水蚀风蚀过程中土壤可蚀性研究述评

1 IntroductionSoil erosion is the process of detachm ent and transport of soil particles caused by w ater andw ind (M organ,1995).Soilerosion by w ater and w ind leads to decline in soilfertility,brings ona series of negative im pacts of land degradation …     

A review of soil erodibility in water and wind erosion research

Soil erodibility is an important index to evaluate the soil sensitivity to erosion. The research on soil erodibility is a crucial tache in understanding the mechanism of soil erosion. Soil erodibility can be evaluated by measuring soil physiochemical properties, scouring experiment, simulated rainfall experiment, plot experiment and wind tunnel experiment. We can use soil erosion model and nomogram to calculate soil erodibility. Many soil erodibility indices and formulae have been put forward. Soil erodibility is a complex concept, it is influenced by many factors, such as soil properties and human activities. Several obstacles restrict the research of soil erodibility. Firstly, the research on soil erodibility is mainly focused on farmland; Secondly, soil erodibility in different areas cannot be compared sufficiently; and thirdly, the research on soil erodibility in water-wind erosion is very scarce. In the prospective research, we should improve method to measure and calculate soil erodibility, strengthen the research on the mechanism of soil erodibility, and conduct research on soil erodibility by both water and wind agents.     

土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是土壤对侵蚀作用的敏感性。对土壤可蚀性的研究是认识土壤侵蚀机理的一个重要环节。土壤可蚀性可以通过测定土壤的理化性质、水冲、模拟降雨、小区和风洞试验测定,可以使用土壤侵蚀模型与诺谟图计算土壤可蚀性。研究中产生了许多可蚀性指数和计算公式。土壤可蚀性是一个相对的概念,它受空间变化、土壤性质的时间动态变化和人类活动等因素的影响。在土壤可蚀性的研究中存在着一些不足,具体表现为:农田土壤是土壤可蚀性研究的主要对象,区域之间的土壤可蚀性缺乏对比,因此加强对土壤可蚀性机理、实验与风水复合侵蚀作用下土壤可蚀性的研究有着十分重要的意义。     

坡面动力侵蚀过程的实验研究进展

本文首先总结了坡面流及坡面动力侵蚀过程的实验设备、技术手段及实验内容方面的进展,然后全面探讨了坡面侵蚀实验方面的国内外研究最新进展,最后作者分析了实验研究方面存在的问题,并提出了前景展望。     

土壤可蚀性动态变化规律研究

通过回顾已有的研究成果，分析评价了现有具有代表性的土壤可蚀性评价指标的优缺点，提出了建立适用于土壤侵蚀预报的可蚀性评价指标的原则。并运用野外观测资料，计算分析了我国黑土、黄土，以及日本火山灰土等土壤可蚀性的季节变化规律，深入研究了土壤可蚀性随次降雨强度、不同强度段降雨组合的变化趋势。结果表明，单位降雨侵蚀力所对应的土壤流失量是反映土壤性质与流失量之间定量关系的最好指标，但不能把目前使用的土壤可蚀性指标直接移植于次降雨模型中。土壤可蚀性具有明显的季节变化，而其变化规律还存在地域差异性。采用最大30分钟雨强大于25－30mm/hr降雨的侵蚀产沙资料，计算的土壤可蚀性值比较稳定且接近该土类可蚀性的多年平均值。     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

1 Introduction The Loess Plateau situated in northern China covers the drainage basins in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It starts from the western piedmont of Taihang Mountains in the east, reaches the eastern slope of the Wushao and Riyue mountains, connects the northern part of the Qinling Mountains in the south and borders the Great Wall in the north, covering an area of about 380,000 km2 (Figure 1). The region is overlain extensively by Quaternary loess in great thickness, …     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world for its intense soil erosion. The root cause for river sedimentation of Yellow River (Huanghe) and its resultant "hanging river" in certain section is soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. The Loess Plateau has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration and plugging constitute the chief reason for serious soil and water loss on Loess Plateau. This paper analyses several successful cases and failures in soil conservation, presents practical soil conservation technique and related benefit analysis, and discusses some effective methods adopted in China in soil erosion control, research directions and future perspectives on Loess Plateau.     

