Carbon isotope composition of Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician carbonate in Korea,and its bearing on the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary and Lower Ordovician paleoceanography

This study presents an example of locating Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the lower Paleozoic carbonate succession in Korea using carbon isotope stratigraphy. The Yeongweol Unit of the lower Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup comprises the Upper Cambrian Wagok Formation and the Lower Ordovician Mungok Formation in the Cambrian–Ordovician transition interval. Conventionally, the boundary was placed at the lithostratigraphic boundary between the two formations. This study reveals that the boundary is positioned in the basal part of the Mungok Formation based on the carbon isotope stratigraphy coupled with biostratigraphic information of conodont and trilobite faunas. The δ¹³C curve of the Lower Ordovician Mungok Formation shows a similar trend to that of the coeval stratigraphic interval of Argentine Precordillera (Buggisch et al., 2003), suggesting that the δ¹³C curve of the Mungok Formation reflects the Early Ordovician global carbon cycle.     

Shale Gas Reservoir Evaluation by Geophysical Measurements: A Case Study of the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian in the Fenggang Block, Northern Guizhou Province

With the aid of geophysical measurements, including seventeen two-dimensional(2 D) seismic lines and the well logging curves of well FGY1, the structure and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian strata in the Fenggang block, northern Guizhou Province, were analyzed thoroughly to identify desert areas and favorable intervals. The results show that Longmaxi-Wufeng is the most prospect-rich formation, consisting of a thick succession of overmature black shale, this formation remaining partially in the Suiyang, Fenggang and Jianchaxi synclines. The Longmaxi-Wufeng shale, especially the lower member, was deposited in a reducing low-energy environment with relatively high U content and a low Th/U value. In this shale, the organic matter type(sapropelic and humic-sapropelic), total organic carbon(TOC) content, gas content, gas adsorption capacity, vitrinite reflectance and brittle mineral content are profitable for shale gas preservation and development. The fractures of this shale were closed because of its high overburden pressure. The gas adsorption capacity of this shale increases with increasing TOC content and Ro. In the Longmaxi-Wufeng Formation at well FGY1, the most favorable intervals are in the depth ranges of 2312.4–2325.1 m and 2325.8–2331.1 m.     

Sedimentary Environments of Cambrian–Ordovician Source Rocks and Ultra-deep Petroleum Accumulation in the Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is the only petroliferous basin enriched with marine oil and gas in China. It is presently also the deepest basin for petroleum exploration and development in the world. There are two main sets of marine Source Rocks (SRs) in the Tarim Basin, namely the high over-mature Cambrian–Lower Ordovician (∈–O1) and the moderately mature Middle–Upper Ordovician (O2–3). The characteristic biomarkers of SRs and oils indicate that the main origin of the marine petroleum is a mixed source of ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs. With increasing burial, the hydrocarbon contribution of the ∈–O1 SRs gradually increases. Accompanied by the superposition of multi-stage hydrocarbon-generation of the SRs and various secondary alteration processes, the emergence and abnormal enrichment of terpenoids, thiophene and trimethylaryl isoprenoid in deep reservoirs indicate a complex genesis of various deep oils and gases. Through the analysis of the biofacies and sedimentary environments of the ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs, it is shown that the lower Paleozoic high-quality SRs in the Tarim Basin were mainly deposited in a passive continental margin and the gentle slope of the platform, deep-water shelf and slope facies, which has exhibited a good response to the local tectonic-sedimentary environment. The slope of the paleo-uplift is the mutual area for the development of carbonate reservoirs and the deposition of marine SRs, which would be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum. Due to the characteristics of low ground temperature, the latest rapid and deep burial does not cause massive oil-cracking in the paleo-uplift and slope area. Therefore, it is speculated that the marine reservoirs in the slope of the Tabei Uplift are likely to be a favorable area for deep petroleum exploration, while the oil-cracking gas would be a potential reserve around the west margin of the Manjiaer Depression. Hydrocarbons were generated from various unit SRs, mainly migrating along the lateral unconformities or reservoirs and the vertical faults. They eventually brought up three major types of exploration fields: middle and lower Cambrian salt-related assemblages, dolomite inner reservoirs and Middle and Lower Ordovician oil-bearing karst, which would become the most favorable target of marine ultra-deep exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

