2015/2016冬季北极世纪之暖与超级厄尔尼诺对东亚气候异常的影响

利用1980—2016年美国国家海洋与大气管理局气候预测中心的ENSO指数和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了2015/2016年冬季北极增暖和超级厄尔尼诺对东亚气候的影响。2015/2016年冬季热带中东太平洋爆发了超级厄尔尼诺事件,尽管大气环流出现了对ENSO的响应特征(如西北太平洋反气旋异常,东亚南部南风异常),但东亚(尤其是我国东北、华北地区)1月的气温却明显偏低。分析表明,此次东亚气温偏低现象可能与2016年1月北极显著增暖有关。1980—2016年1月再分析资料的统计诊断分析结果显示,巴伦支海—喀拉海气温的升高会引起局地大气的上升运动异常,之后在下游(70~90°E附近)向南运动,并在西伯利亚地区(60~100°E,50~70°N)下沉,使得西伯利亚高压增强,其东侧的北风异常导致东亚气温偏低。基于Nio3.4指数、北极温度指数,采用多元线性拟合所得到的2016年1月东亚气温的回报结果与观测气温之间的空间系数为0.71,表明2016年1月北极增暖以及热带中东太平洋的厄尔尼诺事件能够从一定程度上解释东亚气温偏低的现象。     

Irrigation induced surface cooling in the context of modern and increased greenhouse gas forcing

There is evidence that expected warming trends from increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing have been locally ??masked?? by irrigation induced cooling, and it is uncertain how the magnitude of this irrigation masking effect will change in the future. Using an irrigation dataset integrated into a global general circulation model, we investigate the equilibrium magnitude of irrigation induced cooling under modern (Year 2000) and increased (A1B Scenario, Year 2050) GHG forcing, using modern irrigation rates in both scenarios. For the modern scenario, the cooling is largest over North America, India, the Middle East, and East Asia. Under increased GHG forcing, this cooling effect largely disappears over North America, remains relatively unchanged over India, and intensifies over parts of China and the Middle East. For North America, irrigation significantly increases precipitation under modern GHG forcing; this precipitation enhancement largely disappears under A1B forcing, reducing total latent heat fluxes and the overall irrigation cooling effect. Over India, irrigation rates are high enough to keep pace with increased evaporative demand from the increased GHG forcing and the magnitude of the cooling is maintained. Over China, GHG forcing reduces precipitation and shifts the region to a drier evaporative regime, leading to a relatively increased impact of additional water from irrigation on the surface energy balance. Irrigation enhances precipitation in the Middle East under increased GHG forcing, increasing total latent heat fluxes and enhancing the irrigation cooling effect. Ultimately, the extent to which irrigation will continue to compensate for the warming from increased GHG forcing will primarily depend on changes in the background evaporative regime, secondary irrigation effects (e.g. clouds, precipitation), and the ability of societies to maintain (or increase) current irrigation rates.     

Role of the Atlantic multidecadal variability in modulating East Asian climate

We assess the effects of the North Atlantic Ocean Sea Surface Temperature (NASST) on North East Asian (NEA) surface temperature. We use a set of sensitivity experiments, performed with MetUM-GOML2, an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a multi-level ocean mixed layer model, to mimic warming and cooling over the North Atlantic Ocean. Results show that a warming of the NASST is associated with a significant warming over NEA. Two mechanisms are pointed out to explain the NASST—North East Asia surface temperature relationship. First, the warming of the NASST is associated with a modulation of the northern hemisphere circulation, due to the propagation of a Rossby wave (i.e. the circumglobal teleconnection). The change in the atmosphere circulation is associated with advections of heat from the Pacific Ocean to NEA and with an increase in net surface shortwave radiation over NEA, both acting to increase NEA surface temperature. Second, the warming of the NASST is associated with a cooling (warming) over the eastern (western) Pacific Ocean, which modulates the circulation over the western Pacific Ocean and NEA. Additional simulations, in which Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures are kept constant, show that the modulation of the circumglobal teleconnection is key to explaining impacts of the NASST on NEA surface temperature.