乌兰布和沙漠典型植物群落土壤风蚀可蚀性研究

为探明植被恢复对乌兰布和沙漠土壤风蚀可蚀性的影响,以乌兰布和沙漠内不同沙地固定阶段的8种典型植物群落及群落内表土作为研究对象,对土壤物理因子(可蚀性颗粒含量、土壤含水量、有机质含量)、土壤结皮因子、植被因子3类土壤风蚀可蚀性因子指标进行监测,分析土壤风蚀可蚀性因子在不同植物群落类型间、沙地固定阶段间的差异。结果表明:(1)在乌兰布和沙漠典型植物群落中,沙蓬、沙生针茅、盐爪爪等草本植物群落的土壤风蚀可蚀性最强,白刺、梭梭、沙冬青等灌木植物群落土壤风蚀可蚀性弱于草本植物群落,说明灌木林能显著降低土壤风蚀作用。(2)随着沙地的不断固定,土壤结构不断发育,土壤可蚀性不断降低,土壤风蚀可蚀性强弱表现为固定沙地<半固定沙地<流动沙地。(3)土壤可蚀性颗粒含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤含水量、土壤结皮、植被因子与植被类型及沙地固定阶段具有显著相关关系。因此,在沙区生态建设工程中,为了减少土壤风蚀量,不仅要考虑物种的选择,还要促进人工生态系统的演替和恢复,从而有效降低土壤风蚀可蚀性。研究结果可为乌兰布和沙区植被生态系统服务功能的科学评价、防沙治沙工程的建设与管理提供一定参考。     

黄土丘陵林地土壤侵蚀与土壤性质变化

以黄土丘陵子午岭土壤侵蚀和生态环境观测站1989~1998年的观测资料为基础,研究分析了林地开垦10年内土壤侵蚀与生态环境变化的相互效应关系。分析指出:林地开垦人为改变侵蚀环境,引起的人为加速侵蚀速率为自然侵蚀速率的1000倍以上;以单位降雨侵蚀力引起的侵蚀量作为衡量指标,指出林地开垦地土壤侵蚀强度随侵蚀年限增长呈递增加剧趋势;通过分析土壤物理力学性质表明,林地开垦侵蚀10年土壤粘粒和物理性粘粒比林地分别减少2.74%和3.01%,土壤向粗骨化趋势发展,>0.25 mm水稳性团粒含量减少58.7%,土壤容重增大,抗剪强度下降,抵抗径流冲刷能力减弱,造成土壤侵蚀更易发生;应用相关分析表明,>0.25 mm水稳性团粒含量的改变对土壤侵蚀强度影响最大,其偏相关系数为0.9728,其次是土壤的粗粉粒和抗剪强度,偏相关系数分别为0.8879和0.6020;分析>0.25 mm水稳性团粒含量和抗剪强度与土壤侵蚀强度关系表明,林地开垦后侵蚀1年和侵蚀7年为土壤侵蚀加剧的转折年限,说明退化的侵蚀土壤和退化的生态环境加剧了土壤侵蚀的发生和发展。     

Wind tunnel test of the influence of moisture on the erodibility of loessial sandy loam soils by wind

