SIMPLE PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC BUILDINGS

A simple method for the non-linear static analysis of complex building structures subjected to monotonically increasing horizontal loading (push-over analysis) is presented. The method is designed to be a part of new methodologies for the seismic design and evaluation of structures. It is based on the extension of a pseudo-three-dimensional mathematical model of a building structure into the non-linear range. The structure consists of planar macroelements. For each planar macroelement, a simple bilinear or multilinear base shear–top displacement relationship is assumed. By a step-by-step analysis an approximate relationship between the global base shear and top displacement is computed. During the analysis the development of plastic hinges throughout the building can be monitored. The method has been implemented into a prototype computer program. In the paper the mathematical model, the base shear–top displacement relationships for different types of macroelements, and the step-by-step computational procedure are described. The method has been applied for the analysis of a symmetric and an asymmetric variant of a seven-storey reinforced concrete frame–wall building, as well as for the analysis of a complex asymmetric 21-storey reinforced concrete wall building. The influence of torsion on structural behaviour is discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于我国实际工程场地的不同基本周期计算方法差异性研究

场地基本周期是表征场地动力特性最基本的指标,也是评价场地条件的重要依据。本文介绍了计算场地基本周期的四种方法——子层周期求和法（规范法）、子层周期贡献系数法、简化Rayleigh法以及逐层单自由度法。收集并筛选了国内605组钻孔深度达到工程基岩的剪切波速剖面资料,其中:Ⅰ类场地10个;Ⅱ类场地300个;Ⅲ类场地249个;Ⅳ类场地46个。以传递函数法结果为标准,对上述四种方法的计算结果进行对比检验,就不同方法的偏差进行了深入分析,给出了其统计结果,并剖析了各方法应用于实际工程场地的适宜性。主要结论:（1）我国规范所采用的子层周期求和法虽然在工程中方便使用,但计算结果普遍存在显著偏差,其偏差的平均值大于20%,最大偏差甚至接近50%。（2）简化Rayleigh法和逐层单自由度法相较于规范法计算精度均有大幅提高,二者偏差在5%以内的工况数占比分别达到80%和70%以上。（3）子层周期贡献系数法采用了加权累加的计算方式,继承了规范法便于操作的优点,并且计算精度为本文所选四种方法中最高,其最大偏差不超过10%,偏差在5%以内的工况数占比达到85%,建议在实际工程中推广应用。     

大高宽比隔震结构地震反应的实用分析方法

本文提出了高层隔震结构等大高宽比隔震结构体系地震反应分析的单质点、2质点和3质点剪切型简化计算模型,同时还提出了高宽比影响系数的概念和计算式。这种纯剪切的简化计算模型成功地模拟了剪切加转动多质点计算模型的动力特性,通过高宽比影响系数对剪切型计算模型得到的剪力系数进行非线性放大,使数十质点的隔震结构体系都能够简化成单质点、2质点和3质点体系进行地震反应分析。文末对22层高宽比为5．01的某22层隔震结构进行了算例分析,简化计算理论的计算结果和时程分析法计算结果一致性良好。     

上海环球金融中心大厦整体结构振动台试验设计

同济大学土木工程防灾国家重点实验室对上海环球金融中心大厦进行了整体结构模型的振动台试验.该大厦101层,结构高度492m,拟建成为世界上结构主体最高的建筑物.本文详细介绍了大厦结构体系、振动台试验模型材料的选取、动力相似关系的确定以及试验方案的设计.针对超高层整体结构小比例模型施工困难的特点,提出了模型的简化方法,并利用ANSYS对简化模型进行了计算,计算结果表明模型简化对结构自振特性和地震反应影响很小,验证了简化方法的可行性.本文提供的模型和试验的设计思路对今后有关的试验工作有一定的借鉴作用.     

