Constitutive modelling of a reinforced soil using hierarchical model

Drained triaxial tests are conducted on natural and reinforced sand under various stress paths. Direct shear tests and pull-out tests are conducted on soil–reinforcement interface and on reinforcement, respectively. The effects of two types of reinforcement, viz, woven and non-woven geotextile and number of layers of reinforcement are investigated. Hierarchical single surface model is used to depict the behaviour of natural and reinforced soil by treating the soil as a single composite material and by considering soil, reinforcement and interface as independent elements. It is shown that the material parameters are very much affected by the type and the number of layers of reinforcement. The hierarchical model provides satisfactory prediction for both natural and reinforced soil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水土作用中铝对土体结构性的影响

简述了水土作用实验的方法和水土作用中铝发生的一系列物理化学反应。在对实验数据进行计算、回归后，详细分析了铝的含量、存在状态对土的颗粒性质、可塑性质和结构强度的影响机理。     

黄河冲淤积平原区高速公路地基沉降规律研究

采用FLAC有限差分的计算方法建立了黄河冲淤积平原粉性土公路地基的流-固耦合模型。考虑孔隙水的排出过程和施工时路基的分层加载过程,对黄河冲淤积平原粉性土公路地基不同施工阶段的固结沉降进行了计算分析,并与现场实测的结果进行了对比。研究认为,对一般路段,当路基高度H≤10 m时,路基施工后可直接进行路面结构施工;当路基高度 H≥12 m时,放置6个月仍不能满足容许工后沉降的要求。对桥台与台背填土,这两个界限分别是路基高度H≤6 m和H≥ 8 m。对于涵洞、通道,分别是路基高度H≤8 m和H≥10 m。     

黄河下游堤防非饱和土边坡渗流分析

根据室内非饱和土的渗透试验得出的非饱和土的渗透参数,针对黄河下游堤防典型的非饱和土边坡,采用有限单元法系统地分析了堤防非饱和土边坡在降雨和洪水作用下的非饱和渗流场特征,并得出降雨与洪水对非饱和粉质黏土边坡渗流场的改变范围,该范围的大小为浸润线移动前方2 m之内。进一步分析了降雨与洪水共同作用对黄河下游堤防边坡非饱和渗流场的影响,分析结果表明降雨程度的大小和持续时间的长短直接影响着洪水对非饱和渗流场改变的难易程度。     

机械预切槽法开挖软土隧道地层变形研究

软土中的机械预切槽法是超前支护的一种，在预筑拱的保护下可以安全高效地开挖隧道。在隧道力学和弹塑性理论的基础上，利用自行开发的三维程序，分析了机械预切槽法与常规全断面法开挖隧道时引起的地层变形。计算结果显示：机械预切槽法形成的预支护作用在控制地层变形方面较常规全断面法具有明显的优势，预切槽法可以减少隧道施工对地层变形的影响范围和影响程度，可以用于对地表沉降控制较严格地区的隧道施工。     

复合土钉墙支护设计参数敏感性分析及边坡变形规律研究

由土钉和预应力锚索组成的复合土钉墙支护结构可以有效加固周围土体,控制基坑变形,被广泛应用于基坑支护设计中。以济南西客站站前广场基坑工程复合土钉墙支护设计为例,通过FLAC3D有限差分软件数值计算和现场监测分析,采用弹塑性实体单元和线性锚杆单元,考虑锚杆与土体相互作用,通过对土钉和预应力锚索组成的复合土钉支护结构进行开挖支护施工全过程的三维动态模拟分析。分析基坑坡面水平位移、坑底隆起、地表沉降、土钉轴力、预应力锚索轴力等变化规律,研究复合土钉墙的受力机制,探讨土钉和预应力锚索的共同作用机制。分析土体各种力学参数和锚杆间距、锚索预应力等设计参数对基坑变形影响的敏感性,并与监测数据进行对比分析。研究表明,锚杆与土体相互作用力学模型能较好模拟复合土钉墙支护施工过程,计算精度较高;土体黏聚力、摩擦角、土钉间距、锚索预应力等对基坑边坡变形的影响较大,计算结果可为复合土钉墙设计参数选取提供参考     

Numerical analysis of a one‐dimensional infiltration problem in unsaturated soil by a seepage–deformation coupled method

A multiphase coupled elasto‐viscoplastic finite element analysis formulation, based on the theory of porous media, is used to describe the rainfall infiltration process into a one‐dimensional soil column. Using this framework, we have numerically analyzed the generation of pore water pressure and deformations when rainfall is applied to the soil. A parametric study, including rainfall intensity, soil–water characteristic curves, and permeability, is carried out to observe their influence on the changes in pore water pressure and volumetric strain. From the numerical results, it is shown that the generation of pore water pressure and volumetric strain is mainly controlled by material parameters α and n′ that describe the soil–water characteristic curve. A comparison with the laboratory results shows that the proposed method can describe very well the characteristics observed during the experiments of one‐dimensional water infiltration into a layered unsaturated soil column. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩承式路堤土拱效应发挥过程研究