Gas Occurrence and Accumulation Characteristics of Cambrian–Ordovician Shales in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China

The Tarim Basin is located in northwestern China and is the biggest basin in China with huge oil and gas resources. Especially the Lower to Middle Cambrian and Middle to Upper Ordovician possess the major marine source rocks in the Tarim Basin and have large shale gas resource potential. The Cambrian–Ordovician shales were mainly deposited in basin–slope facies with thicknesses between 30–180 m. For shales buried shallower than 4500 m, there is high organic matter abundance with TOC (total organic carbon) mainly between 1.0% and 6.0%, favorable organic matter of Type I and Type II, and high thermal maturity with RoE as 1.3%–2.75%. The mineral composition of these Cambrian–Ordovician shale samples is mainly quartz and carbonate minerals while the clay minerals content is mostly lower than 30%, because these samples include siliceous and calcareous shale and marlstone. The Cambrian and Ordovician shales are compacted with mean porosity of 4% and 3%, permeability of 0.0003×10?3–0.09×10?3 μm2 and 0.0002×10?3–0.11×10?3 μm2, and density of 2.30 g/m3 and 2.55 g/m3, respectively. The pores in the shale samples show good connectivity and are mainly mesopore in size. Different genetic types of pores can be observed such as intercrystal, intergranular, dissolved, organic matter and shrinkage joint. The reservoir bed properties are controlled by mineral composition and diagenesis. The maximum adsorption amount to methane of these shales is 1.15–7.36 cm3/g, with main affecting factors being organic matter abundance, porosity and thermal maturity. The accumulation characteristics of natural gas within these shales are jointly controlled by sedimentation, diagenesis, hydrocarbon generation conditions?, reservoir bed properties and the occurrence process of natural gas. The natural gas underwent short-distance migration and accumulation, in-place accumulation in the early stage, and adjustment and modification in the later stage. Finally, the Yulin (well Y1) and Tazhong (well T1) areas are identified as the targets for shale gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

A Study on the Middle Upper Proterozoic and Lower Palaeozoic Source Rock from the Huabei Area in China

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Tectono–sedimentary Evolution of the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin

The early stage of Sichuan Basin formation was controlled by the convergence of three major Chinese continental blocks during the Indosinian orogeny that include South China,North China,and Qiangtang blocks.Although the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation is assumed to represent the commencement of continental deposition in the Sichuan Basin,little research is available on the details of this particular stratum.Sequence stratigraphic analysis reveals that the Xujiahe Formation comprises four third-order depositional sequences.Moreover,two tectono-sedimentary evolution stages,deposition and denudation,have been identified.Typical wedge-shaped geometry revealed in a cross section of the southern Sichuan Basin normal to the Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt is displayed for the entire Xujiahe Formation.The depositional extent did not cover the Luzhou paleohigh during the LST1 to LST2 （LST,TST and HST mean Iowstand,transgressive and highstand systems tracts,1,2,3 and 4 represent depositional sequence 1,2,3 and 4）,deltaic and fluvial systems fed sediments from the Longmen Shan belt,Luzhou paleohigh,Hannan dome,and Daba Shan paleohigh into a foreland basin with a centrally located lake.The forebulge of the western Sichuan foreland basin was located southeast of the Luzhou paleohigh after LST2.According to the principle of nonmarine sequence stratigraphy and the lithology of the Xujiahe Formation,four thrusting events in the Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt were distinguished,corresponding to the basal boundaries of sequences 1,2,3,and 4.The northern Sichuan Basin was tilted after the deposition of sequence 3,inducing intensive erosion of sequences 3 and 4,and formation of wedge-shaped deposition geometry in sequence 4 from south to north.The tilting probably resulted from small-scale subduction and exhumation of the western South China block during the South and North China block collision.     

Petroleum source rock evaluation of the Alum and Dictyonema Shales (Upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician) in the Baltic Basin and Podlasie Depression (eastern Poland)

International Journal of Earth Sciences - We present geochemical characteristics of the Lower Palaeozoic shales deposited in the Baltic Basin and Podlasie Depression. In the study area, this strata...     

