山东即墨风电场风力资源分析

以即墨气象站风速风向为参考,利用其30年风速资料确定风电场代表年,根据铁塔气象观测资料分析即墨风电场的风力资源状况;依据“风能资源评价技术规定”对即墨风电场的风速风向进行了检验修正。分析了测风塔各高度风速日、年变化,风向频率年月变化。计算分析了测风塔不同高度平均风速、风功率密度、有效小时数等风能参数。计算了不同风电机型60~70 m轮毂高度年发电量及其随高度变化规律;估算了风电场年发电量。得出即墨风电场达到3级风场标准,具有开发价值。     

江西省山地风场风速订正方法研究

利用气象站、探空及NASA再分析资料,对江西省4县山地风场的12座测风塔风速进行订正研究。研究结果表明:测风塔与气象站风速数据相关性较低,相关系数一般远小于0.45;测风塔与探空资料的风速相关系数可达到0.6以上,最高可达到0.8;NASA再分析资料可以作为江西山地风场风速订正参证数据,其与测风塔风速数据相关性较高,相关系数可达到0.54～0.77,大多数测风塔相关系数可达0.7左右。海拔高度小于1000 m的测风塔与NASA 50 m风速的相关系数明显高于其与NASA 850 hPa风速的相关系数,高度为1000—1200 m的测风塔与NASA 50 m风速和与NASA 850 hPa风速的相关系数相差不明显,高度大于1200 m的测风塔与NASA 850 hPa风速的相关系数明显大于其与NASA 50 m风速的相关系数。比值法订正效果略好于线性回归法的,订正后的风功率密度总体偏大。     

泰来城市化对风影响研究

本文使用泰来气象站1971-2004年十六方位风速、风向资料,2009年7月-2010年6月气象站与附近测风塔10 m高度逐时风速、风向资料,分析城市化对风序列的影响。结果表明:泰来县年平均风速呈明显减弱趋势,每10 a大约下降0.36 m/s;泰来测风塔与气象站各方向风速比较,无论是风速差值,还是相对误差均表明城市对风速影响显著,对风向也有较大影响;结合城市空间布局及气象站在城市中的位置,分析泰来十六方位风速变化速率,发现各方向风速下降趋势较为明显,其中受城市影响较大方向风速减弱趋势明显,受城市影响小的方向风速减小趋势较弱。     

卓资县财神梁风能资源分析与评估

利用卓资县气象站1959—2006年常规气象观测资料和卓资县境内财神梁测风塔2006年实测数据,采用统计分析方法,计算分析了财神梁风场平均风速、风功率密度等风能参数,得出:财神梁风场10m高度年平均风速和年平均风功率密度分别为6.8m·s-1和273.6W·m-2;65m高度年平均风速为7.7m·s-1,年平均风功率密度为373.1W·m-2。65m高度年主导风向为W风,出现频率为18.0%,风能密度方向也以W为主,占总风能频率的23.9%,有61.6%的风能集中在WSW-NW范围内。65m高度风能有效小时数为8284h,风能的众值分布在8～14m·s-1风速区间内,占全年风能分布的69.1%。财神梁地区风能资源储量较为丰富,且风质优良,适合开发建设风电场。     

兰州新区近地层风场时空特征分析

利用兰州新区2014年1-12月秦川金家庙、西岔段家川、新区东南角、黑石川和平4座70 m风塔和新区城区4个10 m高度自动气象站逐10 min风向风速观测资料,分析了兰州新区盛行风向、风速、污染系数时空分布特征。结果表明:新区周围地形复杂,盛行风向、风速及污染系数等要素随高度、时间、位置均有变化。观测年内,新区测风塔70 m高度年盛行风向为东北风及相邻方向,该方向平均风速最大;新区偏北的两个风塔(秦川金家庙和西岔段家川)西北至偏北方向污染系数较小,新区偏南两个风塔(新区东南角和黑石川和平),偏北及相近方向污染系数较小。测风塔10 m高度各观测点盛行风向、风速和污染系数与70 m均有明显差异,4个风塔的风场特征也显著不同。各观测点各高度均有静风天气出现,70 m高度静风频率4.2%~13.5%,10 m高度静风频率5.6%~11.5%;各塔风向有较明显的季节变化特征,秋、冬季盛行风向接近,春、夏季盛行风向接近;新区风向日变化呈现出山谷风特征,白天盛行风向多为东南风或西南风,夜晚多为东北风和偏东风。     

