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1.
Continuous weekly monitoring on the concentration of gases and aerosols in urban ambient air by a four-stage filter-pack method
was carried out for 7 years in order to study not only the acid-base balance of acid-related (HNO3, NO3
−, and non-sea-salt-(nss-)SO4
2−) and alkali-related (NH3, NH4
+, and nss-Ca2+) chemical species but also its influence on the acidification of precipitation. The concentrations of the total nitrate (=
NO3− + HNO3) and nss-SO42− showed a similar seasonal variation: high in the summer and low in the winter. The total nitrate and nss-SO42− accounted for 0.43 and 0.57 of the acid-related species, respectively, on an equivalent basis. The total ammonium (= NH3 + NH4+) accounted for more than 0.9 of the alkali-related species, except for a springtime nss-Ca2+ episodic peak. The alkali-related species were generally overabundant compared with the acid-related species in the HNO3-NO3−-nss-SO42−-NH3-NH4+-nss-Ca2+ system. The alkali-rich distribution was especially pronounced in the winter, but the acid-related species was comparable
to the alkali-related species in the summer, which was attributed to the larger H+ deposition by precipitation in the summer. This study can provide a methodology to associate survey results obtained by a
filter-pack method with those of precipitation. 相似文献
2.
Long-term characterization of major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> in coastal site on the Japan Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yong-tao Guo Jing Zhang Shi-gong Wang Feng She Xu Li 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2011,68(4):299-316
PM10 samples were collected over three years at Monzenmachi, the Japan Sea coast, the Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa, Japan from January
17, 2001 to December 18, 2003, using a high volume air sampler with quartz filters. The concentrations of the water-soluble
inorganic ions in PM10 were determined with using ion chromatography. By analyzing the characteristics of these, the evidences were found that the
Asian outflow had an obviously influence on the air quality at our study site. The results were as follows: the secondary
pollutants SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ were the primary water-soluble inorganic ions at our study site. The monthly mean concentrations of SO42−, NH4+, NO3− and Ca2+ have prominent peak in spring due to the strong influence of the Asian continent outflow—these according to backward air
trajectory analysis, the maximum of which were 6.09 for nss-SO42− in May, 2.87 for NO3− and 0.68 μg m−3 for nss-Ca2+ in April, respectively. Comparable to similar data reported from various points around East Asia, it had the characteristics
of a polluted coastal area at our study site. The concentration of nss-Ca2+ in PM10 drastically increased when the Asian dust invaded, the mean value during the Asian dust days(AD) was 0.86 μg m−3, about 4 times higher than those of normal days (NAD). Meanwhile, the mean concentrations of nss-SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ in AD periods were higher than those in NAD periods which were 5.87, 1.76 and 1.82 μg m−3, respectively, it is due to the interaction between dust and secondary particles during the long-range transport of dust
storms. Finally, according to the source apportionment with positive matrix factorization (PMF) method in this study, the
major source profiles of PM10 at our study site were categorized as (1) marine salt, (2) secondary sulfate, (3) secondary nitrate and (4) crustal source. 相似文献
3.
Żaneta Polkowska Mieczysław Sobik Marek Błaś Kamila Klimaszewska Barbara Walna Jacek Namieśnik 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(1):5-30
Hoarfrost and rime analysis was based on the collection of samples between 2003 and 2006 from 8 sites, which represent both
lowland (northern) and mountainous (southern) parts of Poland. On the other hand 4 of these sites belong to “urban” and 4
to “rural” category. pH, conductivity, SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, H+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ have been determined in order to study the chemistry of hoarfrost and rime. Higher total inorganic ionic content (TIC) in
hoarfrost and rime (2.46 meq·l−1 and 1.23 meq·l−1 respectively) was observed when compared with precipitation (0.37 meq·l−1). Large variability of TIC and chemical composition of individual samples were typical at each of the measurement sites depending
on emission patterns, atmospheric conditions and local terrain topography. Higher concentrations of both hoarfrost and rime
occurred in southern (mountainous) rather than in northern (lowland) part of Poland which can be explained by worse pollutant
dispersion conditions in the south. The surprisingly low hoarfrost concentrations in urban coastal stations in the area of
the Bay of Gdansk were attributed to the cleaning effect of nocturnal breeze-type circulation, best pronounced in cool part
of the year. Due to relatively high pollutant concentration and long duration, hoarfrost and rime are at least significant
factors in environmental processes in different ecosystems in Poland. 相似文献
4.