Loessial sandy loam soils are the major soil categories in the northern Loess Plateau, China. Owing to a dry, windy climate and sparse surface cover, wind erosion is a serious problem and dust (sand) storms occur frequently. Soil moisture is one of the most important factors influencing resistance to wind erosion. The influence of moisture content on the erodibility of sandy loam soils was investigated through wind tunnel simulations. Results showed that the threshold velocity for soil particle movement by wind increases with increasing soil moisture by a power function. The intrinsic factor in the increase in soil resistance due to moisture content is the cohesive force of soil water. Cohesive forces of the film and capillary water are different; the influence of soil moisture on threshold velocity was shown to follow a step-like pattern. The wind erosion modulus of sandy loam was directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity or the square of the effective wind velocity (V−V_t). There existed a negative exponential relationship between the wind erosion rate and soil moisture content. Initially, as soil moisture increased the decrease in the wind erosion rate was rather rapid. When the moisture content reached more than 4%, the rate of decrease in erosion slowed and became almost constant with successive increments of moisture. This suggests that different soil moisture contents can prevent wind erosion at different levels. Four percent soil moisture could only reduce the erodibility of the sandy loam soil by a small degree.     

太行山淇河流域2000-2015年土壤侵蚀和水源供给变化研究

山地生态系统的土壤侵蚀和水源供给变化对评估区域生态环境质量有重要意义。基于2000-2015年四期土地利用数据,借助InVEST模型对淇河流域近16年间山地生态系统的土壤侵蚀和水源供给变化进行评估。结果表明：① 研究区主要土地利用类型为耕地、草地和林地,共占流域总面积的90%以上。近16年间淇河流域的耕地面积显著减少,草地和水域面积大幅增加,建设用地扩张明显。② 平均土壤侵蚀模数显著降低,2000年土壤侵蚀模数为154.27 t/（hm²·a）,2015年减少到32.09 t/（hm²·a）;强度侵蚀、极强侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀由9.03%、12.19%和25.96%分别减少到7.17%、6.36%和4.21%,微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀由24.31%、16.96%和11.57%增加到41.89%、27.71%和12.68%;退耕还林、还草措施优化了土地利用格局,促进植被恢复,对治理土壤侵蚀起到了显著效果。③ 水源供给量整体呈现先增加后减少的趋势,2005年达到峰值（1.79亿m³）。相邻两期水源供给量增减变化不一,2000-2005年水源供给量增加的面积大于减少的面积,其水源供给的量值也呈增加趋势,水源供给能力整体增强;而2005-2010年、2010-2015年的水源供给能力随之减弱,其中,2010-2015年水源供给减少的较小;林地和草地面积的增加造成水源供给量降低,土壤水源涵养能力增强。土壤侵蚀和水源供给是山地生态脆弱性响应的重要指标,制定合理的水土保持措施对增强山区生态系统的服务能力具有重要意义。     

黄上丘陵林地土壤侵蚀与土壤性质变化

The serious soil erosion caused the fragile eco-environment in the Loess Plateau. In modern soil erosion of the Loess Plateau, the man-made accelerated erosion was the dominant erosion pattern (Tang etal., 1993a; 1993b). There are many kinds of human activities to accelerate erosion, of which the most influential activities are to destroy forest and grass, even to destroy vegetation. Reclamation at the expense of destruction of forestland and grassland artificially could increase soil erosio…     

湖泊(水库)沉积物分析在土壤侵蚀研究中的运用

土壤侵蚀研究对于防治自然灾害,实现土地的可持续利用具有重要的现实意义。由于一些地区长期以来水文观测资料较为匮乏,针对过去时间段内的土壤侵蚀研究通常需要寻找替代指标。湖泊(水库)作为流域内侵蚀产物的“汇”,其沉积物可不同程度地记录较长时期土壤侵蚀的具体特征,因此,基于湖泊(水库)沉积物分析的土壤侵蚀研究具有较强的应用价值和发展潜力。本文主要围绕确定土壤侵蚀年代,反演侵蚀过程,探寻沉积物来源的研究主线,详细论述了湖泊(水库)沉积物中放射性同位素、矿物磁性、粒度以及地球化学指标的应用原理和方法,分别总结了国内外学者利用湖泊(水库)沉积物在上述3个领域所取得的研究成果,在此基础上讨论了目前研究中存在的不确定性,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Exploring some relationships between biological soil crusts, soil aggregation and wind erosion

