利用低阶卫星重力位系数研究下地幔横向密度异常分布

本文试图采用卫星重力资料和一种新的反演方法来研究地幔的横向密度异常分布.先将密度异常△（r,,（?））在一个三维正交函数系下进行展开,其展开系数待定.然后,根据密度异常与重力扰动位之间的关系建立观测方程组,其中未知向量由密度异常展开系数组成,重力扰动观测向量由 GEM10B 重力模型中的位系数计算而得,并通过适当选取重力位系数的阶数,对观测向量进行滤波.最后,就下地幔（670km——CM 界面）作了实际计算.计算中,重力扰动位阶数取为2——11阶,密度异常展开式的截断阶数取为 K=4和 L=6,求解观测方程组时采用阻尼最小二乘法.结果表明:密度扰动值在670km 不连续面及核幔界面处达到极大值,且在环太平洋地区存在一高密度带,太平洋中部对应于一低密度区,这些特征与 Dziewonski 得到的下地幔三维波速异常分布特征相一致.但是,在南极地区、大西洋及印度洋部分地区,所得的密度异常分布与三维波速异常分布呈负相关,文章就其原因作了初步分析.      

Upper mantle low anisotropy channels below the Pacific Plate

A new 3D anisotropic model has been obtained at a global scale by using a massive dataset of seismic surface waves. Though seismic heterogeneities are usually interpreted in terms of heterogeneous temperature field, a large part of lateral variations are also induced by seismic anisotropy of upper mantle minerals. New insight into convection processes can be gained by taking seismic anisotropy into account in the inversion procedure. The model is best resolved in the Pacific Plate, the largest and the most active tectonic plate. Superimposed on the large-scale radial (ξ parameter) and azimuthal anisotropy (of V_SV velocity) within and below the lithosphere, correlated with present or past Pacific Plate motions, are smaller-scale (<1000 km) lateral variations of anisotropy not predicted by plate tectonics. Channels of low anisotropy down to a depth of 200 km (hereafter referred to as LAC) are observed and are the best resolved anomalies: one east-west channel between Easter Island and the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zones (observed on both radial and azimuthal anisotropies) and a second one (only observed on azimuthal anisotropy) extending from the south-west Pacific up to south-east Hawaii, and passing through the Polynesia hotspot group for plate older than about 40 Ma. These features provide strong constraints on the decoupling between the plate and asthenosphere. They are presumably related to cracking within the Pacific Plate and/or to secondary convection below the rigid lithosphere, predicted by numerical and analog experiments. The existence and location of these LACs might be related to the current active volcanoes and hotspots (possibly plumes) in the Central Pacific. LACs, which are dividing the Pacific Plate into smaller units, might indicate a future reorganization of plates with ridge migrations in the Pacific Ocean.     

卫星重力场、地幔对流应力场与板块运动关系的探讨

本文采用GEM10C的前50阶系数,计算了全球自由空气重力异常和地幔对流产生的岩石层底部应力场.通过对全球重力异常、应力场的分析,着重讨论了板块运动与地幔对流间的关系.对各板块在地幔对流作用下受力的定性分析和定量计算表明,板块的运动主要由低阶应力场决定,板块底部多个地幔对流体（而不是一个以洋中脊为对流上涌中心的单个地幔对流）的共同作用,推动了现代板块的运动.     

华北克拉通及东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的P波速度结构：对岩石圈减薄动力学过程的探讨