Aerosol and rain samples were collected between 48°N and 55°S during the KH-08-2 and MR08-06 cruises conducted over the North
and South Pacific Ocean in 2008 and 2009, to estimate dry and wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N).
Inorganic N in aerosols was composed of ~68% NH4+ and ~32% NO3– (median values for all data), with ~81% and ~45% of each species being present on fine mode aerosol, respectively. Concentrations
of NH4+ and NO3− in rainwater ranged from 1.7–55 μmol L−1 and 0.16–18 μmol L−1, respectively, accounting for ~87% by NH4+ and ~13% by NO3− of total inorganic N (median values for all data). A significant correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.05, n = 10) between NH4+ and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was found in rainwater samples collected over the South Pacific, whereas no significant correlations
were found between NH4+ and MSA in rainwater collected over the subarctic (r = 0.42, p > 0.1, n = 6) and subtropical (r = 0.33, p > 0.5, n = 6) western North Pacific, suggesting that emissions of ammonia (NH3) by marine biological activity from the ocean could become a significant source of NH4+ over the South Pacific. While NO3− was the dominant inorganic N species in dry deposition, inorganic N supplied to surface waters by wet deposition was predominantly
by NH4+ (42–99% of the wet deposition fluxes for total inorganic N). We estimated mean total (dry + wet) deposition fluxes of atmospheric
total inorganic N in the Pacific Ocean to be 32–64 μmol m−2 d−1, with 66–99% of this by wet deposition, indicating that wet deposition plays a more important role in the supply of atmospheric
inorganic N than dry deposition. 相似文献
5.
Guillaume Bertrand Hélène Celle-Jeanton Paolo Laj Jérôme Rangognio Gilles Chazot 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,60(3):253-271
The present study investigates the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation samples on a daily and an intra-event
timescales in Opme, an experimental meteorological station located near Clermont-Ferrand, France. The samples have been collected
from November 2005 to October 2007. A total of 217 rainwater samples, integrated for 24 h, were collected and analyzed for
pH, conductivity, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3− , SO42− , PO43− and HCO3−. The composition of the rainwater collected appeared to be controlled by the following potential sources: neutralisation
process (association among calcium, ammonium with nitrate and sulphate), marine and terrestrial sources. In order to determine
the role of long-range transport, the integrated events were classified according to four origins of air-masses: (1) West,
(2) North and East, (3) South including Iberian and Italian Peninsulae and (4) local. This analysis allows identifying the
source areas of the different association of elements defined. Although calcium is always dominant, total content of rainfall
is variable and neutralisation process can be more or less efficient and specific. Rainout (long-range transport) and washout
(below-cloud scavenging) were investigated through intra-event measurements of chemical species. Four rain-events have been
selected according to the four classes of origins of air-masses. It appears that the first fractions are responsible for an
important part of the chemical content of the whole event. Terrestrial species, locally emitted, induce the neutralisation
process of acid species. Local meteorological conditions, such as wind’s speed and direction, play an important role as they
could provoke recharges of the below cloud air column during the event. 相似文献
6.
Acid rain and alkalization in southwestern China: chemical and strontium isotope evidence in rainwater from Guiyang 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of rainwater was carried out from June 2007 to December 2008 in Guiyang,
a city located on the acid rain control zone of southwest China. All samples were analyzed for pH, major anions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−), major cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+), Sr2+ and Sr isotope. The pH increase is due to the result of neutralization caused by the alkaline dust which contain large amount
of CaCO3. It was observed that Ca2+ was the most abundant cation with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) value of 217.6 μeq/L (52.7–1928 μeq/L), accounting for 66%
(39%–88%) of the total cations. SO42− was the most abundant anion with VWM value of 237.8 μeq/L (49.6-1643 μeq/L). SO42− and NO3− were dominant among the anions, accounting for 66%–97% of the total measured anions. The Sr concentrations vary from 0.01
to 0.92 μmol/L, and strontium isotopic ratios vary in the range of 0.707684–0.710094, with an average of 0.708092. The elements
ratios and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios showed that the solutes of rainwater mainly come from weathering of carbonate and secondary dust input. Moreover,
urbanization results in the calcium-rich dust increased and the high concentrations of alkaline ions (mainly Ca2+) have played an important role to neutralize the acidity of rainwater, leading to the increase of arithmetic pH mean value
by 0.5 units since 2002. It is worth noting that the emission of SO2 and NOx from the automobile exhaust is increasing and is becoming another important precursor of acid rain now. 相似文献
7.
