GLX-50型履带钻车的研制

针对沼泽浅滩难进入地区勘探的需求,研制了一种高效、适用、全液压的GLX-50型履带钻车。主要介绍了GLX-50履带钻车的结构特点、技术参数及试验结果。     

小型掘进钻车

Micromatic H 102F液压钻车是Tamrock凿岩台车中最小的一种，它是为小规格平硐掘进和地下矿山的水平或倾斜开采而设计的。该机适用于小矿体、断裂矿柱的开采和勘探水平巷道的掘进。可在4m~2至10m~2断面的巷道中完成凿岩作业。     

掘进钻车技术的发展与应用

一、掘进钻车的发展情况掘进钻车以前的通用名为凿岩台车,我国第一机械工业部于1982年—03—15号文发布,1982年10月1日实施的JB3065—82的凿岩机械与气动工具名词、术语中规定,用于巷道、隧道掘进的钻车定名为掘进钻车(Tunnelling drill jumbo)。它是为了满足日益增长     

凿岩钻进机械自动化发展现状及方向

介绍了凿岩钻进自动化的重要性，阐述了钻进自动化的发展历程，分析钻车自动化的发展现状，指出了自动钻车科研工作的不足以及未来的发展方向。     

GBS-55型水平定向钻机液压系统的设计

介绍了GBS-55型水平定向钻机的组成及其特点。针对GBS-55型水平定向钻机主要机构的动作特点及实际工况等设计了该钻机的液压系统。分析了该钻机液压系统的主要特点,根据该液压系统的设计参数进行了主要液压元件的设计计算及选型。实际应用证明该液压系统负载适应性强,稳定高效。     

瓦斯抽采分体式履带钻机的独立行走液压系统设计

常用的煤矿瓦斯抽采分体履带式钻机需用油管将两个履带车体的液压系统连接,在井下行走和在钻场进行移位时操作不方便。为了提高履带行走的便利性,设计了ZDY6500LF型分体履带钻机的液压系统,分析了钻机液压系统的组成和原理。该液压系统具有2个履带车体不需要管路连接而独立行走的特性,到达钻场调整好两履带车体位置,再连接管路进行钻探施工,实现了履带式钻机的分体化液压传动及履带行走的独立控制。通过测试试验验证了液压系统的可靠性,表明该液压系统具备很好的应用价值。     

ZDY12000LD大功率定向钻机装备研发及应用

针对常规定向钻机不能完全满足长距离回采工作面瓦斯预抽钻孔和顶底板岩层大直径钻孔施工需求所存在的主要问题,分析了研制煤矿井下大功率定向钻机装备和配套定向钻进工艺方法的必要性,提出了成套钻机装备钻车和泵车两体式布局及配套复合定向钻进工艺的技术思路,重点解决总体布局及关键部件设计、复合定向钻进用多功能逻辑保护液压系统和大流量泥浆泵车设计等关键技术问题。在煤矿井下实际生产应用中取得了本煤层孔径Φ120 mm深度1 881 m顺层定向长钻孔和孔径Φ153 mm深度1 026 m顶板岩层定向长钻孔的创造性成果,并探讨了ZDY12000LD大功率定向钻机装备在顶板大直径定向长钻孔替代高抽巷和配套无线随钻测量系统技术方面的应用前景。     

轻便型单机液压凿岩钻车的初步试验

众所周知，在巷道掘进中采用凿岩钻车来钻凿炮眼，对于减轻劳动强度、改善作业条件、提高掘进效率都有明显的作用。但是，由于钻车的重量大（一般都在1.5吨以上），对于交通不便搬运又频繁的短浅勘探巷道或采准巷道掘进来说，在垂直分段上每移动一次都要经过拆卸、搬运、安装、调试或维修等过程才     