     

Summertime land–sea thermal contrast and atmospheric circulation over East Asia in a warming climate—Part I: Past changes and future projections

Land–sea surface air temperature (SAT) contrast, an index of tropospheric thermodynamic structure and dynamical circulation, has shown a significant increase in recent decades over East Asia during the boreal summer. In Part I of this two-part paper, observational data and the results of transient warming experiments conducted using coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (GCMs) are analyzed to examine changes in land–sea thermal contrast and the associated atmospheric circulation over East Asia from the past to the future. The interannual variability of the land–sea SAT contrast over the Far East for 1950–2012 was found to be tightly coupled with a characteristic tripolar pattern of tropospheric circulation over East Asia, which manifests as anticyclonic anomalies over the Okhotsk Sea and around the Philippines, and a cyclonic anomaly over Japan during a positive phase, and vice versa. In response to CO₂ increase, the cold northeasterly winds off the east coast of northern Japan and the East Asian rainband were strengthened with the circulation pattern well projected on the observed interannual variability. These results are commonly found in GCMs regardless of future forcing scenarios, indicating the robustness of the East Asian climate response to global warming. The physical mechanisms responsible for the increase of the land–sea contrast are examined in Part II.     

近百年东亚冬季气温及其大气环流变化型态

利用最新20世纪近百年再分析气象资料,研究近百年东亚冬季气温变化型及其相关的大气环流型态.结果表明近百年内东亚冬季气温主要有两种变化型:第一是东亚西南与东北相反气温变化型,表现在40°N以南及105°E以西地区(西南地区)气温变化与40°N以北及105°E以东地区(东北地区)变化相反;第二是40°N以南气温一致变化型.与第一种气温变化型耦合的大气模态是500hPa欧亚型遥相关、西伯利亚高压及北大西洋涛动.当欧亚型遥相关负位相,北大西洋涛动正位相及西伯利亚高压减弱时,有利于蒙古和我国105° E以东的区域增温而我国西南地区和青藏高原降温,反之亦然.第二种气温变化型耦合大气模态是500hPa西太平洋型遥相关,北太平洋涛动.当西太平洋型遥相关及北太平洋涛动处于正位相时(北太平洋北负南正),东亚40°N以南地区增温,东亚40°N以北地区降温.耦合的大气模态的型态差异,影响各阶段气温的年际变化.近一百年中,欧亚型遥相关和北大西洋涛动在1984～2010期间的型态最显著,是20世纪80年代东亚显著增暖的原因之一.研究还发现20世纪中期后东亚气温的年际变化与极地环流的变化联系紧密,表现在西伯利亚高压范围东扩并与极地环流联系,也是近百年气温趋势上升的一个原因.     

Summertime land–sea thermal contrast and atmospheric circulation over East Asia in a warming climate—Part II: Importance of CO2-induced continental warming

In this the second of a two-part study, we examine the physical mechanisms responsible for the increasing contrast of the land–sea surface air temperature (SAT) in summertime over the Far East, as observed in recent decades and revealed in future climate projections obtained from a series of transient warming and sensitivity experiments conducted under the umbrella of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. On a global perspective, a strengthening of land–sea SAT contrast in the transient warming simulations of coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models is attributed to an increase in sea surface temperature (SST). However, in boreal summer, the strengthened contrast over the Far East is reproduced only by increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration. In response to SST increase alone, the tropospheric warming over the interior of the mid- to high-latitude continents including Eurasia are weaker than those over the surrounding oceans, leading to a weakening of the land–sea SAT contrast over the Far East. Thus, the increasing contrast and associated change in atmospheric circulation over East Asia is explained by CO₂-induced continental warming. The degree of strengthening of the land–sea SAT contrast varies in different transient warming scenarios, but is reproduced through a combination of the CO₂-induced positive and SST-induced negative contributions to the land–sea contrast. These results imply that changes of climate patterns over the land–ocean boundary regions are sensitive to future scenarios of CO₂ concentration pathways including extreme cases.     

