地图可视化研究

建立在计算机技术基础上的地图可视化是现代地图学的核心内容之一。文章从分析地图可视化的含义出发,提出了地图可视化研究的一个基本框架,同时简要分析了地图可视化的特点。认为地图可视化的主要研究领域有:可视化变量研究、可视化分类研究、时空数据结构研究、视觉感受与视觉效果研究、虚拟现实研究、空间认知与信息传输研究等 6个方面。最后,就北京地区地形三维可视化实践作了简单介绍。     

地图符号的语言学机制及其应用研究

分析并总结地图语言学在GIS技术影响下的发展、变化;通过分析当今地图语言的新特点,阐述地图符号的定义;从语言学角度分析地图符号的语言学机制并提出地图符号的语义概念模型。最后简述该模型在地图符号软件中的应用。     

A Review of: “Applications of Spatial Data Structures: Computer Graphics,Image Processing,and GIS”. By H. SAMET. (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,Inc, 1989.) [Pp. xv + 507; figures,tables, appendix,references, name and credit index,subject index.] Price US $49.95. ISBN 020150300 X (hardback).

The introduction of automated generalisation procedures in map production systems requires that generalisation systems are capable of processing large amounts of map data in acceptable time and that cartographic quality is similar to traditional map products. With respect to these requirements, we examine two complementary approaches that should improve generalisation systems currently in use by national topographic mapping agencies. Our focus is particularly on self‐evaluating systems, taking as an example those systems that build on the multi‐agent paradigm. The first approach aims to improve the cartographic quality by utilising cartographic expert knowledge relating to spatial context. More specifically, we introduce expert rules for the selection of generalisation operations based on a classification of buildings into five urban structure types, including inner city, urban, suburban, rural, and industrial and commercial areas. The second approach aims to utilise machine learning techniques to extract heuristics that allow us to reduce the search space and hence the time in which a good cartographical solution is reached. Both approaches are tested individually and in combination for the generalisation of buildings from map scale 1:5000 to the target map scale of 1:25 000. Our experiments show improvements in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. We provide evidence that both approaches complement each other and that a combination of expert and machine learnt rules give better results than the individual approaches. Both approaches are sufficiently general to be applicable to other forms of self‐evaluating, constraint‐based systems than multi‐agent systems, and to other feature classes than buildings. Problems have been identified resulting from difficulties to formalise cartographic quality by means of constraints for the control of the generalisation process.     

The use of digital map data in the segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed images

Abstract

Remotely-sensed data constitute a major potential source of input to geographical information systems (GIS)However, these data often have a relatively poor classification accuracy compared with that of the cartographic data from maps with which they may be combined in the course of GIS analysis. The possibility exists of using data sets (in the form of digital maps) resident within a GIS in order to improve this accuracy, before the classified image is incorporated into the GIS. Results are discussed from a British Alvey Information Technology project to develop a system for the knowledge-based segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed terrain images, in which the knowledge contained in digital map     

Designing sound in cybercartography: from structured cinematic narratives to unpredictable sound/image interactions

In this paper we draw on the analysis of sound in film theory in order to explore the potential that sound offers cybercartography. We first argue that the theoretical body developed in film studies is highly relevant to the study of sound/image relationships in mapmaking. We then build on this argument to develop experimental animated and interactive sound maps for the Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica that further explore the potential of sound for integrating emotional, cultural and political dimensions in cartography. These maps have been designed to recreate cinematic soundscapes, to provide contrapuntal perspectives on the cartographic image and to generate an aural identity of the atlas. As part of this experimental mapping, an innovative sound infrastructure is being developed to allow complex sound designs to be transmitted over the Internet as part of atlas content. Through this infrastructure the user can select as well as contribute his own sounds. The overall cartographic message is becoming less predictable, thus opening new perspectives on the way we design, interact with, and modify sounded maps over the Internet.     