酸化液压技术在地热增产中的应用分析

本文介绍了酸化液压技术在天津地热增产中的应用和经验。应用该技术应重视对基础地质资料和酸化前抽水试验资料的分析,弄清酸化液压技术应用的条件。     

CYG-300型多功能全液压钻机的设计

主要介绍了CYG-300型多功能全液压钻机的总体结构和液压系统的设计及其主要功能。该钻机采用负载反馈系统,动力头双液压马达和两挡手动变速,使之输出4挡不同无级变化的扭矩和转速;在液压系统给进回路中设置相应的控制阀,增加了钻机的旋喷功能,使得钻机适用范围更广,实现功能更多。野外试钻表明,该钻机运行情况良好,钻进能力强,操作方便。     

Field evidence of hydraulic connections between bedrock aquifers and overlying granular aquifers: examples from the Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield

Field evidence of hydraulic connections between a bedrock aquifer and an overlying granular aquifer in the Canadian Shield (Grenville Province) is presented. This issue is rarely considered and investigated despite its important hydraulic and chemical consequences and its widespread occurrence worldwide. The methodology employed is based on complementary field tests conducted at specific experimental sites instrumented both in the rock and in the overlying deposits. One of the bedrock sites revealed a natural hydraulic connection with the overlying granular aquifer caused by the weathered surface of the uppermost bedrock. Another site revealed an artificial hydraulic connection between the bedrock and the granular aquifer created by an improperly sealed casing. A regional study showed that hydraulic connections yield an erroneous interpretation of the true hydraulic properties of the tested aquifer. The detection of hydraulic connections is therefore essential to properly define well-capture areas and contamination conditions. It is recommended to practitioners that pumping tests be performed as well as hydrochemical comparisons of each existing aquifer unit. Falling-head permeability tests are also helpful in verifying the quality of the seal at the bedrock–casing contact. More effective procedural controls and better well-construction practices are necessary to reduce the risks of cross-contamination induced by defective seals.     

Geomechanical Characteristics of Gas Shales: A Case Study in the North Perth Basin

Gas shales are one type of unconventional reservoirs which have attracted significant attention for gas production in recent years. Gas production from very tight shales requires employment of hydraulic fracturing as a stimulation technique. To design hydraulic fracture operation the mechanical properties of the targeted and surrounding formations should be estimated. Also, the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses in the field need to be known to estimate the fracture initiation and propagation pressures. This study focuses on gas shale characteristics in the North Perth Basin and uses data corresponding to well Arrowsmith-2 (AS-2) which is the first dedicated shale gas well drilled in Western Australia. A log-based analysis was used to build the rock mechanical model (RMM). The RMM results were used to set up a hydraulic fracturing laboratory experiment. The test was done in the presence of three principal stresses to mimic the real field stress conditions. The test results include the pressure–time curve which was used to estimate the initiation and propagation pressure at that depth. The results were used to draw some practical conclusions related to hydraulic fracturing operation in the field.     

Relation between mass balance aperture and hydraulic properties from field experiments in fractured rock in Sweden

Results from tracer tests are often used to infer connectivity and transport properties in bedrock. However, the amount of site-specific data from tracer tests is often very limited, while data from hydraulic tests are more abundant. It is therefore of great interest for predictive transport modeling to use hydraulic data to infer transport properties. In this study, data from cross-hole tracer tests carried out in crystalline bedrock in Sweden were compiled and analysed. The tests were performed within investigations made by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) between 1978 and 2009 at five different locations. An empirical relationship between mass balance aperture and transmissivity was found and quantified by using 74 observations. The empirical relationship deviates considerably from the cubic law aperture, as mass balance aperture is found to be at least one order of magnitude larger than cubic law aperture. Hence, usage of cubic law aperture, derived from hydraulic testing, for transport predictions is unsuitable, as the advective transport time will be considerably underestimated. Another result, from the data set studied, is that mass balance aperture appears to correlate better to apparent storativity than to transmissivity.     

