松辽盆地白垩系营城组隐伏火山机构物理模型和地震识别

将火山机构分为火山口-近火山口相 (CNCF)、近源相 (PF)和远源相 (DF)三个相带.露头揭示这三个相带的倾角范围为：CNCF-40～70°,PF-25～45°,DF-20～35°.这三个相带的裂缝线密度为：CNCF-10～30条/m,PF-3～25条/m,DF-2～11条/m.这三个相带的相干值的关系为：CNCF相似文献   

松辽盆地长岭断陷火山岩相地震特征及其响应关系

火山岩储层发育受岩性岩相的控制,为了提高岩性岩相地震识别的精度,选择松辽盆地南部长岭断陷营城组和火石岭组典型钻井火山岩进行井旁地震相分析,分别建立了酸性和中基性火山岩的岩相识别的模版.酸性与中基性火山岩最明显的差别为爆发相和喷溢相之间的差异,酸性岩爆发相具有席状,板状,平行—亚平行反射,连续性好、局部中等,强振幅,低频的特征;酸性岩喷溢相具有楔状、局部透镜,波形反射特征,连续性中—差,中弱振幅、见中强振幅,中高频特征.中基性岩爆发相具有板状,楔状,蠕虫形反射、偶见亚平行反射,中高振幅,中高频,连续性差、见连续性中—好的特征;中基性岩喷溢相具有板状,楔状,平行—亚平行反射、局部波形反射,连续性中等、局部较差,中强振幅,中频、局部高频的特征.根据酸性、中基性火山岩不同的电性特征,结合火山岩段表现的地震内部反射结构,几何形态等地震相特征.总结出不同火山岩之间地震相与测井相的对应关系,为新区识别火山岩相,预测火山岩储层,划分有利储集相带提供依据.     

Y断陷营城组火山机构特征及演化

为了搞清Y断陷营城组火山机构特征及演化规律,在区域沉积背景分析基础上,利用录井、测井及地震资料,建立了营城组火山岩旋回格架,并对火山岩演化规律进行了深入研究.将营城组划分为三大旋回,并细分为六个期次,并利用趋势面分析技术,采用井点定相、相干找型、剩余构造划界的方法,完成营城组六个期次的火山口识别,火山口规模在各个旋回时期呈弱-变强-减弱的分布规律.三大旋回火山喷发具有迁移叠置、多厚度中心的特点,不同期次火山岩喷发特征差异较大,主要表现在火山口面积、火山机构幅值、火山口分布范围以及活动强度方面.并以期次五为例,总结了火山岩相平面特征,主要发育火山口、近源相组、远源相组合火山沉积相四种类型,其中,火山口相是下一步天然气勘探的重点.     

镜泊湖火山地震监测研究

利用布设在镜泊湖"火山口森林"附近的14个24位宽频带三分量流动地震台站所记录的地震资料,对镜泊湖火山区地震活动进行了研究。观测结果表明镜泊湖及周围地区有一定的地震活动性,但活动水平不高,经综合分析认为所记录的地震大部分为火山构造地震。从地震定位的结果看大部分地震震源深度在10～30km之间,震级大部分小于ML2.0,震中主要集中在"火山口森林"和穿过火山区的敦化-密山断裂附近。在记录条件较好的2号台,记录到2种可能与火山活动有关的事件,其波形特征与长周期火山事件(LP)和火山颤动事件的波形特征有相似之处,但频率特征不同     

琼北全新世火山区火山系统的划分与锥体结构参数研究

根据琼北全新世火山区内火山作用产物的成因类型与喷发物理过程的野外考察结果 ,结合航片解译资料 ,确定了该区火山作用的发育特征、形成期次与规模 ,并以此作为进一步评价火山灾害的基础 ;根据锥体形成后物理降解作用与时间的关系 ,讨论了琼北全新世火山区众多锥体结构参数之间的关系。研究结果为 :琼北全新世火山区分为 4个火山系统 ,即西北部的马鞍岭台地火山系统、东南部的雷虎岭盾片状火山系统、夹于二者之间的浩昌单成因火山系统和NW向裂隙式喷发系统。工作区内琼北新生代火山共计 5 9个 ,火山结构类型可分为火山锥、熔岩穹、熔岩湖与低平火山口等。在火山锥中 ,依据锥体组成与结构的差异又可进一步分为岩渣锥、溅落锥和混合锥等碎屑锥。琼北近代火山锥体高度多 <4 0m ,绝大多数锥体的底部直径 <5 0 0m。锥体底部直径和火口坑深度之间具有明显的正相关关系。由锥体底部直径与火口缘直径的差值与锥体高度投点图可以明显地区分出早期的低平火山口和晚期的不同类型锥体     