社会地图研究综述与展望

用地图方法研究社会空间已有较长历史,在不同的研究背景下形成了多种研究模式。近年来,大数据的出现和空间信息可视化技术的发展,不仅为社会地图的广泛应用提供了更多数据和方法支撑,也为社会空间的再认识提供了新的契机和可能。本文在对面向社会空间研究的国内外社会地图运用成果进行系统梳理的基础上, 将社会地图的研究应用归纳为要素呈现、问题解释和理论验证3个阶段,并对其具体应用内容、方法和数据形式进行了综述,总结为统计图、点值图、网格图、密度图等四种类型,并就社会地图在中国社会空间研究中的应用可能性及其方向进行了讨论和展望。     

Towards an evaluation of quality for names placement methods

The cartographic labelling problem is the problem of placing text on a map. This includes the positioning of the labels, and determining the shape in the case of line and area feature labels. There are many rules and customs that describe aspects of good label placement, like readability and clear association. This paper gives a classification of most label placement rules, and formalizes them into a function that can serve as a quality measure for label placement. If such a function is implemented, it allows comparison of the output of different label placement programs. We give a simple and a more refined example of the quality function.     

Mapping of the thermal regime of soils and earth materials in the Angara region

A quantitative assessment of the cryosolic-thermal regime of soils and earth materials in the Angara region was made to identify its type, and several subtypes. The processes of seasonal freezing and thawing were used as the classification attribute of the type. Procedural techniques are suggested for analyzing the structure of the time series of temperature of soils and earth materials, and its response to current climate change is assessed. The cartographic model has been constructed on the basis of the characteristics obtained for the long-term temperature dynamics, the directedness, and for the magnitude of trends.     

Technical note It doesn't make me nearly as CROSS Some advantages of the point-vector representation of line segments in automated cartography

Abstract

The point-vector representation for line segments offers several advantages over other more familiar representations for lines and line segments, such as the point-slope form, the slope-intercept form and the two-point form. With the point-vector form, line segment intersection routines and related cartographic computations, such as point-in-polygon routines and detection of near-intersections, can be streamlined, simplified and more easily understood geometrically. The point-vector segment representation retains information on the line segment and not just the line. Special case handling for vertical lines is not necessary as with some other representations and several computational short cuts can be derived directly from the segment end-point coordinates.     

Cartographic Visualization: An Assessment and Epistemological Review*

This article examines the concept of cartographic visualization. The value of cartographic visualization as an essential component in the study of geographic phenomena is discussed. Ontological and epistemological perspectives are addressed, with examinations of positivist, realist, postmodern, feminist, and anarchist approaches to visualization. Critiques of cartographic visualization from social theorists and quantitative positivists are presented. The author asserts that cartographic visualization is not restricted to any one particular epistemological framework but may combine methods of knowledge production. For comprehensive analysis of spatial data, cartographic visualization must be included along with other qualitative and quantitative analysis.     

AN EVALUATION OF SAS/GRAPH SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTER CARTOGRAPHY1

The SAS® computer software system, widely used and respected for its capabilities in statistical analysis and data base management, now includes a new set of graphic and cartographic procedures called SAS GRAPH?. We have used these cartographic procedures in research on mapping ethno-cultural census data from metropolitan areas in Ontario and in undergraduate and graduate courses in computer cartography. On the basis of that experience, we describe and evaluate SAS/GRAPH'S cartographic capabilities and illustrate with maps drawn by various devices.     

国家经济地图集的设计和制图可视化的方法技术

国家经济地图集是第一部全面,系统反映我国当前经济社会发展面貌和空间分布的大型科学参考地图集,它的编制是一项重大的制图系统工程,本文简要地阐述了图集编制研究的主要方面,包括从分析我国经济社会发展和现状出发,确定图集设计总体目标,为科学和形象地表达我国经济社会特征,而采用的可视化方法技术,以及智能化的计算机制图系统在图集制中的应用。     

The impact of geographical information systems on the role of spatial data libraries

Abstract

The proliferation of digital cartographic and geographic information technologies has provided an obvious alternative to paper for the storage of maps. Not unlike their paper predecessors, digital maps must be indexed to provide sufficient access points to information and to allow the librarian carto-bibliographic control over the collection. Maps have traditionally been treated as ‘unusual’ books and librarians have relied primarily on cataloguing strategies designed for books. Most automated cataloguing efforts involve nothing more than the computerization of card catalogues without altering the nature and design of the task. This paper examines the utilities and unique qualities of cartographic materials and accounts for deficiencies of traditional cataloguing methods for the handling of both analogue and digital cartographic products. In view of the increased availability of digital cartographic databases, this paper also evaluates requirements and presents issues beyond the conventional responsibilities of spatial data librarianship.     