Suresh Tiwari Atul K. Srivastava Deewan S. Bisht Tarannum Bano Sachchidanand Singh Sudhamayee Behura Manoj K. Srivastava D. M. Chate B. Padmanabhamurty 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(3):193-209
The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and their water-soluble ionic species were determined for the samples collected during January to December, 2007 at New Delhi
(28.63° N, 77.18° E), India. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (± standard deviation) were about 219 (± 84) and 97 (±56) μgm−3 respectively, about twice the prescribed Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards values. The monthly average ratio
of PM2.5/PM10 varied between 0.18 (June) and 0.86 (February) with an annual mean of ∼0.48 (±0.2), suggesting the dominance of coarser in
summer and fine size particles in winter. The difference between the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, is deemed as the contribution of the coarse fraction (PM10−2.5). The analyzed coarse fractions mainly composed of secondary inorganic aerosols species (16.0 μgm−3, 13.07%), mineral matter (12.32 μgm−3, 10.06%) and salt particles (4.92 μgm−3, 4.02%). PM2.5 are mainly made up of undetermined fractions (39.46 μgm−3, 40.9%), secondary inorganic aerosols (26.15 μgm−3, 27.1%), salt aerosols (22.48 μgm−3, 23.3%) and mineral matter (8.41 μgm−3, 8.7%). The black carbon aerosols concentrations measured at a nearby (∼300 m) location to aerosol sampling site, registered
an annual mean of ∼14 (±12) μgm−3, which is significantly large compared to those observed at other locations in India. The source identifications are made
for the ionic species in PM10 and PM2.5. The results are discussed by way of correlations and factor analyses. The significant correlations of Cl−, SO42−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, NO3− and Mg2+ with PM2.5 on one hand and Mg2+ with PM10 on the other suggest the dominance of anthropogenic and soil origin aerosols in Delhi. 相似文献
8.
Khaiwal Ravindra Marianne Stranger Rene Van Grieken 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,59(3):199-218
The new European Council Directive (PE-CONS 3696/07) frames the inhalable (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) on priority to chemically characterize these fractions in order to understand their possible relation with health effects.
Considering this, PM2.5 was collected during four different seasons to evaluate the relative abundance of bulk elements (Cl, S, Si, Al, Br, Cu, Fe,
Ti, Ca, K, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr and V) and water soluble ions (F−, Cl−, NO2
−, NO3
−, SO4
2−, Na+, NH4
+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) over Menen, a Belgian city near the French border. The air quality over Menen is influenced by industrialized regions on
both sides of the border. The most abundant ionic species were NO3
−, SO4
2− and NH4
+, and they showed distinct seasonal variation. The elevated levels of NO3
− during spring and summer were found to be related to the larger availability of the NOx precursor. The various elemental species analyzed were distinguished into crustal and anthropogenic source categories. The
dominating elements were S and Cl in the PM2.5 particles. The anthropogenic fraction (e.g. Zn, Pb, and Cu) shows a more scattered abundance. Furthermore, the ions and elemental
data were also processed using principal component analysis and cluster analysis to identify their sources and chemistry.
These approach identifies anthropogenic (traffic and industrial) emissions as a major source for fine particles. The variations
in the natural/anthropogenic fractions of PM2.5 were also found to be a function of meteorological conditions as well as of long-range transport of air masses from the industrialized
regions of the continent.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
9.