A portable wind tunnel was used to test the contribution of biological and physical elements to overall soil aggregation on a soil dominated by biological soil crusts in south-eastern Australia. After moderate disturbance and simulated wind erosion, 90% of surface aggregates on the loamy soil and 76% on the sandy soil were dominated by biological elements (cryptogams). Lower levels of biological bonding were observed on the severely disturbed treatment. Linear regression indicated a significant positive relationship (r²=0·72) between biological soil crust cover and dry aggregation levels greater than 0·85mm. To maintain sediment transport below an erosion control target of 5gm⁻¹s⁻¹ for a 65kmh⁻¹ wind at 10m height, a crust cover of approximately 20% is required. When a multiple regression model which sequentially fitted biological crust cover and dry aggregation greater than 0·85mm was applied to the data, dry aggregation accounted for more of the variation in sediment transport rate than biological crust cover. These data were used to develop a conceptual model which integrates crust cover and dry aggregation, and provides a useful framework within which to predict the likely impacts of changes in soil crust cover and aggregation.     

河北坝上农田、退耕地和天然草地土壤的可风蚀性

对河北坝上农田、退耕地和天然草地土壤干团聚体稳定性（DASt）、土壤可蚀度（EF）和理化性质进行分析,讨论了这3种土地利用类型土壤风蚀可蚀性的差异及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：农田和天然草地EF与DASt值差异性显著（P<0.05）,天然草地和退耕地、退耕地和农田差异性不显著,对于EF和DASt,天然草地 > 退耕地> 农田;对于平均粒径,农田≈退耕地>天然草地;对于土壤机械组成黏粒与粉粒含量,天然草地 > 退耕地 > 农田;对于砾石含量,农田 > 退耕地 > 天然草地;对于土壤有机质和全氮含量,天然草地 > 退耕地 > 农田。农田、退耕地、天然草地的DASt、EF系数与砾石含量、平均粒径有着显著相关性,有机质、全氮含量和DASt在天然草地上极显著负相关;EF与有机质、全氮含量在3种地类显著负相关。坝上地区草地和退耕地土壤肥力较高,但表层土壤具有很高的风蚀潜力,因此要限制开垦草地,在必要的地区继续退耕还林还草,提高地表植被的覆盖度,防风固沙,提高土壤肥力,减少土壤风蚀。     

土壤CO2、土壤水的动态特征及其 对岩溶作用的驱动

为了研究不同土壤CO2浓度和不同土壤水化学条件下的岩溶作用发生程度,文章对广西桂林地区的土壤CO2浓度、土壤水和石灰岩试片溶蚀速率进行了监测,结果表明：1）该地区土壤CO2浓度具有明显的季节性变化特征,总体上夏季是其他季节的3~5倍,最大值时达到60 899.64 mg/m2,而最小值时仅为5 587.21 mg/m2;2）就相同深度的土壤CO2浓度来说,洼地大于坡地,夏季时洼地比坡地高近20 000 mg/m2,且深层土CO2浓度大于表层土,其平均值比表层土高4 353.54 mg/m2;3）坡地和洼地土壤水水化学指标平均值分别是：pH为7.49和6.41、电导率为300和78 μS/cm、Ca2+为60和15.43 mg/L、 为2.78和0.44 mg/L,坡地处的pH、电导率、Ca2+和 均高于洼地;4）从溶蚀试验说明该地区的岩溶作用发生程度非常明显,说明土壤CO2和土壤水能驱动岩溶作用的发生。     