Magnetostratigraphy of the Middle–Upper Cambrian Verkhnyaya Lena Group and Lower Ordovician Ust-Kut formation in the southern Siberian Platform

The available paleomagnetic data on the Verkhnyaya Lena Group from different areas of the southern Siberian Platform are revised. The group rests unconformably upon the Lower Cambrian strata and is overlain by Lower Ordovician rocks, which determines conditionally the age of its red-colored deposits. Paleomagnetic correlation of composite sections through the region using defined zones of normal and reversed magnetic polarity serves as a basis for development of the magnetostratigraphic scale for the Verkhnyaya Lena Group. The scale includes nine magnetic zones, which play the role of markers; seven of them are traceable in all the examined sections of the southern Siberian Platform. By the distribution of zones with normal (N) and reversed (R) polarity, the magnetostratigraphic scale is subdivided into three parts. Its lower part is represented by reversed polarity, which is characteristic of the second half of the Lower Cambrian. The middle part is characterized by frequently alternating zones with normal and reversed polarity corresponding to the Middle Cambrian. The upper part of the scale corresponds to the interval of reversed polarity characteristic of the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician. The Middle–Upper Cambrian boundary is located near the last N–R reversal of the geomagnetic field in the Cambrian. The magnetostratigraphic scale includes nine orthozones united into three superzones, which are attributed to two hyperzones of magnetic polarity.     

Evolution of Stromatoporoidea in the Ordovician–Silurian epicontinental basin of the Siberian Platform and Taimyr

The paper discusses the evolution of Stromatoporoidea in the epicontinental sedimentary basin of the Siberian Platform and Taimyr during the Ordovician and Silurian. Specimens of the oldest genus, Priscastroma, were found in the middle of Middle Ordovician sediments. This genus is represented by the species P. gemina Khrom., which has two forms, A and B. Tracing the emergence of new genera over time, we identified two distinct branches in stromatoporoid evolution.The ancestor of the first branch is P. gemina f. A, which gave rise to the genus Cystostroma. The latter is the ancestor of two subbranches with predominant horizontal skeletal elements. The subbranches differ only in tissue microstructure. The genera Stromatocerium, Dermatostroma, and Aulacera display dense fibrous microstructure, whereas the genus Rosenella and its descendants display dense microstructure. The genus Lophiostroma, with a lamellar–fibrous tissue, may be a dead branch of evolution.The ancestor of the second branch is P. gemina f. B, which gave rise to the genus Labechia and its descendants. This branch has a dense tissue, with predominant vertical skeletal elements.Ordovician stromatoporoids from Siberia were compared with those from other basins of the world. Comparison shows that all the Ordovician genera from the epicontinental basin of the Siberian Platform and Taimyr originated here. Thus, this basin was one of the centers of stromatoporoid origin.     

Molecular Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of Natural Gas from Dissolved Hydrocarbon in Ordovician Formation Waters in Central Ordos Basin

1IntroductionTheOrdosBasinisthesecondlargestoilandgas bearingbasininChina .ItislocatedinthePaleo zoicplatformandbelongstoacratonbasin ,whichisincongruencewiththePaleozoicdepressionattheedgesoftheplatformandtheMesozoic Cenozoicdepressionwithintheplatform .SincethediscoveryofnaturalgasesinWellShancan 1andWellYu 3in 1989,theassessmentandexplorationofOrdovicianweatheringcrustnaturalgasesintheOrdosBasinhaveattractedextensiveatten tion (YangJunjieetal.,1996 ;DaiJinxingetal.,1997) .Thecentral…     

黔西北上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气聚集条件分析

根据野外露头地质调查、最新钻井及样品测试等基础资料,以富有机质页岩形成的地质背景及展布特征——页岩气聚集条件—勘探有利区预测为主线,对黔西北地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件进行分析,并采用综合信息叠合法对黔西北地区有利区进行预测。研究发现,页岩气发育的富有机质页岩段主要位于五峰组和龙马溪组底部,具有分布面积广、厚度大、有机质含量高、有机质类型好等特点,且具有充足的储集空间和运移通道。现场解吸实验表明,该套富有机质页岩具有良好的含气性能。总体分析,该区域与北美典型页岩气盆地具有良好的地质对比性,具有良好的页岩气聚集条件,是页岩气勘探研究以及后期页岩气开发的重要领域。     