二维复杂工程场址设计地震动的修正分析方法

地震安全性评价中工程场地设计地震动通常采用一维等效线性化水平成层的分析模型，但对一些较复杂的场地条件，如蓄能电站所处场地，仅考虑一维场地是不够的，而需考虑二维场地的影响。常规采用的二维有限元很难考虑诸多因素，为工程设计带来了很大的困难。提出了可考虑二维复杂工程场地影响的设计地震动的修正分析方法和简化方法，该方法还可考虑非线性对场地的影响及吸能边界等因素，而且计算简单，并易于同常用的一维等效线性化方法结合。实例分析结果合理，对工程场地地震动的确定具有重要意义。     

Simplified seismic performance assessment and implications for seismic design

The last decade or so has seen the development of refined performance-based earthquake engineering(PBEE) approaches that now provide a framework for estimation of a range of important decision variables,such as repair costs,repair time and number of casualties. This paper reviews current tools for PBEE,including the PACT software,and examines the possibility of extending the innovative displacement-based assessment approach as a simplified structural analysis option for performance assessment. Details of the displacement-based s+eismic assessment method are reviewed and a simple means of quickly assessing multiple hazard levels is proposed. Furthermore,proposals for a simple definition of collapse fragility and relations between equivalent single-degree-of-freedom characteristics and multi-degree-of-freedom story drift and floor acceleration demands are discussed,highlighting needs for future research. To illustrate the potential of the methodology,performance measures obtained from the simplified method are compared with those computed using the results of incremental dynamic analyses within the PEER performance-based earthquake engineering framework,applied to a benchmark building. The comparison illustrates that the simplified method could be a very effective conceptual seismic design tool. The advantages and disadvantages of the simplified approach are discussed and potential implications of advanced seismic performance assessments for conceptual seismic design are highlighted through examination of different case study scenarios including different structural configurations.     

多点激励下拱桥竖向地震反应的简化计算方法

以某大跨公路拱桥为例,通过对拱桥在三种行波输入模式下地震反应的对比计算,提出了拱脚行波输入的简化输入方式;利用拱桥结构的对称性特点,提出了多点输入下半拱叠加的简化计算方法。经验证,这一计算方法具有良好的计算精度,可将较为复杂的拱桥多点输入地震反应计算问题,转化为工程技术人员熟悉的一致输入下地震反应计算问题。     

A response-based simplified model for vertical vibrations of embedded foundations

A simplified damped oscillator model is proposed to simulate unbounded soil for the vertical vibration analysis of rigid embedded foundations. Based on the dynamic responses of a foundation–soil system, an optimal equivalent model is determined as the best simplified model. Magnification responses of a foundation–soil system simulated by the optimal equivalent model are well consistent with those obtained by the half-space theory and by a widely used computer program even as embedment depth or vibrating mass increases. The optimal equivalent model utilizing only three parameters can result in responses as accurate as the existing models, which use more parameters. This proposed method uses much simpler procedure than optimization techniques used by most existing discrete models. This proposed method may also be easily and accurately applied to practical soil–structure interaction analysis.     

Simplified estimation of the expected annual loss of reinforced concrete buildings

Performance‐based earthquake engineering procedures have now developed to the point that it is possible to evaluate a range of possible decision variables, including the expected annual monetary loss (EAL). Quantification of the EAL is considered to be particularly useful because it could assist with the identification of effective design and retrofit measures that consider seismic performance over a range of intensity levels. Recognizing, however, that existing procedures for the evaluation of EAL tends to be quite time consuming, this paper builds on a recent proposal to use simplified limit state loss versus intensity relationships to compute EAL via a closed‐form equation, without the need to compile an inventory of damageable components and with freedom in the choice of structural analysis method. Various developments to the simplified approach are made in this paper to allow consideration of loss thresholds, non‐uniform damage distributions and the impact of differences in seismic performance in orthogonal directions. In addition, means of accounting for uncertainties in the simplified EAL assessment are described. The work has focused on the assessment of EAL for reinforced concrete frame buildings with details representative of construction practice adopted in Italy in the 1950s through to the early 1970s. By comparing loss assessment results obtained using a refined methodology with those obtained using the new guidelines developed here for two case study buildings, it is concluded that the simplified approach works well. Future research should therefore aim to further validate the approach and extend it to other building typologies and construction eras. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rigorous landslide hazard zonation using Newmark's method and stochastic ground motion simulation

Researchers and practitioners in earthquake engineering have recognized geographic information systems (GIS) to be a significant tool in modeling spatial phenomenon related to hazard and risk. GIS, as an engineering tool, has been primarily used for its spatial data storing and presentation features. Models are often simplified to be more compatible with the light computational capabilities of many GIS. If not simplified, heavy computations are generally performed external to the GIS. A prototype vector-based GIS was developed that employs a rigorous approach to Newmark's displacement method for assessing earthquake triggered landslide hazards. The rigorous Newmark's analysis provides desirable flexibility by allowing input of actual ground motions. The prototype hazard GIS incorporates a popular shot filtered noise technique for generating artificial ground motions. The rigorous approach was compared to a popular simplified approach for computing Newmark displacements. Distribution of regional displacements was found to be similar with the simplified approach giving more and larger extreme displacements. The rigorous approach is suitable for large scales to model various seismic scenarios and their effect on seismically induced landslide potential.     

