A finite element formulation in Lagrangian co-ordinates for heat and fluid flow in compacting sedimentary basins

This article presents a numerical model of heat and fluid flow in compacting sedimentary basins formulated in Lagrangian co-ordinates. The Lagrangian co-ordinates are the sediment particle positions of the completely compacted basin. A finite element formulation of excess water pressure and temperature in these Lagrangian co-ordinates is presented, in addition to an equivalent formulation in the real co-ordinates. The later formulation is also Lagrangian of nature, since the elements of the grid in the real co-ordinates always frame the same sediment particles. In other words, it is the Lagrangian grid mapped to the real space. This is done in an iterative loop which solves for excess water pressure, and then updates the real co-ordinates of the sediment particles. By comparing the two finite element formulations it is concluded that the one in real space is the simplest, most efficient and most precise. The model is validated by comparison with two dimensionless one-dimensional solutions, one analytical for the linear case, and one numerical for the non-linear case. Both these one-dimensional solutions are obtained on the unit interval, where the moving top boundary caused by continuous sedimentation is incorporated.     

沉积盆地中热的传递和地下水活动

沉积盆地中的热传递和地下水活动是盆地动力学研究中的一个前沿课题，具有十分重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。本文在给出沉积盆地热传递方程和水流方程的基础上，着重讨论了两者之间的关系。结合辽河盆地的实际资料，计算了地下水流速与地表热流和地温梯度之间的关系。     

Two‐dimensional finite element analysis of gravitational and lateral‐driven deformation in sedimentary basins

The paper deals with the modeling of some aspects, such as the formulation of constitutive equations for sediment material or finite element approach for basin analysis, related to mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins. In addition to compaction due to gravity forces and pore‐pressure dissipation, particular emphasis is given to the study of deformation induced by tectonic sequences. The numerical model relies upon the implementation of a comprehensive constitutive model for the sediment material formulated within the framework of finite poroplasticity. The theoretical model accounts for both hydromechanical and elasticity–plasticity coupling due to the effects of irreversible large strains. From the numerical viewpoint, a finite element procedure specifically devised for dealing with sedimentary basins as open systems allows to simulate within a two‐dimensional setting the process of sediment accretion or erosion. Several basin simulations are presented. The main objective is to analyze the behavior of a sedimentary basin during the different phases of its life cycle: accretion phase, pore‐pressure dissipation phase and compressive/extensional tectonic motions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论陆相含油气沉积盆地地下水动力场与油气运移、聚集

含油气沉积盆地地下水动力场的形成、演化是沉积盆地演化在孔隙流体中的综合反映,它直接受盆地地貌、水文网、沉积环境、构造性质及其演化史的控制。地下水动力场的形成、演化与油气的运移、聚集和分布规律具有十分密切的关系。含油气沉积盆地通常经历了多期水文地质旋回,从而决定了在一个独立的水动力体系中油气阶段性运移和阶梯式—环带状分布的特点。油气的阶梯式—环带状分布以沉积凹陷控制的包括部分相邻三级构造单元的具有相对独立的水动力体系为基本单元。因此,作为一个具有多个沉积凹陷的盆地来说,油气的分布通常由多个环带复合而成。     

碳同位素动力学模拟及其在天然气评价中的应用

天然气碳同位素动力学模拟是国际油气地球化学界的前沿性研究方向。它和盆地沉积埋藏史、受热史结合起来,对于评价天然气的成因和成藏历史是一种新而且有效的手段,正逐渐为人们所接受。介绍了天然气形成的碳同位素动力学模拟,以及其在评价天然气的成熟度、气源、运移-聚集史和油气比研究等方面应用的新进展,充分展示了其具有良好的应用价值。天然气碳同位素特征不仅受母源、成熟度的影响,而且与运聚条件、沉积盆地增温速率有关。瞬时聚集气与累积聚集气在碳同位素特征存在明显差别。碳同位素分馏动力学模型在不同含油气盆地会存在差异,不仅取决于气源条件,还与运移-聚集史、沉积-构造史有关。中国叠合型盆地天然气藏成因复杂,具有多期、多源的特点,本研究对这类天然气的研究与评价提供了新思路。     