风电场风速数值预报的动态修订方法的探讨

针对风电场风功率预测所需的定点、逐时风速预报,对利用中央气象台发布的MM5格点输出的数值预报风速插值到福建沿海某个风电场测风塔高度的预报结果进行误差分析,发现由于海陆交界的特殊下垫面等原因,存在一定的系统误差;根据误差的后延相关性和测风塔实时发回的气象资料,探讨了利用前期误差观测值和测风塔湍流指标对MM5数值预报风速进行动态修订的方法,建立了订正值方程,结果表明,订正后的预报风速平均绝对误差降低31%~54%,有效提高了预报精度。     

台风莫拉克 (0908) 影响期间近地层风特性

通过对台风莫拉克 (0908) 影响范围内的33座测风塔观测资料的分析可知:台风莫拉克越靠近陆地,风场的非对称性越明显,其行进方向的左侧测风塔风向呈逆时针旋转,右侧测风塔风向顺时针旋转。在远离台风莫拉克的地方风向稳定,湍流强度变化较平稳;在台风莫拉克登陆点附近,风向、风速和湍流强度均会出现突变。台风莫拉克影响期间,湍流强度与风速的关系未出现IEC标准曲线那样随风速增大稳定减小,其I₁₅达B级和A级及以上的平均湍流强度会在风速7~17 m·s-1形成一个峰值;无论南风或北风,风速越大,各层湍流强度差异趋于减小,同等风速、高度的湍流强度偏南大风均大于偏北大风。位于台风莫拉克登陆点北侧测风塔湍流强度随风速的增加先减小后增大,最终各高度全部超过IEC标准A级曲线,而位于南侧测风塔湍流强度随风速的变化比北侧小,并随风速增大趋于标准A级曲线;另外北侧测风塔湍流强度大于南侧,且各高度偏北大风湍流强度之间的差异比南侧相应风向明显,表明北侧垂直方向的扰动更强。台风莫拉克阵风系数为1.2~1.7,其随高度变化与地形有关,一般情况下随高度升高而减小,在复杂地形条件下不符合随高度升高减小的规律。     

NCEP/NCAR再分析资料在江西金华山风资源评估中的应用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对江西省金华山测风塔数据进行订正,计算平均风速、风速频率、风向频率、各方向风能、风功率密度及有效风能时数等各项风能参数。结果表明,风电场各个高度年平均风速为5.7—6.7 m/s,年平均风功率密度为214—366 W/m2,年有效风力时数百分率为76.3%—82.2%;风向和风能频率集中风向为SW—WSW风,有利于风机的布局和稳定运行,具备开发潜力。     

青藏高原东南缘低层风场垂直结构与变化特征北大核心CSCD

为进一步认识青藏高原山地低层风场特征、长期变化规律,利用2008-2012年青藏高原东南缘云南大理站边界层铁塔和风廓线雷达的长期观测资料,初步分析了该地区低层风场垂直结构及其变化特征。结果表明：（1）从地面到高空,风速、风向频率分布随高度的增加而变化,2~400m高度风速基本为2级,盛行风向为偏东风,这说明边界层铁塔和风廓线雷达的风速、风向具有连续性。（2）从垂直高度上看,风速存在明显季节变化特征,冬季风速较大,夏季风速较小;日变化结构随高度的升高表现形式明显不同,20m以下为单峰型,100~1500m为双峰型,2000m以上日变化不明显;平均风速逐月变化,20m以下为单峰型,100~1000m为双峰型,1500m以上为单峰型。（3）纬向风600m以下出现东西风交替的日变化,经向风在2~20m高度全天为南风,100m高度以上午后至日落为南风、其余时段为北风,南风由高空向低层传递。     

阿拉腾敖包风场风能资源分析与评估

选用杭锦旗1977—2006年各年逐月平均风速资料、2006年1—12月逐时风向、成速资料、2006年1一12月阿拉腾敖包测风塔逐时风向、风速资料，采用统计分析方法，对阿拉腾敖包风场风速和风功率密度、风速频率和风能频率分布、风向频率及风能密度方向分布、有效风能时数进行计算分析，得出阿拉腾敖包风场风能资源评价；给出了综合评估意见：该风场10m高度年平均风速5.7m?s^-1年风功率密度为147. 19W?m^－2; 60m高度年平均风速7.3m?s^-1,年风功率密度为336.65W?m^－2; 70m高度年平均风速7.6m.s^-1，年有效风速（3～25m?s^-1)时数为8410小时，年风功率密度为380.45W? m^－270m高度年主导风向为WNW风，春、秋和冬三季主导风向均为W风，因而风向较为稳定。年内春季风速较大，秋、冬季次之，而夏季最小。据初步测算，该风能区风能总储量约为152MW.     