THE EFFECTS OF INACCURATE INPUT PARAMETERS ON DEPOSITION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

I.~OntjcnONEngineeringPredictionsofsedimenttransPOrtinopen-Channelsystems,especiallyifunsteadyflowconditionmustbeconsidered,isfraughtwithambigUityduetospatialandtemporalvariability,measurementerrors,lumtedsamplingoftheParameters,bounceandscallconditionS,andsink/sourcetenns.Duringrecentyearsmanysophisticatedmathematicalmodelshavebecomeavailabletocalculateunsteadyflowinone,tWoorthreedimensionS.ThesemodelswillbecoupledwithtranSportequationSforbedloadorsuSpendedloadtocalculateforexamplelongt…     

Simplified seismic performance assessment and implications for seismic design

The last decade or so has seen the development of refined performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) approaches that now provide a framework for estimation of a range of important decision variables, such as repair costs, repair time and number of casualties. This paper reviews current tools for PBEE, including the PACT software, and examines the possibility of extending the innovative displacement-based assessment approach as a simplified structural analysis option for performance assessment. Details of the displacement-based s+eismic assessment method are reviewed and a simple means of quickly assessing multiple hazard levels is proposed. Furthermore, proposals for a simple definition of collapse fragility and relations between equivalent single-degree-of-freedom characteristics and multi-degree-of-freedom story drift and floor acceleration demands are discussed, highlighting needs for future research. To illustrate the potential of the methodology, performance measures obtained from the simplified method are compared with those computed using the results of incremental dynamic analyses within the PEER performance-based earthquake engineering framework, applied to a benchmark building. The comparison illustrates that the simplified method could be a very effective conceptual seismic design tool. The advantages and disadvantages of the simplified approach are discussed and potential implications of advanced seismic performance assessments for conceptual seismic design are highlighted through examination of different case study scenarios including different structural configurations.     

近场强地震动数值模拟的简化计算方法

近场强地震动除受场地条件的影响外,还受到震源破裂面上子源的空间分布特点、子源破裂先后顺序的强烈控制,基于数值格林函数法的近场强地震动数值模拟方法可以综合考虑震源、传播途径及局部场地条件的影响,对计算过程进行合理简化,分2步完成地震动模拟:第1步,在介质均匀区采用矩张量的解析解计算所有子源在盖层底面的位移,形成下一步有限元计算的输入场;第2步,在盖层介质不均匀区,结合局部人工透射边界技术,采用时、空解耦的波动显式有限元方法计算地表强地震动。在有限断层模型中,采用具有9个力偶的等效地震矩张量表达断层产状、滑动方向等的影响,采用Brune模型定义各子源的滑动时间函数,描述滑动的时、空不均匀分布特征,从而细化震源模型。通过对Northridge地震中4个基岩台站地表地震动的模拟结果和强震记录,验证了此简化计算方法的可行性     

简支混凝土梁桥Pushover分析简化方法

静力Pushover分析方法是研究结构在地震作用下力学性能的非线性分析方法,目前已经得到了广泛的运用.本文主要讨论了对于简支梁桥的简化Pushover分析方法.对于非高墩的规则桥梁,结构的重量主要来自于上部结构,因而可以把分析模型简化为单自由度体系.当给定了墩柱潜在塑性铰区的弯矩-曲率关系曲线后,可以通过简单的运算得到其Pushover曲线,从而避免了有限元建模的麻烦.该方法对于工程运用有着一定的参考价值.最后,结合算例表明了该简化方法的有效性.     