陆面热力异常与东亚夏季中纬度气旋年代际变化的联系

基于欧洲中期预报中心的再分析数据ERA-interim,利用统计学方法分析了1979—2013年期间东亚中纬度地区气旋生成频率和陆面热力异常的年代际变化及两者的可能联系。结果表明,东亚中纬度地区存在气旋活动频繁的气旋源地,该地区的温带气旋生成频率具有明显的年代际变化,1990年之前气旋生成频率偏多,1990s至今偏少,而且东亚中纬度地区陆面热力异常的变化有明显的年代际增暖信号;进一步的分析发现,东亚夏季中纬度气旋活动的年代际变化与陆面异常异常之间存在密切的联系,东亚中纬度地区陆面年代际增暖,是引起温度气旋活动年代际减弱的一个重要原因。由于陆面增暖的非均匀性,在50°N以北存在一个影响中纬度气旋生成频率的关键区,关键区陆面的年代际异常增暖,导致气旋源地温度经向梯度减弱,大气斜压性随之减弱,从而使得气旋生成频率年代际减少。     

Recent warming trend in the coastal region of Qatar

The objective of this study was to analyze long-term temperature-related phenomena in the eastern portion of the Middle East, focusing on the coastal region of Qatar. Extreme temperature indices were examined, which were defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices, for Doha, Qatar; these indices were then compared with those from neighboring countries. The trends were calculated for a 30-year period (1983–2012), using hourly data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. The results showed spatially consistent warming trends throughout the region. For Doha, 11 of the 12 indices studied showed significant warming trends. In particular, the warming trends were represented by an increase in the number of warm days and nights and a decrease in the number of cool nights and days. The high-temperature extremes during the night have risen at more than twice the rate of their corresponding daytime extremes. The intensity and frequency of hot days have increased, and the minimum temperature indices exhibited a higher rate of warming. The climatic changes in Doha are consistent with the region-wide heat-up in recent decades across the Middle East. However, the rapid economic expansion, increase of population since the 1990s, and urban effects in the region are thought to have intensified the rapidly warming climate pattern observed in Doha since the turn of the century.     

Indicators of Climate Warming in Minnesota: Lake ICE Covers and Snowmelt Runoff

Records of hydrologic parameters, especially those parameters that are directly linked to air temperature, were analyzed to find indicators of recent climate warming in Minnesota, USA. Minnesota is projected to be vulnerable to climate change because of its location in the northern temperate zone of the globe. Ice-out and ice-in dates on lakes, spring (snowmelt) runoff timing, spring discharge values in streams, and stream water temperatures recorded up to the year 2002 were selected for study. The analysis was conducted by inspection of 10-year moving averages, linear regression on complete and on partial records, and by ranking and sorting of events. Moving averages were used for illustrative purposes only. All statistics were computed on annual data. All parameters examined show trends, and sometimes quite variable trends, over different periods of the record. With the exception of spring stream flow rates the trends of all parameters examined point toward a warming climate in Minnesota over the last two or three decades. Although hidden among strong variability from year to year, ice-out dates on 73 lakes have been shifting to an earlier date at a rate of −0.13 days/year from 1965 to 2002, while ice-in dates on 34 lakes have been delayed by 0.75 days/year from 1979 to 2002. From 1990 to 2002 the rates of change increased to −0.25 days/year for ice-out and 1.44 days/year for ice-in. Trend analyses also show that spring runoff at 21 stream gaging sites examined occurs earlier. From 1964 to 2002 the first spring runoff (due to snowmelt) has occurred −0.30 days/year earlier and the first spring peak runoff −0.23 days/year earlier. The stream water temperature records from 15 sites in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area shows warming by 0.11^∘C/year, on the average, from 1977 to 2002. Urban development may have had a strong influence. The analysis of spring stream flow rates was inconclusive, probably because runoff is linked as much to precipitation and land use as to air temperature. Ranking and sorting of annual data shows that a disproportionately large number of early lake ice-out dates has occurred after 1985, but also between 1940 and 1950; similarly late lake ice-in has occurred more frequently since about 1990. Ranking and sorting of first spring runoff dates also gave evidence of earlier occurrences, i.e. climate warming in late winter. A relationship of changes in hydrologic parameters with trends in air temperature records was demonstrated. Ice-out dates were shown to correlate most strongly with average March air temperatures shifting by −2.0 days for a 1^°C increase in March air temperature. Spring runoff dates also show a relationship with March air temperatures; spring runoff dates shift at a rate of −2.5 days/1^°C minimum March air temperature change. Water temperatures at seven river sites in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area show an average rise of 0.46^°C in river temperature/1^°C mean annual air temperature change, but this rate of change probably includes effects of urban development. In conclusion, records of five hydrologic parameters that are closely linked to air temperature show a trend that suggests recent climate warming in Minnesota, and especially from 1990 to 2002. The recent rates of change calculated from the records are very noteworthy, but must not be used to project future parameter values, since trends cannot continue indefinitely, and trend reversals can be seen in some of the long-term records.     