Umesh C. Kulshrestha Ramya Sunder Raman Monika J. Kulshrestha T. N. Rao Partha J. Hazarika 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,63(1):33-47
Secondary aerosol formation was studied at Allahabad in the Indo-Gangetic region during a field campaign called Land Campaign-II
in December 2004 (northern winter). Regional source locations of the ionic species in PM10 were identified by using Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF analysis). On an average, the concentration of water
soluble inorganic ions (sum of anions and cations) was 63.2 μgm−3. Amongst the water soluble ions, average NO3− concentration was the highest (25.0 μgm−3) followed by SO42− (15.8 μgm−3) and NH4+ (13.8 μgm−3) concentrations. These species, contributed 87% of the total mass of water soluble species, indicating that most of the water
soluble PM10 was composed of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4/NH4HSO4 or (NH4)3H(SO4)2 particles. Further, the concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ aerosols increased at high relative humidity levels up to the deliquescence point (∼63% RH) for salts of these species suggesting
that high humidity levels favor the conversion and partitioning of gaseous SO2, NOx, and NH3 to their aerosol phase. Additionally, lowering of ambient temperature as the winter progressed also resulted in an increase
of NO3− and NH4+ concentrations, probably due to the semi volatile nature of ammonium nitrate. PSCF analysis identified regions along the
Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) including Northern and Central Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Northern Pakistan, and parts of Rajasthan
as source regions of airborne nitrate. Similar source regions, along with Northeastern Madhya Pradesh were identified for
sulfate. 相似文献
10.
Both aerosol and rainwater samples were collected and analyzed for ionic species at a coastal site in Southeast Asia over
a period of 9 months (January–September 2006) covering different monsoons. In general, the occurrence and distribution of
ionic species showed a distinct seasonal variation in response to changes in air mass origins. Real-time physical characterization
of aerosol particles during rain events showed changes in particle number distributions which were used to assess particle
removal processes associated with precipitation, or scavenging. The mean scavenging coefficients for particles in the range
10–500 nm and 500–10 μm were 7.0 × 10−5 ± 2.8 × 10−5 s−1 and 1.9 × 10−4 ± 1.6 × 10−5 s−1, respectively. A critical analysis of the scavenging coefficients obtained from this study suggested that the wet removal
of aerosol particles was greatly influenced by rain intensity, and was particle size-dependent as well. The scavenging ratios,
another parameter used to characterize particle removal processes by precipitation, for NH4
+, Cl−, SO4
2−, and NO3
− were found to be higher than those of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ of oceanic and crustal origins. This enrichment implied that gaseous species NH3, HCl, and HNO3 could also be washed out readily. These additional sources of ions in precipitation presumably counter-balanced the dilution
effect caused by high total precipitation volume in the marine and tropical area. 相似文献
11.
Cloud/fog water samples were collected at Daekwanreung (840 m msl), a ridge site, in South Korea, from March 2002 to September 2003, by using a Caltech type, self fabricated active strand cloud water collector. The pH, electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations were analyzed. The cloud water pH ranged from 3.6 to 6.8 with an average of 5.2, which was close to the atmospheric neutral point. However, the pH calculated from average concentrations of H+ was 4.7, indicating the cloud/fog water was weakly acidified. SO4
2−, NO3
− and NH4
+ are predominant ions of which average concentrations were 203.1, 128.1, and 211.7 μeq⋅L−1, respectively. Samples were categorized into four groups by applying 48-hour back trajectory analysis, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Largrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Chemical compositions for the four cases significantly differed from each other. For air masses transported from the East Sea (group E), sea salt concentrations, including Na+, Cl− Mg2+, were relatively high. Principal acidifying pollutants, such as NO3
− and nss-SO4
2−, significantly increased in the case of air masses transported from the Northeast Asian continent through North Korea (group N) and air masses from the Seoul metropolitan area (group W). However, the mean pH of group N was the highest while the mean pH of group W was the lowest. This suggests that most NO3
− and nss-SO4
2− in cloud/fog water was neutralized by ammonia and calcium compounds under the influence of air masses transported from Northeast Asia. N/S ratio for the group W was significantly higher than those for the other three groups, suggesting nitrogen species transported from the Seoul metropolitan area contributed to acidification of cloud/fog water at Daekwanreung. Principle Component analysis (PCA) was applied to the cloud/fog water data for presenting characteristics in the four different categories. 相似文献
12.