沉积盆地超深层有机- 无机复合生烃机理及地质模式

全球范围内超深层油气的不断发现,对经典的生烃理论提出了挑战,外源氢加入的有机-无机复合生烃过程引起了广泛关注。基于地质观察统计数据,分子氢在沉积盆地中分布广泛,形成机制复杂。在地质环境中,水和水-岩反应、深部流体等途径产生的无机氢是最主要的外部氢源。可控加氢模拟实验揭示了沉积盆地的氢逸度水平是调控烃类产物生成的重要因素之一,并且干酪根的加氢裂解是沉积盆地中易于发生的生烃过程。外源氢介入生烃过程的前提是环境氢逸度大于沉积有机质本身的氢逸度,其有效范围受生烃母质化学组成和结构的制约,约起始于生油高峰之后,约终止于沉积有机质H/C=0.3之时。亦即,有机-无机复合生烃作用是沉积盆地超深层生烃的有效途径。在其有效发生的范围内,油气资源类型依然由生烃母质类型(化学组成和结构)、成熟度和受热历史等因素决定,具有明显的阶段性和不同于经典理论的生烃模式。外源氢的参与,在成熟阶段可小幅度提升生油产率;在高—过成熟阶段可显著增加天然气产率;在高成熟阶段,加氢脱烷基作用最大可增加50%的轻质油/凝析油产率;在过成熟阶段,加氢脱甲基-开环作用最大可增加约5倍甲烷产率。有机-无机复合生烃模式的确立,丰富了传统生...     

A constitutive model for mechanical and chemo‐mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins and finite element analysis

Compaction and associated fluid flow are fundamental processes in sedimentary basin deformation. Purely mechanical compaction originates mainly from pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles during burial, while chemo‐mechanical compaction results from Intergranular Pressure‐Solution (IPS) and represents a major mechanism of deformation in sedimentary basins during diagenesis. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a comprehensive 3D framework for constitutive and numerical modeling of purely mechanical and chemo‐mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins. Extending the concepts that have been previously proposed for the modeling of purely mechanical compaction in finite poroplasticity, deformation by IPS is addressed herein by means of additional viscoplastic terms in the state equations of the porous material. The finite element model integrates the poroplastic and poroviscoplastic components of deformation at large strains. The corresponding implementation allows for numerical simulation of sediments accretion/erosion periods by progressive activation/deactivation of the gravity forces within a fictitious closed material system. Validation of the numerical approach is assessed by means of comparison with closed‐form solutions derived in the context of a simplified compaction model. The last part of the paper presents the results of numerical basin simulation performed in one dimensional setting, demonstrating the ability of the modeling to capture the main features in elastoplastic and viscoplastic compaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论盆地流体成矿/成烃作用的耦合关系

沉积盆地中的油气聚集和某些金属矿床都是盆地演化过程中盆地流体活动的产物,是同一地质-构造格架内同一自然过程留下的物质表象。油气是被封存起来的、以碳氢化合物为主的盆地有机流体,而固态的金属矿石则大多是以水溶液相为主的盆地流体在适当的部位将所溶解携带的成矿金属组分沉淀卸载的结果。碳氢化合物源干沉积有机质的演化;成矿金属元素则可能是盆地流体从沉积物颗粒通过流-岩反应萃取来的。有机组分在成矿金属元素的活化萃取、迁移、直至沉淀就位的全过程中均起了非常重要的作用。在成岩压实作用阶段(相当干油气的初次析出阶段),油气与粘土水一道从生烃层内被挤出。从这个意义上讲,油气与部分成矿水溶液具有共同的起源。但在往后的运移和聚集就位过程中,由于水和油的物理化学特征不同,二发生了分离。从而造成了金属矿床与油气藏在空间上既相互依赖,又相互分离的复杂关系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地燕山运动及其与油气关系

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国中西部重要的含油气盆地之一。燕山期是盆地油气运移和聚集的主要时期。通过晚中生代及其周缘地区沉积格局、构造变形、晚侏罗世—早白垩世的岩浆及热事件的分析 ,认为晚侏罗世以前盆地主要受特提斯构造域的控制 ,古太平洋板块对盆地格局的影响在晚侏罗世晚期以后才有所表现。深部地幔蠕散是盆地古地温场变化的主要原因。它不但导致了盆地地温梯度的急剧升高 ,而且还对后期盆地周缘的地壳浅层次构造变形有一定的影响 ,也是造成晚中生代山西地区与鄂尔多斯盆地差异的重要因素 ,还对油气的运移和聚集起着控制作用。综合燕山期盆地古应力场、古地温场及构造变形特点 ,可以认为燕山期构造运动对鄂尔多斯盆地的油气分布至关重要     

二维沉积层序计算机模拟研究

本项研究建立了综合性的二维沉积层序模拟系统SSMS。该模拟系统由盆地的沉降过程模拟与盆地充填过程模拟两个子系统构成。盆地的沉降模拟结合了反演的沉降回剥和盆地形成的正演模型;盆地充填过程模拟综合考虑了盆地沉降、重力均衡作用、海（湖）平面升降、沉积物供给、侵蚀作用、沉积物分布和压实等因素。结合实例分析表明,该模拟系统可用于定量分析盆地构造、海（湖）平面、沉积物供给等变化对沉积层序的形成过程、几何形态及其沉积体系分布的控制作用,检验地质模型和进行预测。     

A constitutive and numerical model for mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins

The aim of the paper is to provide new elements concerning the constitutive behavior of sedimentary rocks and the numerical aspects for basin simulators. A comprehensive model for mechanical compaction of sedimentary basins is developed within finite poroplasticity setting. Particular concern is paid to the effects of large porosity changes on the poromechanical properties of the sediment material. A simplified micromechanics-based approach is used to account for the stiffness increase and hardening induced by large plastic strains.A key challenge for numerical assessment of sedimentary basin evolution is to integrate multiple coupled processes in the context of open material systems. To this end, a numerical approach inspired from the ‘deactivation/reactivation’ method used for the simulation of excavation process and lining placement in tunnel engineering, has been developed. Periods of sediments accretion are simulated by progressive activation of the gravity forces within a fictitious closed system. Fundamental components of the constitutive model developed before (hydromechanical coupling, dependence of poroelastic properties on large plasticity, impact of irreversible porosity changes on the hardening rule, evolution of permeability with porosity) are included into our finite element code.Illustrative examples of basin simulation are performed in the one-dimensional case. Various aspects of the constitutive model are investigated. Their influence on the corresponding basin response is analyzed in terms of compaction law, porosity and fluid pressure profiles.     

反转构造

反转构造近年来已成为盆地和造山带构造研究的一个重要方面，它与油气运移，聚集的关系已成为许多油气田评价的主要内容之一。本文在介绍反转构造的几何学特征，形成风制，鉴别特征等基础上，讨论了反转构造与油气聚集的关系以及在造山带研究中的应用，对反转构造概念和研究方法的正确领会和掌握，将为中国含油气盆地和造山带的研究提供新的思路。     

Three-dimensional computer-assisted basin modelling to generate exploration target areas: an example from the late Archaean-early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa

Second- and third-order fault-bounded Precambrian basins frequently host deposits of the sedimentary massive sulphide group. Three-dimensional geometric modelling of the thickness of preserved basin-fill successions of the Transvaal Supergroup, using DATAMINE software, and residual gravity modelling of the contemporary basement floor, help delineate areas of exploration potential in this unit. Two main depositional axes are tentatively identified for the basal volcano-sedimentary protobasinal Transvaal successions. A sheet-like geometry was indicated for the succeeding Black Reef sandstones and Chuniespoort Group chemical sedimentary rocks. The uppermost Pretoria Group thickness model delineates eastern and western second-order basins separated by a central submerged palaeohigh. A similar isopach pattern is noted for the thick shales of the Silverton Formation in this group, with, in addition, a well-defined third-order basin in the northwest of the western second-order basin. The residual gravity model indicates two linear palaeovalleys adjacent to this western basin, one coincident with one of the axes inferred for the protobasinal rocks. The fault-bounded second- and third-order basins and depositional axes postulated here are consistent with known geological data and suggested sedimentation models. Cumulative distortions implicit in the DATAMINE computer modelling technique are reduced when the method is applied on the basin-wide scale, enabling identification of regional exploration target areas rather than immediate prospecting targets. Received: 14 August 1996 / Accepted: 13 March 1997     

下地壳流变学性质对南大西洋两岸盆地结构不对称性的控制

南大西洋两岸被动陆缘盆地蕴藏大量的油气资源,是近年来油气勘探的热点区域。南大西洋两侧共轭盆地的结构存在明显的不对称性,南美侧的桑托斯盆地垂直走向方向的宽度(约850 km)是位于非洲侧的南宽扎盆地(约200 km)的4倍。盆地结构的不对称性导致南大西洋两岸被动陆缘盆地油气分布与成藏规律具有明显的差异,但是盆地结构不对称性的动力学成因目前还存在较大争议。为此开展2D热力学耦合的地球动力学数值模拟实验,数值模拟中采用有限元方法求解黏-弹-塑性连续介质的本构方程。实验结果证明了下地壳流变学性质差异是控制盆地结构的关键因素。当下地壳流变学性质不对称时,在克拉通上发育的盆地往往为狭窄盆地,而在造山带上发育的盆地为宽广盆地。克拉通深厚地壳通过改变软流圈的流动影响地壳破裂和盆地结构。与前人数值模拟结果相比,本文的模型不仅能正演不对称盆地的形成过程,也能预测共轭盆地不对称极性,与南大西洋地质情况能够更好吻合。     

叠合盆地油气富集/贫化机理的思考

对四川盆地和准噶尔盆地2个油气藏的成藏机理和成藏模式进行了解剖,以此为基础,探讨了叠合盆地油气成藏与分布的控制因素。从油气成藏的角度,叠合盆地的主要特征是多生烃凹陷与多层位源岩、多元(干酪根、储层和源岩沥青、已聚集油气)、多期生烃、输导体系和能量场的时空差异性和复杂的聚集后过程。多期构造控制下的成藏过程的叠加方式控制油气的富集和贫化,多灶、多源汇聚性叠加和同源多期继承性、强化性叠加是叠合盆地油气富集的重要机制,而多灶、多源离散性叠加、同源多期调整改造性叠加可导致油气的贫化。     