Climatic trends from isotopic records of tree rings: The past 100–200 years

There has been a great deal of discussion about global warming from accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Houghton et al., 1990). Relatively less attention has been paid to spatial and/or temporal climatic variations that may be associated with a warmer climate (Rind et al., 1989) or with anthropogenic activities (Schneider, 1994). In this article, we show that an increase in climatic variability may have started. Fourteen isotopic time series of tree rings are presented. These trees were randomly collected from world-wide locations and cover time periods of 120 to over 200 years. The isotopic records show increasing D values that suggest a consistent and progressive warming occurred in the 19th century in all locations where the trees were sampled. The rate of warming is greater at relatively cold locations than at warm locations with two exceptions. The records also suggest greater climatic variations both temporally and spatially in the 20th century than in the 19th century.     

1961—2017年中国华东区域高空温度变化特征

利用中国华东六省一市13个探空站1961—2017年高空温度数据,对850 hPa、500 hPa、200 hPa高空温度的时间变化特征和空间变化特征进行分析,结果表明:1961—2017年中国华东区域对流层中下层增温趋势明显,向上增温趋势减弱,对流层顶增温趋势有所增强.850 hPa、500 hPa温度的年代际变化均...     

Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperature and precipitation in China during the Holocene, especially the last two millennia. The quality of proxy data, methodology of reconstruction, and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperature and precipitation reconstruction and clarifying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene. The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet. The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP, whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.0-5.0 cal ka BP. There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes. During past two millennia, a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected, but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene. Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age （AD 1400-AD 1900）, but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period （AD 900-AD 1300） was not distinct in China, especially west China. The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China, especially east China. The modern warm period has lasted 20 years from 1987 to 2006. Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.     

东亚冬季风年代际变化可能成因的模拟研究

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均海平面气压资料, 定义了一个东亚冬季风强度指数 (I_WI), 并发现20世纪60年代到70年代初期东亚冬季风强度减弱, 其后冬季风强度有所增强, 80年代初期以后东亚冬季风强度又开始减弱。年代际时间尺度上, 冬季陆地表面气温与I_WI的相关性比海洋与I_WI相关性好, 冬季大陆东部的年代际增温与东亚冬季风的年代际减弱之间可能存在密切的联系。利用区域气候模式 (RegCM3) 进行敏感性数值模拟试验发现:减小冬季东亚大陆东北部的长波辐射降温率, 将导致东西向海平面气压差的减小以及低层北风减弱, 反映了东亚冬季风的减弱。近40年来, 特别是20世纪80年代以后东亚冬季风的年代际减弱趋势很可能是东亚区域气候对温室效应的一种区域响应。     

