中国点暴雨量极值的分布

暴雨极值是大型水利工程设计洪水重要依据之一。本文根据中国暴雨资料讨论了点暴雨量极值的主要内容,包括最大24小时点暴雨量、各历时最大点雨量、暴雨极值的季节变化;给出了大量最大点雨量记录图表;探讨了全国暴雨极值的地域分布规律及其影响因素。     

我国可能最大降水研究十年

一、引言自1973年11月兰州全国洪水计算会议决定将可能最大降水与洪水纳入国家洪水计算规范以来,已十年过去了。十年当中,国家设计洪水规范业已颁布,许多大型和中小型水库及险库加固标准多采用这种方法,全国及各省可能最大24小时暴雨等值线图也相继完成。十年来实测大暴雨资料增多,水文气象人员对我     

广东省繪制暴雨参数等值线图的几点經驗

一、前言 目前短缺資料地区的設計暴雨計算,除最大24小时暴雨(H_(24p))按頻率計算方法給出据以推算的統計参数——均值(H_(24))、变差系数(C_(v24))等值綫外,对长短历时暴雨一般采用水利水电科学研究院水文所建議的方法,     

来函照登

编辑同志: 因作者不慎,在本刊1988年第3期第51页右栏第27～30行,误将地处淮河流域河南省方城郭林站的最大24小时暴雨量和最大三日(1975年8月5～7日)暴雨量,列为长江流域的最大值。经核查,长江流域最大24小时暴雨量值应为江苏省如东县潮桥站的822mm,发生在1960年8月4日;最大三日暴雨量应为鄂西的五峰站,发生在1935年7月3～5日,其降雨量为1075.6mm。     

太行山低山区泉水涌流规律试验研究

通过系统监测，对冀南太行山区泉水流量的日变化和季节变化进行了试验研究，建立了泉水流量典型日变化模型，研究发现，泉水流量与土壤热通量密切负相关，均为以24小时为周期的正弦曲线，二最大相关系数达到0.93，土壤热通量在相位上提前3个小时左右。泉水流量的季节性增加主要由降水补给。     

北京地区泥石流灾害临界雨量阈值分析

对历史上北京市泥石流灾害发生时前3日的雨量、当日激发雨量和最大1小时雨量进行了分析,确定了临界雨量阚值。参照山洪灾害与降雨频率分析法,分3种方案对北京市的泥石流灾害与降雨频率进行分析,计算了各地区不同时段（最大10分钟、最大30分钟、最大60分钟、最大360分钟、最大24小时、最大3天及最大7天）的临界雨量;并利用历史上泥石流灾害发生时的雨量值对3种方案下的计算结果进行了验证和对比,最后确定了准确度较高的一种计算方案。     

“75·8”暴雨中心区小流域暴雨洪水极值分析

淮河“75·8”特大暴雨中心地区下陈站最大60分钟雨量和林庄站3、6、24小时雨量,均超过我国大陆以往暴雨的正式记录,林庄站最大6小时雨量达到世界最大记录。根据下陈、祖师庙水文站部分实测资料,以及对7条小沟(集水面积3.7～73.7公里~2)的洪水调查,推算了26个断面的洪峰流量,洪峰模数一般在35～60米~3/秒/公里~2,其中6个断面的洪峰模数大于下陈水文站(1975年8月     

推理公式法在暴雨时深关系不连续的应用

推理公式法是计算无资料小流域设计洪水的一种方法。广泛采用的暴雨概化公式为a=s/t~n;H_t=st~(1-n)式中:t——降雨历时,小时;a——历时t内的设计暴雨平均强度,毫米/小时;s——设计雨力,即设计最大1小时的暴雨平均强度,毫米/小时;H_t——历时t内的设计暴雨量,毫米;n——暴雨强度衰减指数。     

东江流域最大半小时降雨时空分布与年际变化特征分析

研究东江流域1951～1988年最大半小时降雨量的年内分布和空间分布规律,发现最大半小时降雨量平均值在时空分布上与降雨量平均值分布基本一致,认为最大半小时降雨量时空分布特征相当程度上受气候和地形因素的影响.研究还发现东江流域最大半小时降雨量1951～1988年总体趋势为递增,1971年以前和1971以后的两时期最大半小时降雨量年内分布上发生结构性变化.     

江苏省淮北东部地区"2000·8"特大暴雨分析

2000年8月,江苏省淮北东部地区发生了特大暴雨,对暴雨成因、暴雨特点、暴雨重现期进行了分析,并与“60·8”潮桥暴雨和“65·8”大丰闸暴雨进行了比较。暴雨中心响水口站最大24小时降雨量超过华东地区有记录以来的最高值,重现期近万年一遇。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.