本文通过地震层析成像研究获得了华北克拉通及其东邻地区（30°N-50°N,95°E -145°E）1°×1°的P波速度扰动图像.结果显示,在西太平洋俯冲带地区,上地幔中西倾的板片状高速异常体与其上方的低速异常区构成俯冲带与上覆地幔楔的典型速度结构式样.俯冲板片高速体在约300~400 km深度范围内被低速物质充填,暗示俯冲板片可能发生了断离.在华北克拉通地区的上地幔中发现三个东倾排列的高速异常带.在此基础上,本文构建了华北克拉通及其东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的上地幔速度结构模式图,并据此探讨克拉通岩石圈减薄与西太平洋活动大陆边缘的深部动力学联系.本文认为,太平洋板片的俯冲（断离）,触发热地幔物质上涌并在上覆地幔楔中形成对流,使克拉通岩石圈受到改造（底侵与弱化）.随着俯冲板片后撤,地幔楔中的对流场以及对岩石圈改造的影响范围均随之东移,最终导致华北克拉通岩石圈自下而上、从西向东分三个阶段依次拆沉减薄.这一模式能很好地解释现今克拉通岩石圈自西向东呈台阶状减薄的深部现象.     

Pacific Plate motion and undulations in geoid and bathymetry

Previous studies have shown that the Pacific geoid and gravity fields exhibit lineated anomalies, trending approximately in the direction of absolute plate motion over the underlying mantle. Because the undulations obliquely cross fracture zones they have often been attributed a convective origin. Recently, lithospheric boudinage caused by diffuse extension has been proposed as a possible mechanism. We have examined the undulations in the free-air anomalies, geoid and bathymetry over a portion of the Pacific Plate to determine quantitatively how the undulations are related to plate motion. We compare the observed data to an axisymmetric, sinusoidal undulation defined in an arbitrary frame of reference; in particular, we seek the north pole of this reference frame that maximizes the correlation between data and model. Poles that are close to the Pacific hotspot pole represent copolar undulations possibly related to plate motion. The distance between the best-fitting poles and the hotspot pole is determined as a function of undulation wavelength and reveals several minima (with distance < 10°) for discrete geoid wavebands centered on wavelengths of 160 km, 225 km, 287 km, 400 km, 660 km, 850 km, 1000 km and 1400 km. Bathymetry data have copolar bathymetric expressions as well, giving an implied admittance of 2–3 m/km. The most co-polar geoid/bathymetry undulations (with poles within 2–3° of the average Pacific Euler pole) have wavelengths of 280 km and 1050 km, respectively. The latter could have a convective origin or be related to the spacing of hotspot swells. The former may reflect lithospheric boudinage formed in response to diffuse extension, but could also have a dynamic origin since flexural dampening may only have attenuated the bathymetric amplitude by 50% or less. Radiometric dating of volcanic ridges found in the troughs of prominent gravity lineations gives ages that correlate well with documented changes in Pacific and Indo/Australian Plate motion, suggesting the ridges formed in response to intermittent plate boundary stresses and not as a direct consequence of small-scale convection or diffuse extension.     

重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

A gradational density model for gravity anomalies over oceanic ridges

The long-wavelength gravity anomalies observed over oceanic ridges have been interpreted in terms of horizontal slabs with lateral variation of density. The location of such a slab in the earth's interior is estimated to be between the depths of 350 and 430 km, which defines the boundaries of the upper phase-transition zone of the mantle. A total density contrast, between the end planes of the horizontal slab, of 0.3 g/cm³ appears to be satisfactory for the interpretation. This remarkable coincidence in depth and density contrast associated with the pyroxene-garnet transformation process is considered to suggest that this process may possibly be: (1) taking place laterally; and (2) generating the gradational density contact which is reflected in the gravity anomalies. In turn, the mechanism for this lateral phase transformation may ultimately be attributable to the convection currents in the asthenosphere.     

罗斯海海域大地水准面异常的成因研究

本文利用数值法求解瞬时地幔对流问题以模拟大地水准面异常.利用两个较新的S波速度异常层析模型SEMUCB_WM1和TX2019slab,将其转换为密度异常作为控制方程的浮力驱动项;采取的黏度结构模型中,上下地幔的黏度比为1∶50.为了研究地幔不同结构对罗斯海海域大地水准面异常的影响,分别提取上、下地幔的密度异常正/负值,作为对流控制方程的输入项,计算相应的模拟大地水准面异常.将模拟大地水准面异常与观测值进行对比,发现罗斯海海域的大地水准面异常主要来自下地幔及上地幔的负密度(波速)异常,下地幔正密度异常对该区域大地水准面负异常也有一定的贡献.本文认为,地幔密度负异常在罗斯海海域大地水准面异常的形成中占据主导作用,地幔对流的动力学效应对该区域大地水准面异常的形成影响较弱.     