Shearing wind helicity and thermal wind helicity

Helicity is defined as H ： V ω, where V and ω are the velocity and vorticity vectors, respectively. Many works have pointed out that the larger the helicity is, the longer the life cycle of the weather system is. However, the direct relationship of the helicity to the evolution of the weather system is not quite clear. In this paper, the concept of helicity is generalized as shearing wind helicity （SWH）. Dynamically, it is found that the average SWH is directly related to the increase of the average cyclonic rotation of the weather system. Physically, it is also pointed out that the SWH, as a matter of fact, is the sum of the torsion terms and the divergence term in the vorticity equation. Thermal wind helicity （TWH）, as a derivative of SWH, is also discussed here because it links the temperature field and the vertical wind field. These two quantities may be effective for diagnosing a weather system. This paper applies these two quantities in cylindrical coordinates to study the development of Hurricane Andrew to validate their practical use. Through analyzing the hurricane, it is found that TWH can well describe the characteristics of the hurricane such as the strong convection and release of latent heat. SWH is not only a good quantity for diagnosing the weather system, but also an effective one for diagnosing the development of the hurricane.     

风廓线雷达在高空风场分析中的应用

利用大连风廓线雷达高时空分辨率风场观测资料,统计2011年雷达站上空各层水平及垂直风速的分布特征.通过分析发现:最大水平风速通常出现在12 km上下,受高空急流的影响,各季节高空最大水平风速出现高度不同,4 km以下高空水平风速随高度的变化各月份存在一定差异,4 km以上至最大风速层,水平风速随高度的升高而增大,最大风速层以上至雷达测量的上限水平风速随高度增加先减小后增大;高空垂直风速在夏季较为明显,秋季次之,冬春季节最小;6月是全年月均垂直风速最大的月份,在500～1300 m高度层存在一个上升气流中心,平均风速大于0.6 m/s,2月各高度平均垂直风速全年最小.     

Variangular wind spirals

The term variangular is introduced to emphasize a significant difference between the present and certain earlier solutions to the problem of organized airmotion within the planetary boundary layer. The latter belong to the family of equiangular wind spirals and have the characteristic that the angle () formed by the vectors of shearing stress and geostrophic departure is invariant with height; it is shown that in this spiral-family, parabolic height-dependency of the effective (eddy) diffusivity (K) alone is permitted, including the asymptotic case of constant K; the famous Ekman spiral as well as the Rossby spiral are two prominent members of the family of equiangular wind spirals. The new variangular theory, as the name implies, permits variation of with height (z) and produces more versatile profiles of wind and stress due to less restraint in K (z). As an example of comparison with observed data, monthly mean wind profiles obtained at Plateau Station, Antarctica, are selected since they exhibit a noteworthy degree of variangularity, in relatively satisfactory agreement with properties of the new theoretical model for wind spirals.National Research Council Visiting Scientist Research Associate, Regional Environments Division, Earth Sciences Laboratory.     

风电场风速数值预报的误差分析及订正

使用WRF模式对内蒙古某风电场区域内的2011年1-6月,50m高度的风速进行了模拟,并结合实测风速对模拟结果进行了评估。在此基础上再利用自回归模型(AR模型)和持续法对WRF模式模拟结果进行了订正预报,订正结果表明:AR模型和持续法都能有效地减小WRF模式风速的模拟误差,AR模型订正效果优于持续法。为能对订正预报时效进行延长,提出了"假设观测值"概念。在AR模型的基础上建立一种新的订正模型称之为New AR模型。其订正预报结果表明:新模型能在12h时效内,改善WRF模式风速模拟精度,其中6h的改进效果较好。     