通过三维模型试验对桩承式路堤中土拱效应发挥过程进行了研究,重点分析了不同桩顶盖板尺寸、不同加筋方式下应力折减系数与差异沉降之间的关系。结果表明,土拱效应随变形的增加而发挥;加筋材料的设置减小了差异沉降,削弱了填土中的土拱效应,荷载向桩顶的传递是土拱效应和拉膜效应共同作用的结果。采用有限元法对桩间距、填土高度等未能在模型试验中考虑的关键因素进行了参数敏感性分析,总结了土拱效应发挥过程的相关规律。根据有限元计算结果、试验数据和文献中收集到的实测资料,提出用土拱效应发挥系数和归一化位移来描述土拱效应的发挥过程,建议二者之间采用双曲线方程模拟,从而在设计中体现土拱效应随位移的发展,并满足路堤填土、加筋材料和地基之间的变形协调要求。     

双重孔隙-裂隙岩体中洞室变形及强度各向异性的三维有限元分析

将确定双重孔隙-裂隙介质凝聚力及内摩擦角的方法与描述介质强度各向异性的微结构-无迹张量方法相结合,引入到三维有限元程序中。以简单的算例,通过解析解与数值解的比较,验证了所开发的有限元程序的可靠性。针对一个假定的位于被3组正交裂隙所切割的围岩中的矩形洞室,使用Mohr-Coulomb准则进行弹塑性数值模拟,就不同的工况分析了围岩中的位移、应力及塑性区的状态。计算结果显示：裂隙组的不同展布及组合使得岩体的变形及强度性质有着不同的各向异性,从而相应地导致围岩中的位移、应力及塑性区的分布与量值产生明显的差异。     

某机场飞行区土工格栅加筋高边坡优化设计

土工格栅加筋土边坡是一种新型的边坡支护结构,对于提高边坡稳定性、节约工程用地、保护生态环境意义重大。为了对机场加筋高填方边坡加固方案进行优化设计,本文以某机场跑道西北角的6#高填方边坡为例,首先基于边坡的地质条件和高填方边坡的实际情况,提出3种不同边坡坡率的加筋土边坡设计方案;其次采用简化Bishop法、Spencer楔形体法以及Morgenstern-Price法分别计算在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下的边坡稳定系数;最后利用有限元法分析3种加固方案下的加筋土边坡在天然工况下的变形特征以及筋材轴力分布规律。结果表明：3种设计方案在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下均能满足边坡稳定性要求,贴坡填筑的多级加筋土边坡的筋材轴力分布规律沿着竖向呈现锯齿状分布,最大筋材轴力在每级边坡的坡脚处突变增大。与加筋土缓坡（坡率1∶1.5）设计方案相比,加筋土挡墙（坡率1∶0.25）在坡高、筋材使用量、护坡面积以及挖填方量等方面均有明显减小。综合考虑稳定性、工程造价以及施工周期,采用加筋土挡墙的设计方案更合理。     

Parallel finite element analysis of seismic soil structure interaction using a PC cluster

This paper describes an implementation of a highly scalable parallel computational facility with high speedup efficiency using relatively low-cost hardware, which consists of a cluster of desktop personal computers (PCs) connected via a 10-Gigabit Ethernet. Two-levels of parallelization were implemented. Communication between different PCs was achieved using message passing interface (MPI) protocol. Domain decomposition was automated and based on element numbering. Domain continuity was assured largely by re-numbering the elements using a “front squasher” code prior to decomposition. Within each PC, the shared memory parallelization was implemented using either the open-multiprocessing (OpenMP) or the MPI protocol. Analysis of three different problems with number of degrees-of-freedom ranging from about 129,000 to about 2,260,000 shows a speedup efficiency generally above 70%. Super-linear speedup was achieved in several of the cases examined in this study, with the hybrid MPI-OpenMP approach generally performing better compared to the pure MPI method for parallelization. The results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring a parallel computing facility with relatively modest outlay that is within the reach of consulting or engineering offices.     

Analytical and numerical analyses of the load‐bearing capacity of retaining walls laterally supported at both ends

This paper investigates the load‐bearing capacity of a perfectly smooth retaining wall laterally supported at both ends assuming that the wall fails by the development of three plastic hinges. The study considers the case of a cohesionless elastic–perfectly plastic backfill with a Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion and an associative flow rule in drained conditions. A kinematically admissible soil–structure failure mechanism is proposed and compared with the conventional solutions and with results from a numerical finite element modelling. The study shows that the proposed solution and the numerical solution are in good agreement. These solutions are found to be much more favourable for the wall than the conventional solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of soil anisotropy on a soil structure interaction in a heat exchanger pile

A coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical computational modeling of actual field tests, which had been conducted on an end bearing heat exchanger pile, has been carried out. Results of a conventional triaxial test program, which was performed during the site investigation, indicated that two soil layers were anisotropic. A simplified form of a transverse isotropy was used to model the response of these layers. Additional analyses were carried out for completely isotropic soil layers. Comparisons between the measurements obtained during the field testing and predictions of the computational models showed a very good to excellent agreement. Overall the anisotropic model performed better than the isotropic model.     