有珠火山喷发和地震活动

2000年3月31日下午1时10分左右,位于北海道洞斧湖南侧的有珠火山相隔23年后再次喷发。最初喷发是从有珠火山西北山脚开始,烟柱高达3000m以上。之后,位于洞斧湖温泉镇稍往南的金比罗山附近也出现了火山口,它与西北山脚的火山口一起喷发,水蒸气喷泉和小规模的岩浆水蒸气喷泉交替出现,直至现在。山顶部分是直径约1.8km的外轮山,其内部有大有珠、小有珠两个熔岩穹地和1977年喷发产生的有珠新山的潜在熔岩穹地。同时,从西侧山脚到北山脚、东山脚,依次分布着西山、金比罗山、西丸山、明治新山、东丸山的潜在熔岩穹地和有熔岩穹地的昭和新山。首先,…     

火山（火山岩）旅游资源论评

火山是惊天动地的自然景象,具有神秘感,对人们有极强的吸引力。它是地球演化过程中突变性的片断,有着重要的科学价值。世界上许多国家将火山列为国家公园以它独特的自然景象和地质生态环境作为现代和未来的游憩、科研、启智之场所。面对火山遗迹,人们会产生种种遐想和启迪。火山（岩）旅游资源十分丰富,可分为六大类（１）火山喷发景观;（２）火山特有的不同于其它地质作用形成的地貌景观;（２）火山喷溢的熔岩或火山爆发的火     

松辽盆地营城组火山机构-岩相带的地震响应

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷多期次喷发的火山岩在纵向和横向上相互叠置,造成火山岩地震响应特征复杂,影响了对火山岩储层的地震预测精度和地质规律的认识.本文基于钻井和连片三维地震资料,结合区域构造认识,建立了徐家围子断陷营城组火山机构-岩相带的地震响应模式,并利用相干体和地层切片等属性分析技术实现了火山机构-岩相带的空间识别.从火...     

复合火山构造的高分辨率岸上地震成像:意大利武尔卡诺岛例子

火山口地下构造详细的地震成像对于增进这些高危险火山的构造和火山学的知识是必不可少的。然而,在火山地带,尤其是在岸上,很难获得高质量的地震数据。我们报道了拉福萨火山口(意大利武尔卡诺岛)西部地区的高分辨率地震剖面结果。利用高分辨率的振动源及交替采集和处理技术,我们能够克服由火山煤岩类型带来的大多数困难。本研究提供了火山堆积的地下分布和一些重要内部喷火山口构造的识别。我们确定了埋于拉福萨火山口下面的寄生火山口或玄武碎屑岩丘的位置,它在约1km的深度记录到地震的地方正在消散CO2。此外,在剖面最南部发现的变形模式与穹隆侵入后破火山口塌陷是一致的。结果表明,使用高分辨率振动源结合交替地震采集技术和非常规处理方法,可以帮助恢复火山地区浅层构造的详细信息。     

长白山天池火山近期形变场演化过程分析

对长白山天池火山区2002～2005年的4期水准测量数据、2000～2005年6期GPS测量数据以及1999年以来的定点地倾斜观测数据进行了系统处理分析,结果表明：（1）2000年9月～2002年6月期间,长白山天池火山地表变形很小,基本上处于较为稳定的状态. 1993～1998年的InSAR观测资料也未发现明显的地表变形;（2）2002～2003年,长白山天池火山出现了明显的地表形变异常变化,其水平形变表现为以天池火山口为中心的放射状膨胀运动,垂直形变则表现为近火山口的快速隆起,显示天池火山下部可能有岩浆压力增大变化;（3）长白山天池火山2003年以来的形变速率有逐年迅速衰减的变化特征,其最大水平运动速率已由2002～2003年期间的38.3mm/a衰减到2004～2005年的15.8mm/a,最大垂直形变速率则由2002～2003年的46.0mm/a 衰减到2004～2005年的5.0mm/a.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC ROCKS STRUCTURE AND LITHOFACIES OF DALIUCHONG VOLCANO IN THE TENGCHONG VOLCANIC FIELD,YUNNAN PROVINCE