Lateral density anomaly distribution in the lower mantle obtained from satellite low order geopotential coefficients

In this paper, we attempt to use satellite gravity data and a new inversion method to study the lateral density anomaly distribution in the mantle. First, density difference Δρ(τ,θ,φ) is expanded in terms of a three—dimensional orthogonal function system, the coefficients of the expansion are to be determined. Then, a set of observation equations is established from the relationship between density anomaly and disturbing geopotential. In the equations the unknown vector contains the coefficients of density anomaly expansion, the observational vector is obtained by computing geopotential perturbations using the potential coefficients of GEM10B, and a filtering process is done for the observational values by properly selecting the harmonic degrees of geopotentical. Finally, the lateral density variations in the lower mantle (670 km toCM boundary) are investigated. In this case, the degrees of disturbing geopotential are selected as 2–11, the truncated degrees of density anomaly expansion are taken asL=6 andK=4, and the damping least squares method is used to solve the observation equations. The resulting model shows the high level of density perturbations at 670 km discontinuity and core — mantle boundary, a high — density zone circumscribing the Pacific and a lower—density region under the center of Pacific. These features are in agreement with the three—dimensional seismic velocity variation features by Dziewonski (1984). In the Antarctic region and some parts of Atlantic and Indian Ocean, however, the resulting density anomalies are negatively correlated with the seismic velocity anomalies, the cause resulting in these phenomena is preliminarily analysed in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 53–65, 1991. The principle and method represented in this paper can also be suitable to study the lateral density anomaly distribution in the earth’s crust and the upper mantle.     

Large-scale 3-D Gravity Analysis of the Inhomogeneities in the European-Mediterranean Upper Mantle

—Methods and the results of estimating the anomalies characterising the density inhomo geneities in the European-Mediterranean upper mantle are described. These anomalies were obtained by subtracting the gravity effect of a crustal density model derived from seismic velocities from the observed gravity field averaging over an area of 1°× 1°. The 3-D density model of the study region comprises two regional layers of varying thickness with lateral variation of average density the sedimentary cover and the crystalline crust. The average densities for model layers were evaluated by using a velocity/density conversion function and taking into account sediment consolidation with depth. Clear correlation between residual gravity anomalies and both velocity heterogeneities and thermal regime data of the upper mantle has been revealed. An agreement of positive anomalies over the Alps, the Adriatic plate and the Calabrian Arc with high velocity domains in the upper mantle and reduced temperatures at the subcrustal layer are caused by lithospheric "roots" and thickened lithosphere below these structures. Gravity residual lows, revealed over the Western Mediterranean Basin and Pannonian Basin, are in correspondence with both low velocities and high temperatures in the upper mantle. These anomalies are the result of the presence of asthenosphere in shallow near-Moho depths below these basins.     

Small-scale upper mantle convection and orogeny of Tianshan Mountains in China

In this study, from the travel time data recorded in the Tianshan passive seismic array experiment, we present the P-wave velocity structure of the upper mantle down to 660 km along the Kuqa-Kuitun pro-file in terms of seismic tomography technique. Based on the P-wave velocity model, we derive the corresponding 2D upper mantle density model. The 2D small-scale convection of the upper mantle underneath the Tianshan Mountains in China driven by the density anomalies is simulated using the hybrid finite element method combining with the marker-in-cell technique. The main features of the upper mantle convection and the reciprocation between the convection and mountain building are in-vestigated. The results manifest that (1) in the upper mantle underneath the Junggar basin and North Tianshan exists a counterclockwise convection, which scale is ~ 500 km; (2) underneath the Tarim ba-sin and South Tianshan exists a clockwise northward convection, which is relatively weak; (3) the convective velocity at the top of the upper mantle underneath the Tianshan Mountains in China should not be less than 20 mm/a, while considering the dependent of convective velocity on the viscosity; (4) the northward extrusion of the Tarim block plays a key role in the Cenozoic Tianshan mountain building and the present-day tectonic deformation of the Tianshan range is related closely to the upper mantle convection; and (5) the northward subduction of the Tarim block does not influence obviously the up-per mantle convection.     