一种简单的大地电磁阻抗张量畸变分解方法

提出了一种简单的大地电磁阻抗张量畸变分解方法，引入3d/2d模型，使得全畸变的大地电磁阻抗张量被生意人经，通过对比Swift旋转和Bahr分解后的资料，用联系二的畸变矩阵表示浅层三维电性异常体对区域二维构造的局部畸变影响，通过研究畸变张量矩阵，并对其进行分解，可将局部三维电性不均匀体产生的畸变与区域构造分离开来，从而了解区域构造的维数特征和局部畸变类型及其对区域构造的影响，最后，应用3个测点的实际资料，对这种简单的畸变分解方法进行了检验，结果表明，该方法简单且应用方便，解释效果较好。     

Uncertainty Analysis for a Dynamic Phosphorus Model with Fuzzy Parameters

A simplified method based on fuzzy set theory is presented to incorporate uncertainty of parameters into a dynamic total phosphorus model. Uncertainty may arise from difference between calibrated conditions and projected condition as well as from inconsistency of available data in the literature. The uncertainty in parameters was represented by fuzzy numbers that can be generated through various ways such as model calibration process, soft interpretation of literature data, and subjective opinions of experts. The proposed fuzzy approach decomposed fuzzy parameters into interval numbers at different level cuts, and solved for interval solutions through very simple calculation instead of solving nonlinear programming models. The interval solutions at each level cut were could be combined to obtain fuzzy solutions. This method has been applied to the phosphorus load-response model of the Triadelphia Reservoir near the Washington, DC area. Two pollution control scenarios have been simulated with fuzzy parameters. The measures of necessity and possibility have been used to analyze the potential risk of the two scenarios. The research results indicated that uncertainty is a very important factor in water quality modeling. By incorporating uncertainty into model framework, the fuzzy model identified the highly risky scenario that was considered preferable based on solutions of the deterministic model.     

考虑地基土液化影响的桩基高层建筑体系地震反应分析

本文建立了土体－结构体系地震反应分析的混合有限元法，并研究了地基土液化对地震反应的影响。本方法把土体－结构体系简化为一个完整的体系，该体系由梁（柱）单元、剪切杆单元、刚体单元、平面四边形等参单元与三角形单元、界面单元的任意组合来模拟。桩与上部结构材料视为线弹性体，土介质视为非线性材料。土的静应力－应变关系之间的非线性用邓肯一张模型来描述；土的动应力－应变关系之间的非线性和振动孔隙水压力对土的软化效     

A simplified model for estimating field‐scale surface runoff hydrographs

The problem of obtaining field‐scale surface response to rainfall events is complicated by the spatial variability of infiltration characteristics of the soil and rainfall. In this paper, we develop and test a simplified model for generating surface runoff over fields with spatial variation in both rainfall rate and saturated hydraulic conductivities. The model is able to represent the effects of local variation in infiltration, as well as the run‐on effect that controls infiltration of excess water from saturated upstream areas. The effective rainfall excess is routed to the slope outlet using a simplified solution of the kinematic wave approximation. Model results are compared to averaged hydrographs from numerically‐intensive Monte–Carlo simulations for observed and design rainfall events and soil patterns that are typical of Central Italy. The simplified model is found to yield satisfactory results at a relatively small computational expense. A proposal to include a simple channel routing scheme is also presented as a prelude to extend this conceptualization to watershed scales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simplified analysis model for determining the seismic response of buried steel pipes at strike-slip fault crossings

The seismic response analysis of buried pipelines at fault crossings is a complex problem requiring nonlinear 3D soil-structure and large deformation analyses. Such analyses are computationally expensive and the results are hard to evaluate. Therefore, a simple numerical model is needed for engineering and design offices to determine the seismic demand of steel pipes at fault crossings. This paper presents a simplified numerical model for buried steel pipes crossing strike-slip faults and oriented perpendicular to the fault. Two pipes with different diameter to thickness (D/t) ratios and steel grades are used in the study. The proposed model permits plastic hinge formations in the pipe due to incrementally applied fault movements, allows determination of the critical length of the pipeline and measure strains developed on the tension and compression sides in the pipe. The model also considers the effect of bending as well as axial strains due to stretching.     

竖向地震下双塔连体建筑的分析和设计

首先输入多条实际竖向地震记录,用时程分析考察了塔楼高度和连体跨度不同的多个算例。然后将其抽象成塔楼和连体桁架组成的双自由度体系,运用频域分析方法,得到竖向地震作用的变化规律：11随着桁架对塔楼频率比增加,连体地震放大作用越明显;2）当连体对塔楼质量比较小且两者频率比相近1,连体地震反应进一步加强。现行抗震规范的重力系数法提出的大跨度结构竖向地震的实用计算公式对于本文研究结构并不完全适用。提出考虑塔楼和桁架协同地震作用的实用算式,并对一个超高层工程实例进行竖向地震作用分析,与时程分析结果吻合较好。