ＣＨ４浓度可达爆炸极１６￣３１％,所产生的恶臭气体Ｈ２Ｓ的影响距离经ＮＨ３大,在下风向５００ｍ下才能达到２级场界标准;（４）严格按卫生填埋的技术标准进行规范操作,确保排气管     

非法占用海域行为的刑法规制探析

因陆地资源逐步紧缺,人类活动向海洋进一步延伸,我国对海洋资源的认识程度和利用能力皆有显著提高,随之而来的便是部分企业和个人对海洋资源的无节制使用及开发,非法围海、占海甚至填海,致使海洋生态环境恶化,地方可持续发展存在障碍,国家海洋经济遭受损失。依据我国现有法律法规,加大对非法占有海域行为进行管控确有成效。然因在实践过程中存在政府越权审批、巨额利益驱使、惩戒力度不够等因素,使得非法占用海域现象屡禁不止,且非法占用行为发生后恢复海域原状之目的难以有效实现。为保障海洋经济、文化永续发展,应用最严格和最严密的法治保护国家海岸线和海洋生态环境安全;使行政执法与刑事规制相衔接,建立信息互联共享机制;成立专项组整治非法占用海域行为,形成示范效应,为日后打击此类案件积累经验。     

Modeling of the propagation of transient waves of moderate steepness

A theoretical approach is applied to predict the propagation and transformation of nonlinear water waves. A semi-analytical solution was derived by applying an eigenfunction expansion method. The solution is applied to analyze the effect of wave frequencies and wave steepness on the propagation of nonlinear waves. The main attention is paid to the wave profile, the wave energy spectrum, and the changes of wave profile and energy spectrum due to the interaction of wave components in a wave train. The results show that for waves of low steepness the nonlinear wave effects and effects associated with the interaction of water waves in a wave train are of secondary importance. For waves of moderate steepness and steep waves the effects associated with the interactions between waves in a wave train are becoming significant and a train of initially sinusoidal waves may drastically change its form within a short distance from its original position. The evolution of wave components has substantial effects on the wave spectrum. A train of initially very narrow-banded waves changes its one-peak spectrum to a multi-peak one in a fairly short period of time. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume to verify theoretical approaches. The free-surface elevation recorded by a system of wave gauges was compared with the results provided by the semi-analytical solution. Theoretical results are in a fairly good agreement with experimental data. A reasonable agreement between theoretical results and experimental data is observed often even for relatively steep waves.     

Spoiler自埋技术特点及其在杭州湾海底管道运行情况分析

海底管道阻流板(Spoiler)自沉埋技术是一种新型管道自埋技术,为深入了解其作用机制及其效果,本文通过分析安装有阻流板的杭州湾海底管道历年检测资料,结合管道附近海域海床、潮流动力特性,深入探讨了阻流板装置在实际工程中的运行效果,分析了其作用机制及其适用条件。研究发现安装阻流板装置的杭州湾海底管道在往复潮流作用下逐渐埋入海床,其埋入段长度由2005年的50%增加到2013年的80%以上,而且平均埋入深度超过2.6 m,自埋效果较好;而在管道路由与海流平行段或管道敷设于抗冲刷强海床上时,阻流板作用不能有效发挥,管道仍然呈现裸露状态。     

乌梁素海水环境因子时空分布特征及富营养化评价

针对乌梁素海严峻的水环境状况,笔者监测并分析了2014~2016年的水质状况,采用综合营养状态指数法,选取TN、TP、SD、Chla、CODMn共5个水质因子评价了乌梁素海营养状态等级,采用Arcgis中Arctoolbox工具箱的“反距离权重”法插值生成乌梁素海水体营养状态空间分布图,结果表明:(1)CODMn浓度、TN浓度长期居高是乌梁素海面临的主要问题之一,各指标高污染物浓度主要集中在S1点位(污染物入口)及附近,湖泊南半部分水质明显优于北半部分水质;(2)从2014~2016年乌梁素海水质有所好转,乌梁素海2014年、2015年、2016年的综合营养状态指数分别为52. 64~68. 73、48. 19~65.29.33.16~68.47,研究结论可为当地湖泊管理部门提供理论参考。     

地质储量精细计算方法研究

石油、天然气地质储量是指导油气田勘探、开发,确定投资规模的重要依据。随着高含水期油田开发工作的不断深入,为了解决储采失衡的矛盾,我们提出根据三角网法确定单井控制面积,继而计算单井不同类型砂体地质储量,解决了目前采用的“单井控制面积=区块总面积／区块总井数”和“厚度碾平”算法所产生的误差,使地质储量计算更加合理,从而实现了对沉积单元和具体类型砂体进行地质储量精细计算的要求。．     