A set of grey-purple layered volcanic rocks are found widely distributed from the mountain flank to the main peak of Daliuchong volcano, but it's difficult to identify whether they are volcaniclastic rock or lava rock just by field investigation and the crystal structure observation under microscope. The study of matrix microstructure of the volcanic rocks can help to identify the volcanic facies. We recognize the eruptive facies rocks through observation of the matrix microstructure and pore shape with comparison to those of the volcanic vent facies, extrusive facies and effusive facies rocks under microscope, thus the mentioned layered volcanic rocks could be named as dacitic crystal fragment tuff. Combining the joint work of field investigation, systematic sampling, chemical analyzing and microscopic observation, we summary the Daliuchong volcanic facies as follows:1. The effusive facies lava constitutes the base of Daliuchong volcano and was produced by early eruption.2. The explosive facies is composed of dacite crystal fragment welded tuff and volcanic breccia and mainly distributes on the W, S and NE flank of the volcanic cone.3. The volcanic conduit with its diameter more than one hundred meters is located about 100 meters south of the main peak of the Daliuchong volcano.4. The extrusive facies rock is only exposed near the peak of Daliuchong volcano.Therefore, the volcanism of Daliuchong volcano can be speculated as:Large-scale lava overflowing occurred in the early eruption period; then explosive eruptions happened; at last, the volcanisms ceased marked with magma extrusion as lava dome and plug.     

徐家围子断陷火山机构叠置关系解析及其数字化模型参数建立

随着庆深气田勘探开发工作的不断深入,揭示出火山岩气藏以孤立火山机构控藏的特征,火山岩地层的非均质性特征非常明显,为提高火山岩气藏的综合研究程度,实现认识上的飞跃.在松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷密井网-三维地震工区,开展了地质先验模型约束下的地震火山机构解剖.识别出层状、穹窿和漏斗形三种火山机构;它们的叠置方式有串珠、上叠和...     

Facies architecture and Late Pliocene – Pleistocene evolution of a felsic volcanic island, Milos, Greece

The volcanic island of Milos, Greece, comprises an Upper Pliocene –Pleistocene, thick (up to 700 m), compositionally and texturally diverse succession of calc-alkaline, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks that record a transition from a relatively shallow but dominantly below-wave-base submarine setting to a subaerial one. The volcanic activity began at 2.66±0.07 Ma and has been more or less continuous since then. Subaerial emergence probably occurred at 1.44±0.08 Ma, in response to a combination of volcanic constructional processes and fault-controlled volcano-tectonic uplift. The architecture of the dominantly felsic-intermediate volcanic succession reflects contrasts in eruption style, proximity to source, depositional environment and emplacement processes. The juxtaposition of submarine and subaerial facies indicates that for part of the volcanic history, below-wave base to above-wave base, and shoaling to subaerial depositional environments coexisted in most areas. The volcanic facies architecture comprises interfingering proximal (near vent), medial and distal facies associations related to five main volcano types: (1) submarine felsic cryptodome-pumice cone volcanoes; (2) submarine dacitic and andesitic lava domes; (3) submarine-to-subaerial scoria cones; (4) submarine-to-subaerial dacitic and andesitic lava domes and (5) subaerial lava-pumice cone volcanoes. The volcanic facies are interbedded with a sedimentary facies association comprising sandstone and/or fossiliferous mudstone mainly derived from erosion of pre-existing volcanic deposits. The main facies associations are interpreted to have conformable, disconformable, and interfingering contacts, and there are no mappable angular unconformities or disconformities within the volcanic succession.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