Ambient air dry deposition and ionic species analysis by using various deposition collectors in Shalu, central Taiwan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chia-Chun Chu Guor-Cheng Fang Jhy-Cherng Chen I-Cherng Lin 《Atmospheric Research》2008,88(3-4):212-223
This study describes the chemical composition of dry deposition collected at a highway traffic site in central Taiwan during daytime and nighttime periods by using a dry deposition plate (DDP) and water surface sampler (WSS). In addition, the characterization for mass and water-soluble species of total suspended particulate (TSP), both PM2.5 and PM10, was studied at the study site from August 22 to November 30, 2006. Dry deposition fluxes of ambient air particulates and inorganic species (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3− and SO42−) were analyzed by Ion Chromatography (DIONEX-100).Results of the particulate dry deposition fluxes and mass concentrations are higher in the water surface sampler with respect to the dry deposition plate used in this study. Statistical results also showed the average dry deposition flux of the ionic species (Na+, NH4+, K+, Cl−, NO3− and SO42−) obtained by the DDP and WSS displayed significant differences. Also, the average concentrations of Mg2+ and, Ca2+ were statistically the same at this study site. 相似文献
13.
Factors Influencing Nitrogen Speciation in Coastal Rainwater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rainwater was collected from 129 rain events between February 2002 and August 2003 and analyzed for ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), organic nitrogen (ON) and free amino acids (AA). Inorganic nitrogen (NO3− + NH4+) was the dominant form of N representing 85% of total nitrogen based on volume-weighted averages. The remainder of the N
occurred as organic nitrogen species of which free amino acids contribute approximately 17%. A significant, and in some cases
the majority (> 75%), of the remaining ON could be accounted for by macromolecular uncharacterized humic like substances.
This has important ramifications with respect to the long range transport of atmospheric ON because humic materials are recalcitrant
and therefore may travel long distances from their source. There was a distinct seasonality to the N speciation data with
maximum concentrations of NH4+, ON and AA occurring in the spring. Air-mass back trajectory analysis indicates there is a strong anthropogenic component
to the NO3−, NH4+ and AA signal but not ON. There was a strong positive correlation between amino acid concentrations and ammonium which suggests
they have similar sources and sinks in rainwater. Finally, large episodic additions of NH4+ and AA during tropical events could significantly impact short term bioavailable N budgets in estuaries impacted by these
storms. Approximately three times as much NH4+ and AA were deposited during Hurricane Isabel (317 μ moles ⋅ m−2 and 84 μ moles ⋅ m−2 respectively) compared to the mean impact of average summertime rain events at this location. 相似文献
14.
Long-term measurements of atmospheric PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> and its chemical composition in rural Korea 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Long-term measurements of ambient particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and its chemical compositions were performed at a rural site in Korea from December 2005 to August 2009. The average PM2.5 concentration was 31 μg m−3 for the whole sampling period, and showed a slightly downward annual trend. The major components of PM2.5 were organic carbon, SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+, which accounted for 55 % of total PM2.5 mass on average. For the top 10 % of PM2.5 samples, anionic constituents and trace elements clearly increased while carbonaceous constituents and NH4+ remained relatively constant. Both Asian dust and fog events clearly increased PM2.5 concentrations, but affected its chemical composition differently. While trace elements significantly increased during Asian
dust events, NO3−, NH4+ and Cl were dramatically enhanced during fog events due to the formation of saturated or supersaturated salt solution. The
back-trajectory based model, PSCF (Potential Source Contribution Function) identified the major industrial areas in Eastern
China as the possible source areas for the high PM2.5 concentrations at the sampling site. Using factor analysis, soil, combustion processes, non-metal manufacture, and secondary
PM2.5 sources accounted for 77 % of the total explained variance. 相似文献
15.