Analysis of the intensification of tsunami waves near the South Coast of Crimea

We perform the numerical analysis of the intensification of tsunami waves in the course of their propagation from the open part of the Black Sea to the shelf zone. For this purpose, we use a one-dimensional model of nonlinear long waves taking into account the effect of bottom friction. We study four profiles of the bottom corresponding to the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula and establish the predominant role of the bottom pattern and insignificant contribution of nonlinearity to the transformation of waves in the process of their propagation in the direction of the coast. Down to depths of 50 m, all changes in the height of waves are described by the Green law. For the evaluation of vertical run-up of waves, it is important to take into account nonlinear effects. The highest vertical run-ups of waves are observed in the parts of the shelf zone located near Yalta and Alushta. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Trace metal composition of and accumulation rates of sediments in the Upper Gulf of Thailand

Sediment cores and grab samples were collected in the Upper Gulf of Thailand to determine sedimentation rates and to determine if metal concentrations reflect anthropogenic inputs.Accumulation rates of sediments in the Upper Gulf measured using the ²¹⁰Pb method, appear to vary from ca. 4 to 11 mm yr^?1. Sediment budgets suggest that little of the sediment delivered to the Upper Gulf by the major rivers is ultimately transported to the Lower Gulf. Metal concentrations in Upper Gulf sediments appear to be dominantly controlled by natural inputs.     

地学在加拿大近海渔业生产和管理中的作用

地学在近海渔业管理中的应用虽是个刚刚兴起的研究领域，但已向人们展示了它令人振奋的成果。通过分析地学成果的获取、表达及地球物理技术的进展情况，介绍了加拿大地学专家如何成功地将地学成果应用于指导近海渔业捕捞，以及如何利用地学知识评价不同捕捞器材对环境的影响。     

Dry and wet atmospheric deposition of organic carbon in coastal and water areas of the northeastern part of the Sea of Azov

The paper reports on new data focusing on organic carbon contained in aeolian material and precipitation falling on coastal and water areas of the northeastern part of the Sea of Azov. Atmospheric deposition was sampled in 2006–2014. The particulate organic carbon content varied from 4 to 27% in aeolian dust samples. The concentration of the organic carbon dissolved in rainwater was from 1.6 to 4.3 mg C/L, and from 0.9 to 16.6 mg C/L in snow. The particulate organic carbon content varied from 2 to 43% in snow. Intensity of aeolian dust settling decreased from 178 to 33 mg/m² per day with distance from a source of dust; in contrast, the relative content of organic matter increased. In a spring–summer season the aeolian organic carbon fluxes varied from 12 to 18 mg C/m² per day in Rostov-on-Don, from 28 to 48 mg C/m² per day on the Gulf of Taganrog coast, and from 20 to 80 mg C/m² per day in the water area of the Gulf of Taganrog.     

Mechanisms of the southward translation of meddies

Meddies are warm and saline anticyclonic eddies found at the mid-depth of the Mediterranean Outflow in the Eastern North Atlantic. They are observed to move almost southward at average speeds as high as 1.3±0.2 cm s⁻¹. This paper examines a mechanism which accelerates this curious translation to a reasonable speed when combined with nonlinearity and a suitable vertical eddy structure. This mechanism is thepseudo-topographic β effect due to the westward decrease in the thickness of the mid-layer induced by the surface southward mean current. The linear dispersion relation including this effect is shown to account for a quarter of the surface southward mean current or a fifth of the observed southward translation of meddies. Three-layer quasi-geostrophic experiments reveal that the surface southward mean current certainly enhances the southward translation velocity of meddies to a speed in agreement with observation, if the meddy has a current structure of plausible intensity and vertical coherence. In the light of the current-induced pseudo-topographic β effect, previous hypotheses are also re-examined through dynamic arguments together with numerical experiments; they are suggested to have some difficulty either in dynamics or in correspondence with observation. Thus the nonlinear effect due to secondary eddies combined with thecurrent-induced pseudo-topographic β effect is the most likely mechanism responsible for the rapid southward translation of meddies among those examined in the paper.     