Continental basaltic volcanoes — Processes and problems

Monogenetic basaltic volcanoes are the most common volcanic landforms on the continents. They encompass a range of morphologies from small pyroclastic constructs to larger shields and reflect a wide range of eruptive processes. This paper reviews physical volcanological aspects of continental basaltic eruptions that are driven primarily by magmatic volatiles. Explosive eruption styles include Hawaiian and Strombolian (sensu stricto) and violent Strombolian end members, and a full spectrum of styles that are transitional between these end members. The end-member explosive styles generate characteristic facies within the resulting pyroclastic constructs (proximal) and beyond in tephra fall deposits (medial to distal). Explosive and effusive behavior can be simultaneous from the same conduit system and is a complex function of composition, ascent rate, degassing, and multiphase processes. Lavas are produced by direct effusion from central vents and fissures or from breakouts (boccas, located along cone slopes or at the base of a cone or rampart) that are controlled by varying combinations of cone structure, feeder dike processes, local effusion rate and topography. Clastogenic lavas are also produced by rapid accumulation of hot material from a pyroclastic column, or by more gradual welding and collapse of a pyroclastic edifice shortly after eruptions. Lava flows interact with — and counteract — cone building through the process of rafting. Eruption processes are closely coupled to shallow magma ascent dynamics, which in turn are variably controlled by pre-existing structures and interaction of the rising magmatic mixture with wall rocks. Locations and length scales of shallow intrusive features can be related to deeper length scales within the magma source zone in the mantle. Coupling between tectonic forces, magma mass flux, and heat flow range from weak (low magma flux basaltic fields) to sufficiently strong that some basaltic fields produce polygenetic composite volcanoes with more evolved compositions. Throughout the paper we identify key problems where additional research will help to advance our overall understanding of this important type of volcanism.     

The Negra Muerta Volcanic Complex, southern Central Andes: geochemical characteristics and magmatic evolution of an episodically active volcanic centre

This petrologic analysis of the Negra Muerta Volcanic Complex (NMVC) contributes to understanding the magmatic evolution of eruptive centres associated with prominent NW-striking fault zones in the southern Central Andes. Specifically, the geochemical characteristics and magmatic evolution of the two eruptive episodes of this Complex are analysed. The first one occurred as an explosive eruption at 9 Ma and is represented by a strongly welded, fiamme-rich, andesitic to dacitic ignimbrite deposit. The second commenced with an eruption of a rhyolitic ignimbrite at 7.6 Ma followed by effusive discharge of hybrid lavas at 7.3 Ma and by emplacement of andesitic to rhyodacitic dykes and domes. Both explosive and effusive eruptions of the second episode occurred within a short time span, but geochemical interpretations permit consideration of the existence of different magmas interacting in the same magma chamber. Our model involves an andesitic recharge into a partially cooled rhyolitic magma chamber, pressurising the magmatic system and triggering explosive eruption of rhyolitic magma. Chemical or mechanical evidence for interaction between the rhyolitic and andesitic magma in the initial stages are not obvious because of their difference in composition, which could have been strong enough to inhibit the interaction between the two magmas. After the initial explosive stages of the eruption at 7.6 Ma, the magma chamber become more depressurised and the most mafic magma settled in compositional layers by fractional crystallisation. Restricted hybridisation occurred and was effective between adjacent and thermally equivalent layers close to the top of the magma chamber. At 7.3 Ma, increments of caldera formation were accompanied by effusive discharge of hybrid lavas through radially disposed dykes whereby andesitic magma gained in importance toward the end of this effusive episode in the central portion of the caldera. Assimilation during turbulent ascent (ATA) is invoked to explain a conspicuous reversed isotopic signature (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd) in the entire volcanic series. Therefore, the 7.6 to 7.3 Ma volcanic rocks of the NMVC resulted from synchronous and mutually interacting petrological processes such as recharge, fractional crystallization, hybridisation, and Assimilation during Turbulent Ascent (ATA).Geochemical characteristics of both volcanic episodes show diverse type and/or depth in the sources and variable influence of upper crustal processes, and indicate a recurrence in the magma-forming conditions. Similarly, other minor volcanic centres in the transversal volcanic belts of the Central Andes repeated their geochemical signatures throughout the Miocene.     