An approach to sustainable rural water supply in semi-arid Africa with a case study from Namibia

Sustainable-yield estimation in semi-arid conditions is always challenging, especially for fractured rock aquifers. An approach to assess sustainability is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. The fractured-rock aquifers in the study area have complex configuration. Geology maps, hydrocensus data, geophysical surveys, and drilling and hydraulic testing data were used to produce a conceptual model. Aquifer parameters were estimated based on the hydraulic test data and numerical modelling. Due to lack of data, as is often the case in rural Namibia, the simulation results had to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. It is concluded that the aquifer system is sustained by episodic recharge and the long-term gain in storage (about 3,285 m³/a) represents the maximum extractable volume. It is recommended that the continuous monitoring system for groundwater level, river flow and rainfall should be part of a long-term scheme. The magnitude and frequency of the recharge events and extraction should be monitored in order to sustainably manage the resource. Although the illustrated approach is based on limited data, it provides a basis for management of individual groundwater schemes in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

Stress-dependent hydraulic properties of clayey-silt aquitards in eastern Australia

Clayey-silt aquitards account for 60 % of the ~100-m-thick alluvial sediment sequence in the Gunnedah area of eastern Australia. To better understand the stress-dependent hydraulic properties of these low-permeability units, oedometer test data presented for the first time in this study have been integrated with geotechnical centrifuge permeameter tests. Estimates of vertical pre-consolidation effective stress (\(\sigma_{\text{p}}^{'}\)), vertical in situ effective stress (\(\sigma_{\text{i}}^{'}\)), and over-consolidation ratio (OCR) were used to determine whether centrifugation stresses caused compression of core samples, and the degree to which vertical hydraulic conductivity (K _v) assessments were representative of the core samples tested. Results suggest that minimally disturbed drill core from semi-consolidated sediments (e.g., alluvial, colluvial, and eolian deposits) evaluated in this study should have target centrifugation stress less than \(\sigma_{\text{p}}^{'}, \) where OCR < 1 and \(\sigma_{\text{i}}^{'}\) where OCR > 1 to avoid significant changes in hydraulic properties during plastic straining. The results also imply that the stress-dependent response of aquitards is critical to understand the sensitivity of groundwater resources in areas with multiple stakeholders such as mining, coal seam gas, and agriculture developments. Groundwater in alluvial sediments that is essential for irrigation, water supply, and base flows to rivers must be sufficiently disconnected from groundwater in coal seams that are depressurized for extraction of energy resources.     

Stability conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at high pressures and temperatures

The first results of study of stability of diverse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at around 7 GPa and 773–1073 K are reported. Experiments were carried out in hydraulic multi-anvil presses. The run products after quenching were analyzed using a method of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI). The formation of polymers of starting matters was determined at 7 GPa and 773–883 K. The polymers are characterized by atomic masses up to 5000 Da, that are multiple by masses of starting matters. At higher temperatures (873–1073 K), the selected PAHs and their polymers become unstable. The decomposition temperature of PAHs and their polymers exclude their stability under Earth’s mantle conditions. The studies could be of great significance for the low-temperature near-surface geodynamics of small and large planetary bodies, which supposedly contain hydrocarbon compounds.     

Runoff and sediment yield modeling by means of WEPP in the Bautzen dam catchment,Germany