Analysis of the magnetic anomaly field of the volcanic district of the Bay of Naples, Italy

We here present and discuss the results of the analysis and qualitative interpretation of two magnetic surveys performed in the Bay of Naples in 1998 and 2000. A map of the Bay of Naples based on the data acquired during these surveys has already been published by the Italian CNR-IAMC Research Institute. We re-processed the same data to produce maps of the pole reduced, analytic signal and horizontal derivative data and correlated them with the bathymetry and the gravimetric data of the area. The analysis shows strong anomalies in the NW and NE volcanic areas of the Bay of Naples, while the central area seems magnetically quiet. In the Phlegrean area the maps clearly show the southern rim of the Phlegrean caldera and demonstrate that while the Magnaghi Canyon is correlated to gravimetric highs and magnetic structures, and can therefore be interpreted as an active lineament, most of Dohrn Canyon is not characterized by volcanic activity and does not correlate to any gravimetric or magnetic structures. An important round-shaped magnetic anomaly is for the first time identified in the central slope of the gulf between the two canyons, probably correlated to a large buried volcanic edifice. In the Vesuvian area some intense circular anomalies, aligned in the NNW–SSE direction, are localized in the Torre del Greco and Torre Annunziata offshore, related to the submerged part of Vesuvius and possibly connected to buried vents.     

CITES-listings,EU eel trade bans and the increase of export of tropical eels out of Indonesia

Following the decision in 2007 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to include European eel Anguilla anguilla on its Appendix II, and the 2010 ban of all eel exports by EU member states, a shift has occurred to tropical Asian eel species to meet the demand from East Asia. Here the focus is on the role Indonesia played in fulfilling this demand using official export figures, reports in the Indonesian media and government documents. Despite Indonesia first putting in place restrictions on the export of eel in 1974 the export has increased exponentially over the last 25 years. Prior to the EU ban it exported ~1.4 million kg/year. With the infrastructure in place, and close trade links to East Asia, and helped by government encouragement, Indonesia was in an excellent position to step in where the EU posed restrictions. Exports increased to 3.2 million kg/year (2007–2009), to 4.0 million kg/year (2010–2012), and to 6.1 million kg (2013). The interest in eel trade in Indonesia increased in parallel with the exports. From 2010 onwards the searches for the Indonesian equivalent of eel (“ikan sidat”) became frequent enough for it to be picked up by Google Trends. Indonesia is home to five species of eel, and while it is unclear in what quantities each is traded, Indonesian media reports suggest that the majority comprises A. bicolar and A. marmorata. More stringent management schemes, possibly including CITES-listing, and better monitoring are needed to ensure that international trade is not an impediment to the conservation of tropical eels.     

Assessment of Compressibility Behavior of Naturally Cemented Soft Clays

It Naturally cemented soft clays have components of strength and stiffness, which cannot be accounted for by classical soil mechanics (Leroueil and Vaughan 1990). This stems from the influence of structure caused by cementation due to environmental factors. It is necessary to evaluate the cementation bond strength at preyield and postyield stress levels of loading, to understand comprehensively the observed response from micromechanic considerations. This helps to better understand and evolve approaches to model the constitutive behavior in a consistent manner, according to the physical phenomenon of formation of cementation as an additional component to what is otherwise normally regarded as frictional behavior arising only from particulate nature of clays. Comparing the behavior of deep deposits of Pusan soft clays under stress with corresponding response of the same clay in its remolded state, it has been possible to take into account particulate and nonparticulate responses. The evolution of cementation bonding is modeled for different Pusan clays with the yield stress in oedometer compression as a normalizing parameter for obtaining the generalized relationship of cementation bonding with increase in stress. The already established model for determining the remolded behavior is appropriately modified to assess the behavior influenced by cementation. The model proposed consists of parameters, which are determined in routine investigations.     

Changes in the metal content of surficial sediments of Boston Harbor since the cessation of sludge discharge

Temporal trends of metals in surficial sediments (1991-1998) at two sites in Boston Harbor were analyzed to evaluate the effect of stopping sludge dumping in December 1991. Metal contents of sediments from the old sludge disposal site were higher than those of a station in the central Harbor. Since 1991, carbon, copper, and lead contents have significantly decreased in sediments from the disposal site. Chromium and Zn have shown smaller decreases while Fe, and Mn, have remained relatively constant. Metal content in the central Harbor station, located in an area of sediment reworking, has been quite variable, but, with the exception of Zn which has shown a large decrease relative to iron, the changes seemed to be well correlated with changes in the organic carbon content at this site due to resuspension. Ratios of metals in the sediments are fairly similar at both sites and similar to those of sewage-derived particles, with the exception of Cr, which appears to be enriched in the sediments.     

