云南滇中地区强对流雷达回波统计分析

为了更好地开展强对流监测、预警和开展人工防雹作业指挥工作,通过对2006年至2012年昆明多普勒雷达观测的1148幅回波和234个降雹过程进行了收集和整理,从人工防雹作业指挥判别雹云的角度,对雷达回波的强度、高度和VIL等要素进行了统计分析。统计分析表明,云南滇中地区强对流发展强度强、高度高;虽然仅通过VIL跃升值难以判别强对流云体能否产生降雹,但冰雹云发展存在明显的VIL跃升,进而得出了强对流云体的VIL跃升值(前后两回波的VIL差值)是否超过35kg/m^2,可以作为强对流云体能否产生降雹的指标这一结论。     

滇中一次人工防雹过程的雷达回波对比分析

为了研究滇中地区冰雹云的回波特征及防雹效果情况,本文基于昆明新一代天气多普勒天气雷达资料,对2016年8月11日发生在马龙、双柏的作业回波和峨山县的强对流回波演变特征进行了对比分析,结果表明:当回波强度出现跃增、强中心高度保持在4km以上,同时30dBz回波高度与回波强度和强中心高度的跃增相对应,回波顶高超过16km,垂直液态含水量VIL达到20kg以上时,是冰雹发生的重要物理量临界指标。本次过程中,马龙、双柏在最佳时机开展了人工防雹作业,有效抑制了回波的发展。峨山县由于未进行人影作业,产生了降雹天气,致使烤烟受灾。此次对比分析发现,中尺度特征等部分冰雹云共性指标时效性较差,其他地区的冰雹预报指标并不完全适用,本地总结得出的多普勒雷达指标实用性更高,30dBz回波高度代表了冰雹云的过冷水区中大粒子的发展情况,其与回波强度和强中心高度的跃增对应关系较好。对于强对流回波,人工防雹作业的开展与否其结果截然不同,这表明人工影响天气是目前防灾减灾的重要手段之一。     

提高火箭防雹效果的几点建议

通过对各方面条件相似的滇中地区实施人工防雹作业后,烤烟受冰雹灾害的情况进行初步分析后认为,不论是使用火箭还是高炮,防雹作业都是有效的,这几个地方防雹效果的差异,主要是由于各种作业装备的作用方式不同引起的.针对火箭防雹作业特点,提出了提高火箭防雹效果的5点建议：（1）提高雹云识别能力;（2）合理布设防雹作业网;（3）使火箭具备爆炸催化能力;（4）采用自旋方式改善火箭飞行的稳定性;（5）采用爆炸自毁方式或其它快速自毁方式.     

天山北侧成灾雹云移动路径及预警指标的研究

利用2005-2014年5～8月天山北侧气象台站观测记录、人工防雹作业点记录、灾害调查等资料,克拉玛依探空站08：00探空资料和克拉玛依、奎屯、石河子、五家渠四部雷达探测资料及其基数据反演产品,对冰雹的年分布、月分布及日变化特征进行了分析,归纳出成灾雹云的雷达回波特征及移动路径,依据百分位数方法确定了成灾雹云的预报及雷达特征预警指标,并利用2015-2016年降雹及相应的雷达探测资料对预报预警指标进行了检验分析。     

天山南侧喀什地区冰雹潜势预报及预警指标的研究

利用2008-2017年5~8月天山南侧喀什地区气象台站观测记录、人工防雹作业点记录、灾害调查等资料,喀什探空站08时、20时探空资料,喀什雷达探测资料及其基数据反演产品,对冰雹的年分布、月分布及日变化特征进行了分析,归纳出冰雹云的雷达回波特征及移动路径,依据百分位数方法确定了以0℃层高度、-20℃层高度、冻结层厚度、全总指数、杰弗逊指数、K指数、沙氏指数为代表的冰雹预报指标,以及以回波顶高及其与当日0℃层高度差、40~50 dBZ回波高度及其与当日0℃层高度差、组合反射率、垂直积分液态水含量为代表的雷达特征预警指标。     

多普勒雷达资料在人工防雹作业中的应用分析

利用多普勒雷达回波资料分析2007年6月23日贵州黔西南州一次高炮消雹作业过程,表明高炮消雹作业的效果是显著的。作业前后,回波在强度、高度和形态面积上都有明显变化,作业有效地扼制了雹云的发展,化雹为雨,起到了防灾减灾的作用。     

2008年7月10日曲靖市强冰雹天气过程分析

使用常规气象资料、卫星云图、闪电和雷达回波资料分析2008年7月10日发生在曲靖市的强降雹过程,分析得出:7月10日的降雹天气是在两高辐合的背景下,曲靖位于辐合区边缘,其影响系统主要为700 hPa弱的偏南气流和地面弱冷空气,静止锋加强。此次过程物理量场符合上干冷、下暖湿的降雹条件。雷达回波有典型的"v"型缺口特征,在冰雹云的发展过程中多次出现合并导致能量加强的情况。在降雹过程中,闪电频次、正负闪比例、闪电密度有一定的相关性。     

利用NCEP再分析资料和新一代天气雷达资料对干旱区一次持续阴雪天气的分析研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和银川新一代天气雷达资料,对2008年元月中下旬宁夏持续阴雪极端天气进行了环流背景及雷达回波特征分析。分析表明:欧洲阻高的建立与崩溃、里海到巴湖切断低压的维持加深与减弱、东亚大槽的稳定维持、副高的偏北偏强及高原东侧西南气流的存在,为宁夏持续阴雪天气提供了有利的环流背景及较好的水汽条件,低层辐合、高层辐散为降雪天气提供了持续的上升运动,而低层高原低值系统的作用,是造成局地大降雪的主要原因。降雪雷达回波强度一般维持在10～25 dBz,超过30 dBz的回波面积小,回波顶比较平整,顶高普遍在4.0～6.0 km,最高达到7.0 km左右,零速度线有时可表现为明显的 “S”型结构;利用Z-I关系进行雷达定量降水估测对降雪有一定的反演能力。     

VIL产品在广西冰雹云识别和人工防雹中的应用

利用广西2009-2010年3-5月降雹样本资料和新一代天气雷达垂直累积液态含水量(VIL)产品,统计分析广西冰雹云VIL变化特征,结果显示:广西冰雹云的VIL整体呈现明显的阶段性变化特征,识别指标为VIL≥43 kg/m2,降雹前VIL出现明显的跃增,一个体扫时间VIL跃增值≥5 kg/m2.冰雹云VIL值越大则产生的降雹直径也可能越大,VIL产品在人工防雹作业冰雹云识别、作业时机、作业用弹量等方面均有较好的指导作用.     

春季一次典型强对流单体降雹雷达产品特征分析

利用文山新一代天气雷达回波资料及PUP提供的雷达产品对2008年4月12日下午发生在文山州东北部的强对流降雹过程进行分析。结果表明：此次强对流风暴表现为一带状单体强降雹回波分裂为2条EN-W S向带状强对流回波带。在两条带状回波沿雷达径向的伸展方向又有多个强对流回波单体的生成发展。在强对流发展旺盛阶段一直有风向辐合和逆风区伴随。最大回波强度达61.2 dB z,≥50 dB z的强回波高度,最高≥10 km,回波垂直伸展高度大于13 km,最高≥16 km。在强对流风暴发展旺盛阶段,相应的垂直液态水含量和密度分别超过50kg/m2和10 kg/m2,最大达55 kg/m2。强降雹过程具有非常典型的冰雹云回波特征：＂V＂型缺口、回波悬垂结构、回波墙及有界弱回波区非常明显。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,