风廓线雷达中风切变分析方法的初步研究

在风廓线雷达连续输出的风场时间高度显示图上,尝试进行风场的流线分析和风切变值等值线分析,以便用于识别强烈风切变区。在风场变化比较均匀时,分析出的线形分布比较平缓,而在风场变化比较剧烈的区域,风向等值线、垂直风切变等值线和流线三者一致表现出了汇聚特点,线形的分布也异常地密集,分析结果直观地反映出了风场分布的特征和危险性风切变区域,该结果有助于风切变自动识别方法的研究。     

风廓线雷达风场资料质量控制初探

基于2016年2月和8月江西宜春风廓线雷达探测水平风场数据,分别利用扩展经验正交函数(EOF)分析重构法和高斯滤波法对其进行质量控制。结果发现,相比原始观测风场,EOF分析重构法和高斯滤波法均能有效过滤风廓线雷达原始风场的高频脉动。两种方法对比分析发现,对于空间尺度的瞬时扰动,EOF分析重构法质控效果优于高斯滤波法;对于时间尺度的瞬时扰动,高斯滤波法质控效果优于EOF方法。     

Characteristics of natural wind simulations in the TUM boundary layer wind tunnel

The boundary layer wind tunnel at the Technische Universit?t München was tested for atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulations. The ABLs developing above rural, suburban, and urban terrains were reproduced using the Counihan method, i.e., castellated barrier wall, vortex generators, and a fetch of surface roughness elements. A series of flow-characteristic evaluations was performed to investigate the flow development and uniformity. Experimental results presented as mean velocity, turbulence intensity, integral length scale of turbulence, Reynolds stress, and power spectral density of velocity fluctuations were compared with the ESDU data and/or theoretical models. Generated ABL wind-tunnel simulations compare well with the rural, suburban, and urban ABLs. In the test section area used for experiments on structural models, the ABL simulation is developed and uniform. Results of this study indicate the boundary layer wind tunnel at the Technische Universit?t München can be successfully employed in a broad spectrum of engineering, environmental, and micrometeorological studies, where it is required to accurately reproduce ABL characteristics.     

The probability of wind damage in forestry under a changed wind climate

We (1) estimated how the possible changes in wind climate due to climatic change may affect the probability of exceeding critical wind speeds (CWS) expected to cause significant wind damage within a forest management unit located in southern Sweden, (2) analysed how the probability of exceeding an approximate CWS as observed in the management unit would change in different regions in Sweden if expecting a similar kind of forested area to occur in different geographical locations. The topography of the management unit was relatively gentle and the forests were dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Seven regions across Sweden were selected for comparison of possible future probability of damaging wind speed. The model-system WINDA was modified and used for calculations of the probability of wind damage together with regionally downscaled climate change scenario (CCS) data. In total, two climate scenarios downscaled using the RCAO model for the control period 1961–1990 and four for the period 2071–2100 were used. The CCSs represent fairly central projections on a 100-year time scale in terms of global mean warming. Although there is ambiguity between different CCSs, the results indicated that the present pattern of more windy conditions in southern than in northern Sweden will remain. For most sites the probability of exceeding the CWS from westerly to south-westerly directions was indicated to remain comparatively high and the probability of damaging wind from south-westerly to south-easterly directions was indicated to increase in many places. For southernmost Sweden increasing probability of exceeding the CWS from the north-westerly to south-easterly wind directions were indicated for all but one CCS. The results were discussed with respect to spatial planning in forestry under a changing wind climate.     

基于不同时间尺度风切变指数推算风资源的对比分析

利用2014—2018年辽宁省探空资料分析了水平风速的垂直风廓线分布特征。用2座代表性测风塔逐时梯度风观测分析了采用不同高度组合方案计算出风切变指数的月、日变化特征, 分别用月、小时、年风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度, 并与实测对比。结果表明: 沈阳相较于大连地区风速随高度增加较快, 180 m高度以上风速基本保持不变, 而大连因其纬度低且靠近海洋, 300 m以下风速均匀上升。在非复杂地形情况下, 距地面10 m高度以上间隔一定高度设立4层风观测, 基本可以满足近地层风资源评估需求。受太阳辐射、下垫面、海陆热力性质差异等影响, 辽宁省风切变指数日变化特征比月变化更显著。利用小时风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度的方案优于采用月、年风切变指数方案。风切变指数日变化越显著, 采用逐时风切变指数推算方案越优于其他计算方案。