A STUDY ON THE VARIATION OF DROUGHT PERIODS OCCURRING IN NORTHWEST CHINA AND OTHER AFRICA-ASIA CONTINENTAL REGIONS

Characteristics of the drought periods which occurred in North Africa,Middle East,Middle Asiaand Northwest China were studied based on the analysis of rainfall data from 1870—1990.It is foundthat the drought periods first started in North Africa and expanded eastward to Northwest Chinathrough Middle East and Middle Asia in about 27.5 years.And then a new teleconnection pattern of30—50 day low-frequency oscillation which is associated with the droughts over the Africa-Asia Con-tinent was discovered.Finally,a hypothesis is proposed based on the statistical results that the east-ward expansion of drought periods may be caused by the occurrence of giant earthquakes(Ms>6.0)which have a tendency to shift eastward from North Africa to Northwest China in about 27.75 years.     

Has the intensity of the interannual variability in summer rainfall over South China remarkably increased?

It is indicated in this paper that there were substantial differences of interannual variability (IIV) in summer rainfall over South China (RSC) among 1960–1977, 1978–1988, and 1989–2010. Notably, both IIV and mean RSC have significantly increased after 1992/1993. Relative to 1978–1988, the percentage increase of standard deviation (SD) of RSC is 230.32 % for 1993–2010. It indicates remarkable increase in IIV of RSC occurred 1993–2010, concurrent with rainfall increase. The results show that the mid-tropospheric meridional gradient of temperature over East Asia weakened in the later period, resulting in an anomalous cyclonic circulation, transporting more tropospheric moisture to South China and an upward motion at the middle and low levels of the troposphere. Meanwhile, IIV in the mid-tropospheric meridional gradient of temperature over East Asia resulted in IIVs both in the anomalous cyclonic circulation and in vertically integrated moisture content over South China. This scenario led to a significant increase in the IIV of summer rainfall over South China. Compared to 1978–1988, a greater increase in the IIV of warming over Mongolia–northeastern China and of excessive spring snow depth over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau were responsible for the increase in the IIV of the mid-tropospheric meridional gradient of the East Asian temperature during 1993–2010. Moreover, another slight increase in the IIV of summer rainfall over South China occurred in 1960–1977 relative to 1978–1988, which partly resulted from the weakening East Asian summer monsoon variability in the late 1970s.     

北太平洋增暖对我国西北秋雨的影响

利用1979-2012年我国160站逐月降水资料、NOAA全球海洋表面温度资料和NCEP-DOE大气环流再分析资料,采用统计分析方法研究了北太平洋海表增暖对我国西北秋雨年代际变化的影响。结果表明:西北秋雨在2000年前后经历了年代际跃变,1986-1999年为少雨期,2000-2012年为多雨期。进一步分析表明:西北秋雨的年代际变化与北太平洋海表增暖关系密切,北太平洋海温偏暖时,东亚一北太平洋地区的大气温度升高,引起东亚地区的南北温差减弱,使东亚西风急流减弱,急流中心偏北,东亚中纬度地区气压升高,导致异常东风水汽输送带偏强,造成西北秋雨异常偏多。     

Surface temperature variation over Zimbabwe between 1897 and 1993

Summary The surface temperature variation over Zimbabwe, and, Harare and Bulawayo between 1933 and 1993, and, 1897 and 1993 respectively, is investigated. For the national average two significant warm phases are identified, with a net warming of +0.3 to +0.5°C since 1933. Warming occurs in maximum temperature, whereas the mean national temperature cools. The effect of the rainfall pattern on temperature is also investigated. If warming phases coincide with drought years and the warming is confined to the rainy months only, then reduced cloudiness could be an important factor in explaining some of the warming. The first warm phase occurs during the mid-1930s to late 1940 and the second major warm phase occurred from the early 1980s onwards. For Harare, with temperature records starting before 1900, a major warming phase occurred between about 1910 and late 1920. The effect of drought on the national temperature record is evident through a strong negative association between maximum temperature anomalies and rainfall anomalies. A number of possible causes of the observed changes are discussed. The effects of urbanisation and industrialisation on temperature trends over Harare and Bulawayo are quite conspicuous. The question that remains difficult to answer is whether the observed warming trend is a result of inherent climate variability, enhanced greenhouse effect or a combination of many factors.With 17 Figures     