The modern geoid and ancient plate boundaries

The non-hydrostatic geoid is dominated by three large anomalies: an area of high gravity potential in the equatorial Pacific; another stretching from Greenland through Africa to the southwest Indian Ocean; and a semi-continuous low region passing from Hudson's Bay through Siberia to India and on to Antarctica. None of these three high-amplitude (greater than 60 m) and long-wavelength anomalies corresponds to present-day plate boundaries. However, if the modern geoid is plotted over the positions of continents and plate boundaries at 125 Ma B.P. (reconstructed relative to hotspots) a strong correlation emerges. The modern geoidal low corresponds in position to the areas of subduction surrounding the Pacific 125 Ma ago. The geoidal high now centered on Africa is entirely contained within ancient Pangaea, and the equatorial Pacific high overlies the location of the spreading centers preserved in the magnetic anomalies of the central Pacific. The most plausible cause of the large geoidal undulations is lower mantle convection only weakly coupled to plate motions. The correspondence between modern geoid and ancient plate boundaries implies either that the coupling was much more intimate in the past, or that there is a lag of at least 100 Ma in response of the lower mantle to upper mantle conditions.     

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈三维密度结构

综合重力观测资料和地震波走时资料反演了青藏高原东北缘岩石圈三维密度结构,并对该区岩石圈结构及动力学特征进行了讨论.首先利用收集到的P波近震和远震走时数据进行地震层析成像,得到研究区岩石圈三维P波速度结构.然后利用速度-密度经验关系式,将速度扰动转化为密度扰动建立研究区三维初始密度模型.最后利用分离的布格重力异常反演得到了岩石圈三维密度结构.反演结果表明:青藏高原东北缘地壳密度结构特征有利于地震孕育发生和地壳物质侧向流动;地壳内,密度异常等值线走向与地表断裂走向基本一致,进入地幔后,密度异常等值线走向发生了顺时针旋转,这表明青藏高原东北缘地壳和地幔具有不同的构造运动模式,暗示该区可能发生了壳幔解耦;80~100 km深度上,P波速度异常较密度异常明显偏低,推测该区可能发生了部分熔融或者岩石含水量的增加;印度板块俯冲和周围坚硬块体阻挡联合作用,使得青藏高原东北缘形成了强大的区域构造应力场,并导致深部软流圈热物质上涌,为该区壳幔解耦、部分熔融和P波速度降低创造了条件.     

A new conceptual model for whole mantle convection and the origin of hotspot plumes