Implication of Sedimentary Facies and Shale Gas Accumulation in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction The Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is the most prolific shale gas producing unit in the Sichuan Basin by the large thickness and rich resources,which also indicate a bright exploration prospect for the unconventional shale gas.Eastern Sichuan region,the relatively active high and steep structural belt between the stable massifs in Sichuan basin(Fig.1),is influenced by the factors of deepburied,intense tectonic reworking and fault development.Previous research is     

四川盆地川南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩储层分类评价

文章在资源评价和有利区优选的基础上,建立了川南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩储层分类评价标准。确定孔隙度（Φ） 大于3%,含气饱和度（Sg） 高于30%,岩石骨架密度（DEN） 低于2.7 g/cm³,脆性指数（BI） 高于40%时,对应含气量（Vt） 高于1 m³/t,可识别出储层与非储层,是有效储层识别的标准。采用地质工程一体化评价思路,选取含气量表征页岩储层物质基础,与孔隙度和有机质丰度正相关;选取脆性指数评价工程可压性,与硅质和碳酸盐岩含量正相关,明确了含气量和脆性指数可综合表征页岩储层地质和工程两方面特征。进一步将有效储层划分为三类：I类储层含气量（Vt） 高于4 m³/t,脆性指数（BI）高于50%;II类储层含气量与脆性指数中任何一项低于4 m³/t或50%;三类储层含气量（Vt）介于1~4m3/t,脆性指数（BI） 为40%~50%。川南地区五峰组—龙一1亚段各小层品质较好,以I、II类储层为主,局部为III类储层。采用该分类评价标准,评价水平井实际钻遇储层品质,Ⅰ类储层比例与气井测试产量、EUR间呈正相关,且当Ⅰ类储层钻遇率高于50%,气井测试产量超过15×104 m³/d概率达到92%,对应气井EUR在8000×104 m³以上,达到效益开发的要求。     

扬子及周缘地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩发育环境及其控制因素

扬子地区下古生界发育了上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组两套有效烃源岩,查清其发育环境及其控制因素具有重要的科学理论和油气勘探意义.晚奥陶世开始,扬子地区进入碎屑岩陆棚演化阶段;五峰期-龙马溪期,扬子地区主体为局限的深水陆棚环境,总体呈现出浅水陆棚、深水陆棚、次深海共存的古地理格局.沉积体系展布和沉积演化主要受扬子陆块与华夏陆块的汇聚作用控制.扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩的形成与生烃母质生物的高生产力和高埋藏率、冰期-冰后期之交的气温快速转暖、海平面快速上升以及粘土矿物在有机质富集保存过程中的赋存驻留作用等密切相关.     

湖北省上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气地质条件分析及有利区带预测

本文在调查和总结湖北省页岩气地质调查成果资料基础上,分析了湖北省上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气地质条件.湖北省O3w-S1I富有机质页岩分布和TOC主要受到古隆起的控制,富有机质页岩在古隆起边缘或古隆起之间的坳陷区发育,其中鄂西水下古隆起西部、黄陵隆起东北部、神农架古隆起北部富有机质页岩厚度多大于40 m,TOC大于2%,页岩成熟度一般为2% ~ 3%.O3w-S11富有机质页岩孔隙度多小于5%,石英矿物含量较高.页岩含气性受保存条件的影响较大,湖北地区页岩气保存条件相对较差,局部构造稳定地区含气性较好.综合分析利川复向斜、秭归盆地西部、当阳复向斜为页岩气勘探的有利区带.     

Characteristics of black shale in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,China

Geochemical and mineralogical analyses, in addition to isothermal adsorption experiments on field samples, are used to characterise the sedimentary environments, reservoirs and adsorbed gas of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng–lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas. The sedimentary environment of the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is a deep-water shelf with five different lithologies identified: siliceous shale, black shale, siltstone, biolithite limestone and bentonite. The black shale in the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is 50 m thick, with an average organic carbon content (TOC) of 3.81 wt% and a maturity (Ro) of 1.62%. Quartz comprises 54.94 vol% of the shale and positively correlates with the TOC. Micropores in the black shale include intergranular pores, intragranular pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Among these pores, spaces between clay sheets and organic molecules represent a favourable storage space for the accumulation and preservation of oil and gas. The Langmuir volume parameter ranges between 1.52 and 3.01 cm³/g, with an average value of 2.33 cm³/g. The presence of organic matter pores and pores between clay sheets in the black shale is the main and controlling factor for accumulated gas.     