Soil erosion by water is one of the most widespread forms of soil degradation in Europe. There are many undesirable consequences of soil erosion due to water such as loss of water storage capacity in reservoirs and transfer of pollutants from farmland to water bodies. The objectives of this study were to calibrate and validate the Water Erosion Prediction Project watershed model (WEPP 2012.8) in the Bautzen dam catchment area with monthly and daily single events for runoff and sediment yield. This is to our knowledge the first study using WEPP in Germany. The catchment (310 km²) was subdivided into small sub-catchments with an area of <260 ha as recommended in WEPP. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the runoff is highly sensitive to the effective hydraulic conductivity in Bautzen, whereas the sediment yield is highly sensitive to rill erodibility, critical shear stress, and to the effective hydraulic conductivity as well. All these parameters were initially calculated using WEPP’s built-in equations and parameters, which, however, produced very poor results for both runoff and sediment yield. Therefore, the model was calibrated for 2 years (2005–2007) and validated for another 2 years (2008–2009) against monthly measurements, in addition to 14 daily single events from the calibration period and 2010. The monthly results were compared with the monthly measurements on the basis of a continuous simulation. Results of calibration and validation periods show a satisfactory performance of WEPP with a determination coefficient R ² above 0.6 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients above 0.50 for runoff and sediment yield. Thus, the model could be used to simulate runoff and sediment yield, and used in scenario studies in the Bautzen dam catchment area.     

Vulnerability assessment of coastal aquifer system for irrigation suitability — A classical approach from southern India

The vulnerability of the shallow aquifer system for saline water intrusion has been evaluated using the classical tools at a coastal area, southern India. Groundwater samples (N=144) from Quaternary aquifer system within 25 km² area in pre- and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed for major ion chemistry including Electrical Conductivity (EC). The hydrochemical parameters are examined applying classical irrigation suitability tools. Based on their weight percentages (ratios in meq/l) the dominance of cations and anions was established as Na-Cl and Ca-SO₄ type. Results show that high hydraulic conductivity (10_?2 to 1 cm/s) of the sandy aquifer enhanced the vertical recharge leading to major spatial distribution suitable for irrigation use in post-monsoon. The overexploitation of groundwater resources has generated reversal of hydraulic gradient enhancing salinity intrusion from marine sources in pre-monsoon. Further, the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey and water level measurements are assessed to demarcate the study area into zones of water table ‘above mean sea level (amsl)’ and ‘below mean sea level (bmsl)’. It was deduced that, the industrial effluent and seawater were the prime sources of groundwater salinity of water table ‘amsl’ and ‘bmsl’ zones, respectively. The area up to 600 m from marine source is found vulnerable which is falling under ‘Unsuitable’ category of irrigation classifications. The remedial measures are also framed to protect further extension of aquifer vulnerability for sustainable agriculture.     

Studies on Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash-Stabilised Expansive Clay Liners

Earthen barriers or clay liners are a major concern in geo-environmental engineering. They are designed to preclude or reduce leachate migration. Hence, a low hydraulic conductivity (k) is an important parameter in the design of clay liners. Materials such as bentonite and lateritic clays, which have a low hydraulic conductivity at high dry densities, are used in the construction of clay liners. Compacted expansive clays which are high in montmorillonite content also have a very low hydraulic conductivity. When expansive clays are blended with fly ash, an industrial waste, the hydraulic conductivity further reduces as the ash-clay blends result in increased dry densities at increased fly ash contents. Hence, fly ash-stabilised expansive clay can also be proposed as an innovative clay liner material. It is, therefore, required to study various physical and engineering properties of this new clay liner material. Liquid limit (LL) and free swell index (FSI) are important index properties to be studied in the case of this clay liner material. The hydraulic conductivity of this new clay liner material depends on the fly ash content in the blend. Further, parameters such as solute concentration and kinematic viscosity also influence hydraulic conductivity of clay liners. This paper presents experimental results obtained on hydraulic conductivity (k) of fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liner at varying fly ash content and solute concentration. The tests were performed with deionised water (DIW), CaCl₂, NaCl and KCl as permeating fluids. Fly ash content in the blend was varied as 0, 10, 20 and 30 % by weight of the expansive clay, and the solute concentration was varied as 5 mM (milli molar), 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500. It was found that hydraulic conductivity (k) decreased with increasing fly ash content, solute concentration and kinematic viscosity. Further, hydraulic conductivity (k) was correlated with LL and FSI of the clay liner material for different fly ash contents and solute concentrations. Useful correlations were obtained.