A new conceptual model of mantle convection is constructed for consideration of the origin of hotspot plumes, using recent evidence from seismology, high-pressure experiments, geodynamic modeling, geoid inversion studies, and post-glacial rebound analyses. This conceptual model delivers several key points. Firstly, some of the small-scale mantle upwellings observed as hotspots on the Earth's surface originate at the base of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), in which the Archean granitic continental material crust (TTG; tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with abundant radiogenic elements is accumulated. Secondly, the TTG crust and the subducted oceanic crust that have accumulated at the base of MTZ could act as thermal or mechanical insulators, leading to the formation of a hot and less viscous layer just beneath the MTZ; which may enhance the instability of plume generation at the base of the MTZ. Thirdly, the origin of some hotspot plumes is isolated from the large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the South Pacific. I consider that the conceptual model explains why almost all the hotspots around Africa are located above the margins of the African LLSVP. Because a planetary-scale trench system surrounding a “Pangean cell” has been spatially stable throughout the Phanerozoic, a large amount of the oceanic crustal layer is likely to be trapped in the MTZ under the Pangean cell. Therefore, under Africa, almost all of the hotspot plumes originate from the base of the MTZ, where a large amount of TTG and/or oceanic crusts has accumulated. This conceptual model may explain the fact that almost all the hotspots around Africa are located on margins above the African LLSVP. It is also considered that some of the hotspot plumes under the South Pacific thread through the TTG/oceanic crusts accumulated around the bottom of the MTZ, and some have their roots in the South Pacific LLSVP while others originate from the MTZ. The numerical simulations of mantle convection also speculate that the Earth's mantle convection is not thermally double-layered at the ringwoodite to perovskite + magnesiowüstite (Rw → Pv + Mw) phase boundary, because of its gentle negative Clapeyron slope. This is in contrast with some traditional images of mantle convection that have independent convection cells between the upper and lower mantle. These numerical studies speculate that the generation of stagnant slab at the base of the MTZ (as seismically observed globally) may not be due to the negative Clapeyron slope, and may instead be related to a viscosity increase (i.e., a viscosity jump) at the Rw → Pv + Mw phase boundary, or to a chemically stratified boundary between the upper and the lower mantle, as suggested by a recent high-pressure experiment.     

An efficient and adaptive approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates

The need to obtain more reliable Earth structures has been the impetus for conducting joint inversions of disparate geophysical datasets. For seismic arrival time tomography, joint inversion of arrival time and gravity data has become an important way to investigate velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle. However, the absence of an efficient approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates limits the joint tomographic analysis to only local scales. In order to extend the joint tomographic inversion into spherical coordinates, and enable it to be feasible for regional studies, we develop an efficient and adaptive approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates based on the longitudinal/latitudinal grid spacing. The complete gravity effects of spherical prisms, including gravitational potential, gravity vector and tensor gradients, are calculated by numerical integration of the Gauss–Legendre quadrature (GLQ). To ensure the efficiency of the gravity modeling, spherical prisms are recursively subdivided into smaller units according to their distances to the observation point. This approach is compatible with the parameterization of regional arrival time tomography for large areas, in which both the near- and far-field effects of the Earth's curvature cannot be ignored. Therefore, this approach can be implemented into the joint tomographic inversion of arrival time and gravity data conveniently. As practical applications, the complete gravity effects of a single anomalous density body have been calculated, and the gravity anomalies of two tomographic models in the Taiwan region have also been obtained using empirical relationships between P-wave velocity and density.     

横向黏度变化的全地幔对流应力场初步研究

将地幔地震波速度异常转换为地幔横向黏度变化(达到3个数量级),在球坐标系下计算了瑞雷数为106、上边界为刚性、下边界为应力自由等温边界条件下的岩石层底部的地幔对流极型和环型应力场.结果表明,地幔对流极型应力场与地表大尺度构造具有良好的对应关系:俯冲带和碰撞带的应力呈现挤压状态,而洋中脊处的应力则呈现拉张状态.地幔对流环...     

地震层析地球内部密度分布横向不均匀研究

本文使用Woodhouse和Dziewonski等分别用S波和P波层析分析提供的,以670km深度为分界的上地幔和下地幔地震波传播所反映出的横向不均匀的球谐函数系数,假定地幔内部密度与正常水平的偏离分别与P波和S波的速度V_p和V_s成比例（下地幔δρ=γδV_p,上地幔δρ=σδV_S²）,并用一组新的球谐函数系数表示全地幔密度分布模型.计算结果表明:1.比例系数γ=0.199,σ=3.13×10^-5时,该全地幔密度模型可以70％恢复Dziewonski提供的下地幔密度模型,50％恢复Woodhouse提供的上地幔密度模型.合成密度分布基本上反映了分别由P波和S波速度异常所提供的地幔密度分布特征;2.所有穿过太平洋中部的剖面均明显地显示出一个低密度异常从地表一直延伸到核-幔边界;3.所有大陆下部均存在一个高密度异常区,而且深入到1200-1300km深度处;4.由密度异常的正、负交替基本上将部分地区地幔分成为3层,其深度依次为:第1层25-1300km左右,第2...     