喀斯特山地土壤侵蚀和产水量的最优解释力

喀斯特生态系统服务主导影响因子识别是科学治理石漠化的前提,然而环境因子对生态系统服务空间分布的解释力受尺度变换的影响,其尺度效应的定量研究仍需进一步加强。为定量厘定环境因子解释力的尺度效应,本文从多尺度视角出发,利用地理探测器定量分析不同空间分辨率下环境因子对土壤侵蚀和产水量的解释力,并探求其在不同地貌形态类型区的差异性规律。结果表明,坡度和植被覆盖度是影响土壤侵蚀空间分布的主导因子,两者的交互作用对土壤侵蚀空间分布的解释力更强。受研究区地形起伏普遍性和景观破碎化的影响,坡度和土地利用类型在低分辨率下解释力最优。降水、海拔和土地利用类型是产水量空间分异的主导因子。降水和土地利用类型的交互作用对产水量的解释力达95%以上,海拔在不同地貌形态类型区的空间变异性影响其最优解释力水平。具体表现为：在台地、丘陵类型区海拔空间变异性较小,在高分辨率下其解释力最优;在山地类型区,海拔空间变异性较大,在低分辨率下其解释力更强。本文通过多尺度分析定量甄别生态系统服务变量的最优解释力,以期为喀斯特山地生态系统服务的主导因子精准辩识和分区优化提供途径和依据。     

Soil erosion in China based on the 2000 national remote sensing survey

This paper discussed the spatial distribution of soil erosion in China at the end of the 20th century based on the second national soil erosion survey. The result indicated soil erosion is still the prime environmental problem in China. Soil erosion mainly occurs in the western regions of China, and the slight erosion type, ion the whole, exerts the greatest impact on soil erosion pattern. The distribution of water erosion shows the impact of landforms: slight water erosion mainly in mountainous and hilly areas, and half of violent water erosion on the loess landforms. Farmland, forestland and grassland are the major land use types of slight hydraulic erosion distribution, while the serious hydraulic erosion and slight wind erosion mainly occur on grassland. Thus, the conservation of the grassland is the key to either hydraulic and wind erosion control. The huangmian soil (a major type of cultivated soil developed from loess mother material) is the one facing the most serious threat from soil erosion in Chinas soil resources. Further discussion on the soil erosion distribution still needs more research on the method and relevant data analysis.     

Soil erosion in China based on the 2000 national remote sensing survey

This paper discussed the spatial distribution of soil erosion in China at the end of the 20th century based on the second national soil erosion survey. The result indicated soil erosion is still the prime environmental problem in China. Soil erosion mainly occurs in the western regions of China, and the slight erosion type, ion the whole, exerts the greatest impact on soil erosion pattern. The distribution of water erosion shows the impact of landforms: slight water erosion mainly in mountainous and hilly areas, and half of violent water erosion on the loess landforms. Farmland, forestland and grassland are the major land use types of slight hydraulic erosion distribution, while the serious hydraulic erosion and slight wind erosion mainly occur on grassland. Thus, the conservation of the grassland is the key to either hydraulic and wind erosion control. The huangmian soil (a major type of cultivated soil developed from loess mother material) is the one facing the most serious threat from soil erosion in Chinas soil resources. Further discussion on the soil erosion distribution still needs more research on the method and relevant data analysis.     

中耕对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙影响

四川盆地紫色土地区有除草中耕的习惯。研究中耕对产流产沙的影响对于指导坡耕地管理和水土保持建设具有重要意义。在野外小区开展了人工模拟降雨试验，结果表明：（1）中耕能够增加水分入渗，在19．61mm／h雨强下，可以提高稳渗率2．97％到36．56％，在53．95mm／h下，可以提高稳渗率9．74％到90．46％，在111．69mm／h雨强下，能提高稳渗率12．47％到54．1％；（2）中耕可以减少坡面产流，在缓坡、中等雨强条件下，中耕峰值流量仅相当于对照的30％，而在陡坡、大雨强下，二者的峰值流量十分接近；（3）在小雨和中雨条件下，中耕减少侵蚀产沙，在暴雨条件下的中耕会导致产沙量增加。