岩溶土洞稳定临界深度的初步研究

在岩溶土洞发育地区进行工程建设时需要确定土洞是否会发展成地面塌陷和对工程结构物稳定性有影响,分析表明土洞临界深度可作为评价土洞稳定和加固深度的依据。本文采用有限元分析方法,以土洞塑性区贯通至地面或路基表面作为土洞发展成地面塌陷和临界深度的标准。研究表明,土洞的临界深度与土洞形状、土洞尺寸、位置和路基填土厚度有关;土洞断面形状为圆形时临界深度最小,土洞尺寸越大,路基填土越厚,相应土洞临界深度越大。     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川2号冰洞的冰川学研究

在乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川东支末端开挖了２号冰洞。观测表明，冰温接近且略低于冰的融点；冰晶粗大，平均直径一般达十余毫米；大都具有多极大型组构；冰川底部含岩屑层的变形对冰川运动的贡献显；冰川末端是一个应力剧变区，应变大，纵向压缩和竖向上升明显。主应变率在１０＾－＾１ａ＾－＾１的数量级。洞壁上应变椭圆主轴的伸长，缩短和旋转均自洞里向洞外增加。     

长江经济带某石化场地土壤中污染物分布与微生物特征

从长江经济带某在役石化场地采集了3个点位不同深度的土壤样品,测定了石油烃等污染物的含量和微生物的群落结构,以揭示污染物分布规律和微生物特征。结果显示,3个点位污染程度不同,但污染物含量均随深度先升高后降低,最高含量均出现在埋深4.0 m左右,即地下水位附近。土壤中C6-C9高达5 302 mg/kg,C10-C40高达625.6 mg/kg,芳烃高达455.2 mg/kg,卤代烃高达41.54 mg/kg。土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性随深度增加而降低,同一深度土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性随污染物含量增大而降低。门水平上Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Spirochaetes的相对丰度和石油烃含量显著正相关(p<0.05),属水平上Streptomyces、SCADC1-2-3、Desulfitobacterium和Cryptanaerobacter的相对丰度和石油烃含量显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

糯扎渡水电站1#导流隧洞三维非线性有限元开挖模拟分析

糯扎渡水电站1#导流隧洞开挖经过F3断层,开挖过程中,F3断层影响带附近的岩体力学参数直接控制着围岩的变形和应力分布。为了评判后续Ⅱ,Ⅲ层开挖围岩的稳定性,首先利用隧洞第Ⅰ层开挖的位移监测数据反演出F3断层附近围岩的岩体力学参数和初始地应力场;然后,利用反演得到的初始地应力场和岩体力学参数进行Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ层开挖模拟分析,得到了F3断层附近围岩的应力变形情况。计算结果表明：随着开挖的不断进行,隧洞F3断层周围岩体的约束逐渐解除,围岩的应力逐渐增大,隧洞周边的位移也不断增大,并且隧洞周围应力变形在F3断层中心区域有明显的错动现象,说明F3断层对隧洞的开挖影响比较大,有必要对此区域后期变形加强观测和分析。     

黄河上游某电站Ⅰ#滑坡稳定性分析

黄河上游某电站Ⅰ^#滑坡位于坝前约2km的左岸岸坡，滑坡地质条件较复杂且影响滑坡稳定的因素较多，其稳定性直接影响大坝的安全运行。文章根据滑坡工程地质特征及周围地质条件，分析了滑坡的形成机制及今后可能的破坏方式，并根据滑床的特点按不同条件分段给出了滑带的力学参数，对滑坡天然状态、不同蓄水水位以及暴雨、地震、后缘加载、前缘塌岸等各种情况及它们组合情况下的稳定性进行了评价，结果表明Ⅰ号滑坡在各种情况下均处于稳定状态，不会对大坝的安全造成威胁。     

BEM analysis of the interaction factor for vertically loaded dissimilar piles in saturated poroelastic soil

This paper focuses on an analysis by the boundary element method (BEM) of the pile-to-pile interaction for pile groups with dissimilar piles of different pile lengths embedded in saturated poroelastic soil. The behaviour of the poroelastic homogeneous soil is governed by Biot’s consolidation equations. The pile–soil system is decomposed into extended soil and fictitious piles. Considering the compatibility of vertical strain between fictitious piles and soil, the second kind of Fredholm integral equations were obtained to predict the axial force and settlement along pile shafts numerically. For the analysis of the interaction factor, two loading conditions for a two-dissimilar-pile system were proposed: (a) only one pile is loaded and (b) each pile is subjected to a load proportional to the pile length. Furthermore, the two-pile system was extended to pile groups with a rigid cap to capture the optimum design where each pile shares the same loading at the pile heads. The optimum results require shortening the peripheral piles and elongating internal piles, and the consolidation effect needs to be considered due to the adjustment of loading distribution among piles.