Volcanoes and regional geophysical trends

Active volcanoes occur in at least two fundamentally different tectonic settings. Taphrogenic volcanoes are aligned along the mid-ocean fracture system which is characterized by a broad ridge of rugged relief, «tensional» horizontal stress components perpendicular to the ridge, shallow earthquakes in a zone vertically beneath the ridge crest, thin to normal occanic crust and low to normal seismic velocities in the uppermost mantle, positive free-air gravity anomalies, and high heat flow. Orogenic volcanoes are aligned along the mobile Pacific rim and Indonesian archipelago which are characterized by double or single arcuate ridges with a deep oceanic trench on the convex side, compressional horizontal stress components perpendicular to the arcs, shallow to deep earthquakes in a zone dipping from the trench to beneath the volcanoes and beyond, transitional crustal thicknesses and seismic velocities, parallel belts of negative and positive free-air gravity anomalies from the trench to the volcanic arc, and low heat flow from the trench. The diverse nature of most geophysical lineaments associated with volcanism suggests that magma generation is independent of these phenomena. The remaining correlation of shallow earthquakes with taphrogenic volcanocs and intermediate depth earthquakes with orogenic volcanoes suggests that active fracture systems reaching these depths can tap latent magma sources. Seismic evidence for a low velocity layer beginning 100 km beneath continents and 60 km beneath oceans gives independent support to this hypothesis.     

Global P-wave tomography: On the effect of various mantle and core phases

In this work, many global tomographic inversions and resolution tests are carried out to investigate the influence of various mantle and core phase data from the International Seismological Center (ISC) data set on the determination of 3D velocity structure of the Earth's interior. Our results show that, when only the direct P data are used, the resolution is good for most of the mantle except for the oceanic regions down to about 1000 km depth and for most of the D″ layer, and PP rays can provide a better constraint on the structure down to the middle mantle, in particular for the upper mantle under the oceans. PcP can enhance the ray sampling of the middle and lower mantle around the Pacific rim and Europe, while Pdiff can help improve the spatial resolution in the lowermost mantle. The outer core phases (PKP, PKiKP and PKKP) can improve the resolution in the lowermost mantle of the southern hemisphere and under oceanic regions. When finer blocks or grid nodes are adopted to determine a high-resolution model, pP data are very useful for improving the upper mantle structure. The resulting model inferred from all phases not only displays the general features contained in the previous global tomographic models, but also reveals some new features. For example, the image of the Hawaiian mantle plume is improved notably over the previous studies. It is imaged as a continuous low velocity anomaly beneath the Hawaiian hotspot from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the surface, implying that the Hawaiian mantle plume indeed originates from the CMB. Low-velocity anomalies along some mid-oceanic ridges extend down to about 600 km depth. Our results suggested that later seismic phases are of great importance in better understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior.     

Hotspots,mantle convection and plate tectonics: A synthetic calculation

A model is developed that unifies vigorous hotspots with global-scale mantle convection and plate tectonics. The convection dynamics are assumed to generate flow patterns that emerge as closely packed polygonal cells in approaching the asthenosphere, and whose geometry is completely determined by a defining set of vigorous hotspots. Overlying viscously coupled rigid plates are driven with unique velocities (Euler vectors) at which the area integral of the shear forces is zero; these velocities are dynamically stable. The computed plate velocities, resulting from convection based on 15 hotspots, are compared with the velocities of plate motion models AM1-2 (Minster andJordan, 1978) and HS-NUVEL1 (Gripp andGordon, 1990), which combine transform fault geometries, magnetic anomalies and seismic data. The comparison shows a striking agreement for a majority of the plates. Geophysical implications of this numerical exercise are discussed.