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷侏罗系超压成因、垂向传导及油气成藏

沉积盆地中超压广受关注,但对超压传导规律认识的不足制约了高压领域的油气勘探.以准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷侏罗系为例,通过超压类型地质综合判识、关键超压表征参数的理论计算及流体包裹体压力恢复,首次认识到了垂向传导对于储集层超压的重要贡献,结合压力垂向传导机制及过程,探讨了油气藏的运聚及泄露意义.研究结果表明,侏罗系超压由4类超压环境中7种致压因素引起,经历2期大规模压力跨层垂向传导,储集层段发育以垂向传导为主因的复合超压,形成3类不同动力特征的油气藏.压力垂向传导是储集层超压的主要成因机制,断-盖的力学性质、差应力及流体压力等3类因素控制压力垂向传导,传导背景下,形成3类与传导作用有关的油气藏:受断层垂向传导控制的超压油藏、受连通砂体侧向传导控制的超压油藏以及超压界面上的常压油藏,上述3类油气藏的运聚及泄露特征差异较大.      

西北地区油页岩形成条件及找矿方向

西北地区是我国油页岩资源最丰富的地区之一,不仅在鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木、额济纳旗—银根等大型沉积盆地广泛分布,而且在大青山、阴山地区的海流图、固阳、石拐沟、卓资及乌兰花等陆相山间盆地,祁连—河西走廊地区的盆地群(西起敦煌盆地,东至六盘山盆地—巴音浩特盆地,南抵柴达木盆地包括了众多的以古生界为基底的中新生代中小型沉积盆地)的许多中小型盆地也广泛分布。通过对西北地区不同沉积盆地油页岩形成条件与成因类型分析,总结了西北地区油页岩的3种成因类型,即深湖-半深湖相成因;海陆交替相成因和沼泽相成因。认为大型内陆湖盆深湖-半深湖相沉积,由于沉积环境稳定,富含有机质,形成的油页岩矿床具有分布面积广、厚度大、含油率稳定的特点,往往形成大型油页岩矿床,为最有利勘探区。     

数值模拟在沉积盆地褶皱冲断构造变形研究中的应用与发展

数值模拟是一种利用电子计算机,通过数值计算和图像显示的方法,研究工程问题、物理问题乃至自然界各类问题的方法。随着高性能计算的不断发展,数值模拟方法在沉积盆地构造变形研究中的应用不断扩大,学术界和工业界将数值模拟方法广泛应用于盆地构造变形特征与变形机制的定量研究,取得了丰硕的成果。本文在系统分析前人数值模拟成果的基础上,阐述了有限元、有限差分、边界元和离散元四种常用数值模拟实验方法的特征和应用。同时,本文对近年来数值模拟方法在沉积盆地褶皱冲断构造变形中的研究进展进行了分类总结,重点介绍这一方法在构造特征与变形机制研究中取得的成果,为数值模拟方法在盆地构造变形领域应用的不断扩大和深入提供参考。最后,本文对数值模拟技术在目前应用中面临的问题和未来的发展方向提出了一些看法和建议。     

Finite element modelling for simulating the surface subsidence above a compacting hydrocarbon reservoir

The surface subsidence above a compacting saturated oil reservoir is the main topic of this paper. From a literature review, it is obvious that extensive efforts have been conducted for investigating this phenomenon in various situations. Herein, a numerical model, based on the finite element method, was used for simulating three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir. The mathematical formulation describes a fully coupled governing equation system which consists of the equilibrium and continuity equations for three immiscible fluids flowing in a porous media. An elastoplastic soil model, based on a Mohr Coulomb yield surface, was utilized. The finite element method was applied to obtain simultaneous solutions to the governing equations where the displacements and the fluid pressures are the primary unknowns. The final discretized equations are solved by a direct solver using fully implicit procedures. A linear analysis was used to study the stability conditions of the present model. Finally, a series of simulations were conducted to indicate the validity and the utility of the developed model.     

层形态的概念及地质意义

层形态是作者在开发“大陆伸展盆地构造沉积模拟系统（ＴＳＭＳ）”过程中提出的一个新概念。层形态是指能够反映盆地构造沉积演化过程的沉积地层的几何形态，大陆伸展盆地的构造沉积学模拟结果表明，在不同伸展速率下形成的盆地具有不同的层形态、瞬时伸展盆地的层形态为板状，快速持续伸展盆地表现为尖楔形层形态，在这两种端元情形下存在着一系列过渡类型，通过在地震剖面和地质剖面上分析盆地的层形态和其随时间的变化，有助于对盆地构造沉积过程的认识