Determination of two-dimensional velocity structure of Benioff zone based on inversion of body wave travel time (Case study of central Kamchatka)

A 2D variant of the inversion method for determining velocities within the Benioff zone of Kamchatka is developed with respect to the time of seismic wave travel from the foci group to Shipunskii station located in the region where the zone outcrops at the ocean bottom. The method is based on the idea of seismic tomography on the relationship between travel time discrepancies along the focus–station path and the value of seismic slowness, which is inverse to the velocity and corresponds to the gradient of the time field or the derivative of a hodograph with respect to the distance dt/dl. From this viewpoint, the field of discrepancies observed is the difference between the experimental and theoretical values of slowness. Its averaging with respect to depth and epicentral distance in 50 × 50 km rectangular windows and subsequent inversion make it possible to obtain a discrete velocity field using the GoldenSoftware Surfer program. Resmoothing with the same software leads to a variant of continuous velocity distribution = in the axial plane of the Benioff zone. The described procedure was used to calculate the velocities in this zone of the southern Kuril Islands and southern and central Kamchatka. The principal result in the latter case is identification of a sharp jump in the velocities of body waves in the upper mantle (up to 1.3 km/s for P-waves and up to 0.8 km/s for S-waves) beneath the Kronotskii Peninsula in the 7 years before the catastrophic Kronotskii earthquake that occurred in 1997 (M = 7.9) with an upthrow focal mechanism. This jump reflects the concentration of stresses in the epicentral zone of the earthquake. This result is important for medium-term forecasting of strong earthquakes.     

Review of the causes of the rise of the illegal South African abalone fishery and consequent closure of the rights-based fishery

The rise of organised illegal fishing and trade in abalone from the late 1990s destabilised South Africa’s historically stable, quota-managed fishery, culminating in its closure in 2008. The development of the fishery is described in a historical context, including the evolution of South Africa’s science-based abalone fishery management system. The diverse suite of responses deployed to combat illegal fishing and the black market trade in abalone are reviewed, including;- fishery reform to expand rights to a greater number of previously disadvantaged fishers, a territorial user rights fishery (TURF) system, special compliance operations and courts, the CITES listing of abalone, and the serial reduction in the TAC, culminating in the controversial and legally contested closure of the fishery. The main causes of the rise of the illegal fishery are diagnosed as 1) the massive increase in the abalone price that occurred in the 1990s triggering an abalone fishing “gold-rush” and 2) the failure of the post-Apartheid fishery reform process to accommodate many traditional fishers in a legal fishing rights framework resulting in them operating outside the formal fishery management system. By contextualising the abalone fishery as a complex system, embedded in South Africa’s socio-political setting, we show how the resource focussed fishery management system did not have the capacity to incorporate the powerful social, political and economic drivers determining fisher behaviour. We conclude with the need to revisit South Africa’s abalone fishery management paradigm, and argue that a more integrated governance approach is required that takes into account the biological, socio-political and economic factors determining the fishery activities.     

Analysis of year-to-year variation of water temperature along the coast of the Japan sea

Mean monthly records of coastal sea surface temperature data (CSST) obtained from stations along the Japanese coasts of the Japan Sea and from those in the related seas for the period 1941–1984 were analyzed by using various methods of time series analysis, for the purpose of clarifying the nature of the year-to-year variations of the state of the Japan Sea. The year-to-year variations in the Japan Sea were found to be closely related to those in the East China Sea and in the western North Pacific. Specific results are as follows. (1) A sudden cooling in the early 1960's occurred in the southern stations of the Japan Sea and continued to the end of the analyzed data. (2) Variations, with about a 6-year periodicity, were observed at most stations, and were especially dominant in the southern stations of the Japan Sea (3) These variations could be traced back to the Kuroshio region of the East China Sea. (4) Variations, with about a 10-year periodicity, were also observed in the northern stations of the Japan Sea.     

Effects of enhanced loads of nutrients on epiphytes on leaves and rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica

The increase of anthropogenic activities has severely altered both terrestrial and aquatic systems. Urbanisation, excessive use of agricultural fertilisers, organic runoff and climate change have caused an increase of nutrients in coastal waters, altering the diversity and food-web structure of benthic assemblages. The aims of the present paper were to text if an experimentally increased availability of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorous, in an oligotrophic basin, would affect epiphytic assemblages on leaves and rhizomes of P. oceanica and whether this could change rates of consumption of the plant by herbivores. In particular, we tested the hypothesis i) that changes to species composition and abundance of epiphytic assemblages generated by nutrients enrichment would vary between leaves and rhizomes and that ii) alterations to epiphytic assemblages on leaves might, in turn, modify feeding rates of herbivorous fish. After two years, the structure of both leaf and rhizome epiphytic assemblages responded to changes in nutrient concentrations before the occurrence of drastic alterations to the host plant, but only the former showed significant changes in terms of species composition. Moreover, a larger intensity of grazing on P. oceanica leaves was documented in experimentally enriched areas than in controls. The present findings and conclusions are applicable to other systems where patterns of biodiversity depend on changes in the availability of nutrients due to natural or anthropogenic events, likely interacting with biological processes, such as competition and grazing.