K. R. L. Deusdará M. C. Forti L. S. Borma R. S. C. Menezes J. R. S. Lima J. P. H. B. Ometto 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2017,74(1):71-85
We assessed the rainwater chemistry, the potential sources of its main inorganic components and bulk atmospheric deposition in a rural tropical semiarid region in the Brazilian Caatinga. Rainfall samples were collected during two wet seasons, one during an extremely dry year (2012) and one during a year with normal rainfall (2013). According to measurements of the main inorganic ions in the rainwater (H+, Na+, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl?, NO3 ?, and SO4 2?), no differences were observed in the total ionic charge between the two investigated wet seasons. However, Ca2+, K+, NH4 + and NO3 ? were significant higher in the wetter year (p < 0.05) which was attributed to anthropogenic activities, such as organic fertilizer applications. The total ionic contents of the rainwater suggested a dominant marine contribution, accounting for 76 % and 58 % of the rainwater in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The sum of the non-sea-salt fractions of Cl?, SO4 2?, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ were 19 % and 33 % in 2012 and 2013, and the nitrogenous compounds accounted for 2.8 % and 6.0 % of the total ionic contents in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The ionic ratios suggested that Mg2+ was probably the main neutralizing constituent of rainwater acidity, followed by Ca2+. We observed a low bulk atmospheric deposition of all major rainwater ions during both wet seasons. Regarding nitrogen deposition, we estimated slightly lower annual inputs than previous global estimates. Our findings contribute to the understanding of rainfall chemistry in northeastern Brazil by providing baseline information for a previously unstudied tropical semiarid ecosystem. 相似文献
16.
J. N. Mphepya C. Galy-Lacaux J. P. Lacaux G. Held J. J. Pienaar 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,53(2):169-183
The chemical composition, as well as the sources contributing to rainwater chemistry have been determined at Skukuza, in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Major inorganic and organic ions were determined in 93 rainwater samples collected using an automated wet-only sampler from July 1999 to June 2002. The results indicate that the rain is acidic and the averaged precipitation pH was 4.72. This acidity results from a mixture of mineral acids (82%, of which 50% is H2SO4) and organic acids (18%). Most of the H2SO4 component can be attributed to the emissions of sulphur dioxide from the industrial region on the Highveld. The wet deposition of S and N is 5.9 kgS⋅ha−1⋅yr−1 and 2.8 kgN⋅ha−1⋅yr−1, respectively. The N deposition was mainly in the form of NH4
+. Terrigenous, sea salt component, nitrogenous and anthropogenic pollutants have been identified as potential sources of chemical components in rainwater. The results are compared to observations from other African regions. 相似文献
17.
Jetta Satyanarayana Loka Arun Kumar Reddy Monika Jain Kulshrestha R Nageswara Rao Umesh Chandra Kulshrestha 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,66(3):101-116
Samples of rain water were collected during monsoon season (June to September) of 2006 and 2007 at Hudegadde, a rural site
located in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats. The collected samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity and major
ions. At this site, rainwater pH varied from 4.20 to 7.39 with 5.65 as volume weighed mean. The observed mean was slightly
lower than the average pH reported at most of the Indian continental sites. Monthly variation showed that average pH of rain
water was the lowest during September (end of monsoon) and the highest during July (peak of monsoon). Overall, marine sources
had dominating influence at this site. However, significant influence of anthropogenic and crustal sources from local as well
as inter-continental regions was also noticed. As compared to NO3−, higher concentration of SO42− was noticed which might be due to contribution from industrial activities responsible for SO2 emission. At this site, influence of five types of airmass trajectories was noticed i.e. i) C.I.O. (Central part of Indian
Ocean)-when air masses blown from Maldives and nearby region of central Indian ocean. These airmasses had higher concentrations
of nss Ca2+ which did not show any adverse impact on the pH; ii) N.W.I.O.(North-West Indian Ocean)-when airmasses travelled from oceanic region close to north-east Africa. These airmassses had higher
concentrations of nss sulphate and nitrate and gave rise to acid rain; iii) S.W.I.O. (South -West Indian Ocean)- when airmasses
came from southern part of Indian ocean (close to Mauritius). During these airmasses, rain water samples had almost equal
ratio of nss SO42− and nss Ca2+ similar to N.W.I.O but very low NO3− ; iv) Gulf-when airmasses were observed coming from Gulf region. Although these airmasses contributed only 2% of the total
number of samples but carried high amount of nss SO42− which gave rise to acid rain. The second lowest pH was observed during these airmasses which might be due to very high nssSO42−/nssCa2+ ratios; v) N.W.I.O. + S.W.I.C. (North-West Indian Ocean+South-West Indian Continental)- when airmasses originated from north-west
Indian Ocean travelling towards south continental part of India and then arriving to the site. During these airmasses, samples
showed typical influence of urban activities having high concentrations of nss SO42− and NO3− leading to the lowest pH of rain water. 相似文献
18.