四川盆地及周缘五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩沉积演化模式

四川盆地及周缘地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组富有机质页岩是我国页岩气勘探开发的主要层位,厚度20~60 m,该套富有机质页岩的时空展布差异明显。通过对重点剖面及钻井的岩芯观察、笔石生物地层划分、地化及矿物分析,明确了四川盆地及周缘不同地区富有机质页岩的时空展布特征,建立了3种富有机质页岩沉积演化模式:1）长宁-威远"三隆夹二洼"沉积演化模式:长宁地区富有机质页岩主要沉积于WF2-LM5,威远地区为LM1-LM8,隆起区域富有机质页岩沉积受到不利影响。2）黔渝地区的"渐进式"沉积演化模式:该区域呈现越靠近盆地内部,富有机质页岩沉积结束的时间越晚的趋势,焦石坝区域是富有机质页岩的沉积中心,其他区域厚度相对较薄。3）川东北地区的"稳定抬升型"沉积演化模式:位于盆地中心的巫溪2井区域的富有机质页岩厚度大,沉积持续时间长（WF2-LM9）,盆地边缘区域富有机质页岩厚度明显变薄,区域呈现整体抬升趋势,随时间推移,富有机质页岩沉积范围越来越小。总体而言,富有机质页岩的沉积主要受广西运动的影响,富有机质页岩沉积中心有逐渐向北迁移的趋势,埃隆阶后仅威远和巫溪区域沉积富有机质页岩。研究成果对该地区页岩地层的精细对比具有重要的指导意义。     

大巴山西段上奥陶统-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组斑脱岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

扬子板块北缘大巴山地区上奥陶统-下志留统地层中斑脱岩较发育。笔者对大巴山西段陕西紫阳麻柳和四川万源皮窝乡上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组剖面的斑脱岩进行采样,开展了高精度锆石U-Pb测年,首次在该地区获得了445.1±3.5Ma和446.1±7.2Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄,限定了五峰组-龙马溪组地层沉积年龄,为扬子板块北缘大巴山地区奥陶系-志留系界线附近火山喷发事件、地层年代学研究提供了依据。本文所获得的年龄数据与秦岭-大别山造山带奥陶纪岩浆弧形成时间同步,略晚于华北克拉通西南缘奥陶系斑脱岩(449.0~465.8Ma),其火山活动可能与古秦岭洋壳向北的俯冲有关,火山凝灰质可能源自沿古秦岭洋盆北缘的火山弧喷发。中奥陶世晚期至早志留世早期,多幕次的高频火山喷发事件影响了当时海洋化学条件、碳循环波动、气候变冷和生物辐射脉动,造成了晚奥陶世末期的冰川启动和生物集群绝灭。     

Indicator of Favorable Sedimentary Facies and Shale Enrichment in Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction The organic-rich shale in Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation Sichuan Basin is marine sedimentary strata,and it has large thickness and rich resources.Therefore,it is one of the most important parts in unconventional oil and gas reservoir exploration.Eastern Sichuan area is located     

A Strain Rate Dependent Constitutive Model for the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Fuling Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin,China

Shale, as a kind of brittle rock, often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior, failure and time-dependent behavior under different strain rates. To capture these features, this work conducted triaxial compression tests under axial strain rates ranging from 5×10?6 s?1 to 1×10?3 s?1. The results show that both elastic modulus and peak strength have a positive correlation relationship with strain rates. These strain rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of shale are originated from damage growth, which is described by a damage parameter. When axial strain is the same, the damage parameter is positively correlated with strain rate. When strain rate is the same, with an increase of axial strain, the damage parameter decreases firstly from an initial value (about 0.1 to 0.2), soon reaches its minimum (about 0.1), and then increases to an asymptotic value of 0.8. Based on the experimental results, taking yield stress as the cut-off point and considering damage variable evolution, a new measure of micro-mechanical strength is proposed. Based on the Lemaitre’s equivalent strain assumption and the new measure of micro-mechanical strength, a statistical strain-rate dependent damage constitutive model for shale that couples physically meaningful model parameters was established. Numerical back-calculations of these triaxial compression tests results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce the primary features of the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of shale.