Evolutionary dynamical mapping of Siberia's vegetation for forecasting purposes

Presented are the cartographic models for the present-day and potential vegetation in the key area of Baikalian Siberia which provide a basis for prognostic analysis and synthesis. It is shown that geobotanical forecasting should be treated as a single complicated cartographic process having its logic and structure. Evolutionary-dynamical approach is the most effective tool for solving geobotanical forecasting problems.     

Digital map conflation: a review of the process and a proposal for classification

This article is centred on analysing the state of the art of the conflation processes applied to geospatial databases (GDBs) from heterogeneous sources. The term conflation is used to describe the procedure for the integration of these different data, and conflation methods play an important role in systems for updating GDBs, derivation of new cartographic products, densification of digital elevation models, automatic features extraction and so on. In this article we define extensively each conflation process, its evaluation measures and its main application problems and present a classification of all conflation processes. Finally, we introduce a bibliography which the reader may find useful to further explore the field. It tries to serve as a starting point and direct the reader to characteristic research in this area.     

Qualitative Methods for Research on Mapmaking and Map Use

Contemporary cartographic research on mapmaking and map use has a broad mandate and, as a consequence, researchers need a broad suite of methods. Consistent with research developments in other geographic subdisciplines, cartographic researchers now use qualitative methods. They offer the advantage of bringing research closer to the problem‐solving realms of mapmakers and map users. Our purpose here is to discuss an array of qualitative methods for mapmaking and map use. Questionnaires, interviews, and protocol methods are used to gather verbal data about mapmaking and map use. Ethnographies produce data from direct observation of mapmakers and users. Maps also are sources for document analysis. We use examples of published cartographic research to elaborate on each of these methods.     

A Review of “Geographies of Media and Communication”

Contemporary cartographic research on mapmaking and map use has a broad mandate and, as a consequence, researchers need a broad suite of methods. Consistent with research developments in other geographic subdisciplines, cartographic researchers now use qualitative methods. They offer the advantage of bringing research closer to the problem-solving realms of mapmakers and map users. Our purpose here is to discuss an array of qualitative methods for mapmaking and map use. Questionnaires, interviews, and protocol methods are used to gather verbal data about mapmaking and map use. Ethnographies produce data from direct observation of mapmakers and users. Maps also are sources for document analysis. We use examples of published cartographic research to elaborate on each of these methods.     

Wetland Definitions: Creation,Evolution and Application

In this paper,we review the creation,evolution and application of wetland definitions.Varying wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica in the planet.Wetlands have many distinguishing features,the most notable of which are water presence,unique soil conditions,and biota that are adapted to or tolerant of saturated soils.Many wetland definitions have been developed by cientists,U.S.federal agencies,and the Ramsar Convention for both scientific and regulatory purposes.Wetlands are not easily defined but a well-conceived,science-based definition of wetlands is important for scientists and resource managers to understand the nature of wetlands and/or to use and protect wetlands.A scientific definition is the basis for wetland classification.Developing an effective wetland classification system requires a well-conceived,science-based definition and clearly explicit guidance on the appropriate use of various wetland indicators to verify the presence of wetlands on the ground.Based on a wellaccepted wetland definition,both wetland classification and inventory further provide needed information and a working frame for wise use and management of wetlands.     

Modelling the network component of geographical information systems

Abstract

This paper presents a data model to manage networks with a Geographical Information System with some consideration of the path operator. The data model is based on the merge of graph theory concepts and the object-oriented paradigm. The introduction of the Master_nodes (with respect to Master_edges) allows definition of a node (with respect to an edge) as an abstraction of a sub-network. A network can be defined using several levels of definition (detail) following the importance of the nodes (with respect to the edges) within an application. The object-oriented concepts are applied to both the alphanumerical data part and to the modelling part of the topology of the graph. The data manipulation operators are basic operators. These operators are the union, an intersection and a difference. More elaborated operators, such as under constraints paths, are obtained by combining these basic operators. We present some considerations of the path operator in a GIS context and introduce the concept of the ‘Open Graph Assumption’ and the notion of direction. These notions take full advantage of the data model and represent an alternative way of defining the path operator. This modelling is well adapted to take account of multi-level networks (i.e., the definition of a view in the context of a multi-user configuration or cartographic generalization).