In this study, variations of the chemical composition of precipitation in Nanjing, China, over a 12-year period (1992–2003) are presented. The average annual concentration of pH value was 5.15, ranging from 4.93 to 5.36, and there was no significant trend in the acidity of precipitation. SO42−, Cl− and NO3− were the main anions, while Ca2+, NH4+ and Mg2+ were the main cations. The concentrations of these main ions were very high compared to those reported in many other areas around the world. Most of the ions came from anthropogenic and crustal sources. High correlations were found among dust-derived cations Ca2+, Mg2+and K+, between Cl− and SO42−, between Cl− and NH4+ and between acidic anions and dust-derived cations, such as SO42− and Ca2+, SO42− and K+, Cl− and Ca2+, Cl− and K+, F− and Mg2+ and F− and K+. A significant decreasing trend was observed in concentration of SO42− because of the abatement strategies for SO2 emissions and energy policy change, while a significant increasing trend was found in the contribution of NO3− to acidification due to the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles. A significant decreasing trend was found in dust-derived cation Ca2+ due to more stringent controls of industrial dust emissions and rapid urbanization reducing the amount of open land, while the contribution of NH4+ to neutralization increased relatively. 相似文献
19.
Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Miaoyun Zhang Shijie Wang Fengchang Wu Xianghong Yuan Ying Zhang 《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):311-322
A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December 2004 in Jinhua, southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+). The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH of 4.54, which ranged from 3.64 to 6.76. SO42− and NO3− were the main anions, while NH4+ and Ca2+ were the main cations. The concentrations of these major ions were generally higher compared to those reported in other parts of the world, but much lower than those in northern China.Wet deposition fluxes of major ions showed pronounced seasonal variations with maximum in spring and minimum in autumn. Significant correlations were found in soil-derived species among Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and sea-salt species between Na+ and Cl−. Other relatively good correlations were also observed between Ca2+ and SO42-, Mg2+ and SO42-, Mg2+ and NO3−, Mg2+ and Cl−. Principal component analysis was also performed on individual precipitation to find possible sources of the major ionic species. Varimax rotated four components accounting for 85.9% of the total variance, and were interpreted as acid and alkaline pollutants, sea spray and mixed source, soil and acid/neutralization. Calculation of enrichment factors for rainwater components relative to soil and seawater indicated that Ca2+ and K+ mainly originated from the terrestrial source, and SO42- and NO3− were mostly attributed for the anthropogenic activities in the study area. In general, the results suggested that precipitation chemistry is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater were mainly derived from long distance transport, local industry and traffic sources. 相似文献
20.
Wet-only, dry-only, bulk deposition and deposition of sedimentary particles and gases deposited after the last rain (DAR) were collected weekly at La Castanya station in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain, 41°46′N, 2°21′E) from February 2009 to July 2010. These samples were analysed for pH, alkalinity, and the concentrations of major ions (Cl?, NO3 ?, SO4 2?, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4 +). Significant differences were observed between bulk and wet-only precipitation, with an enrichment of ions associated to coarse particles in bulk deposition. The comparison between wet and dry fluxes revealed that the removal of compounds at Montseny occurred mainly by wet deposition, which accounted for 74 % of total deposition. The dry flux was characterised by the predominance of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, which are related to coarse particles. Bulk collection methods at Montseny were considered representative of total atmospheric deposition, since bulk deposition plus DAR accounted for 97 % of total deposition measured with wet and dry-only collection devices. Thus, bulk deposition collectors can be recommended for deposition networks at remote sites (lacking electricity connection) in environments, where coarse particles are a predominant fraction of the aerosol mass. 相似文献