Vitriclastic lithofacies from Macquarie Island (Southern Ocean): compositional influence on abyssal eruption explosivity in a dying Miocene spreading ridge

Macquarie Island is composed of a complete section of oceanic crust that formed in a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge 2.0 to 3.5 km below sea level. Vitriclastic facies preserved on the island have both pyroclastic and hyaloclastic characteristics. Monomict hyaloclastic breccia facies are widespread across the island and are predominantly composed of near-primitive (~7.9 wt% MgO) subalkaline/transitional (~0.7 wt% K₂O) sideromelane shards and crystalline basalt clasts with low vesicularity (LV, < 15% vesicles). Breccias are thick bedded and structureless with matrix-supported angular pillow fragments, bomb-sized fluidal mini-pillows, and globular glass lapilli. Clasts are lithologically similar to interbedded pillow basalts and laterally grade into fine-grained sandstone facies. These sandstones are normal-graded, well-laminated, thin bedded, and interstratified with red pelagic mudstone. Lithofacies associations indicate that the hyaloclastic breccias were formed proximal to a source vent via quench-fragmentation, and subsequently reworked by ocean-bottom currents into distal epiclastic sandstone facies. During eruption, co-genetic pillow lava and hypabyssal intrusions mingled with the breccia, forming fluidal peperite. Rare polymict pyroclastic facies only occur in the highest stratigraphic levels and are mostly composed of highly vesicular (HV, 15–50% vesicles) sideromelane shards and crystalline basalt clasts with alkaline (~1.0 wt% K₂O) fractionated (~6.8% MgO) compositions. Minor lithic grains are composed of subalkaline (~0.7 wt% K₂O) to very highly alkaline (~1.7 wt% K₂O) LV sideromelane shards, and amphibole-bearing diabase. The pyroclastic facies contains medium to thick beds of lapilli-tuff that exhibit both reverse and normal grading, diffuse lamination, and planar-grain fabric. These beds are locally overlain by thin fine-grained tuff beds entirely composed of cuspate to very thin elongate bubble-wall shards. These characteristics indicate that explosive deep-marine eruptions produced high-density coarse-grained gravity flows that were covered by slower suspension settle-out of delicate bubble-wall shards. Stratigraphic relationships suggest that explosive eruptions started during the waning stages of more alkaline volcanism along the proto-Macquarie spreading center.     

Volcanic Tremor at Mt. Etna,Italy, Preceding and Accompanying the Eruption of July – August, 2001

The July 17 – August 9, 2001 flank eruption of Mt. Etna was preceded and accompanied by remarkable changes in volcanic tremor. Based on the records of stations belonging to the permanent seismic network deployed on the volcano, we analyze amplitude and frequency content of the seismic signal. We find considerable changes in the volcanic tremor which mark the transition to different styles of eruptive activity, e.g., lava fountains, phreatomagmatic activity, Strombolian explosions. In particular, the frequency content of the signal decreases from 5 Hz to 3 Hz at our reference station ETF during episodes of lava fountains, and further decreases at about 2 Hz throughout phases of intense lava emission. The frequency content and the ratios of the signal amplitude allow us to distinguish three seismic sources, i.e., the peripheral dike which fed the eruption, the reservoir which fed the lava fountains, and the central conduit. Based on the analysis of the amplitude decay of the signal, we highlight the migration of the dike from a depth of ca. 5 km to about 1 km between July 10 and 12. After the onset of the effusive phase, the distribution of the amplitude decay at our stations can be interpreted as the overall result of sources located within the first half kilometer from the surface. Although on a qualitative basis, our findings shed some light on the complex feeding system of Mt. Etna, and integrate other volcanological and geophysical studies which tackle the problem of magma replenishment for the July–August, 2001 flank eruption. We conclude that volcanic tremor is fundamental in monitoring Mt. Etna, not only as a marker of the different sources which act within the volcano edifice, but also of the diverse styles of eruptive activity. An erratum to this article is available at .