Climatology of deep cyclones over Asia and the Northwest Pacific

Summary A frequency analysis of deep cyclones with central pressure less than or equal to 990 hPa over Asia and the Northwest Pacific in the period 1958–1989 is presented. The most active areas of deep cyclones are: 1) Western Siberia, east of the Ural Mountains; 2) Northeastern China, east of the Mongolia Plateau and, 3) South-west of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The first most active area is related to European cyclones (Schinke, 1993) and starts in the lee of the Ural Mountains; the second is related to cyclones in the lee of Altai-Sayan and the third to East Asian coastal cyclones. After zonal averaging, two frequency maxima of deep cyclones emerged, one between 62.5–67.5° N and the other between 47.5–52.55° N. This is different from the European and North Atlantic regions where only one maximum occurs. The seasonal frequency deep cyclones in Northeastern China reaches maximum in spring and summer while in western Siberia and the Northwest Pacific deep cyclones are more frequent in winter. The annual trend of deep cyclones over the Northwest Pacific shows an increase from the sixties to the eighties while deep cyclones over East Asia decreased during this period. In the 1980's, more deep cyclones occurred over the Northwest Pacific and less deep cyclones over main land Asia which may be associated with the northern hemisphere warming. The monthly number of oceanic deep cyclones in December and January appeared to be positively correlated with the August and September sea surface temperatures over the East Pacific (El Nino regions 1 + 2).With 7 Figures     

2015年12月29日北极地面爆发性增温的成因分析

利用2015年NCEP/NCAR再分析一日四时次资料和日资料,应用区域平均、热流量方程估算等方法对2015年12月29日北极爆发性增温的原因进行研究。结果表明,2015年12月29日北极出现爆发性增温,日增温幅度最高达到25℃以上。增温期间,受到强盛温带气旋系统和反气旋系统的共同作用,增温区域出现强盛的南风,风速最大值达到20 m s-1以上,位置不断北进达到北极点。强盛的南风为北极地区带来强盛的暖平流,同时暖湿空气进入北极后,增温区上空云量明显增加。12月28日至12月29日温度平流由冷平流转变为暖平流,暖平流的中心区域与温度爆发性增长的区域有很好的对应关系,暖平流是北极爆发性增温的重要原因。对于一直处于极夜的北极地区,由于云量的增加,大气顶向上长波辐射减少,加剧了温度的上升。温度平流增温贡献率为20.4%,垂直项的贡献率为－9.9%,非绝热作用贡献率为89.5%,温度平流和非绝热作用共同导致了本次北极地区的爆发性增温,非绝热作用是本次爆发性增温最重要的增温因素。     

A regional climate change simulation over East Asia

In this study, regional climate changes for seventy years (1980–2049) over East Asia and the Korean Peninsula are investigated using the Special Reports on Emission Scenarios (SRES) B1 scenario via a high-resolution regional climate model, and the impact of global warming on extreme climate events over the study area is investigated. According to future climate predictions for East Asia, the annual mean surface air temperature increases by 1.8°C and precipitation decreases by 0.2 mm day^?1 (2030–2049). The maximum wind intensity of tropical cyclones increases in the high wind categories, and the intra-seasonal variation of tropical cyclone occurrence changes in the western North Pacific. The predicted increase in surface air temperature results from increased longwave radiations at the surface. The predicted decrease in precipitation is caused primarily by northward shift of the monsoon rain-band due to the intensified subtropical high. In the nested higher-resolution (20 km) simulation over the Korean Peninsula, annual mean surface air temperature increases by 1.5°C and annual mean precipitation decreases by 0.2 mm day^?1. Future surface air temperature over the Korean Peninsula increases in all seasons due to surface temperature warming, which leads to changes in the length of the four seasons. Future total precipitation over the Korean Peninsula is decreased, but the intensity and occurrence of heavy precipitation events increases. The regional climate changes information from this study can be used as a fruitful reference in climate change studies over East Asia and the Korean peninsula.