湖南地震视应变与地震的对应关系分析

利用湖南省地震台网记录到的资料,研究了1970年以来湖南地区五次ML≥4.0级地震的地震视应变场的分布和时空演化特征.ML≥4.0以下的地震视应变与震级相关性较小,ML≥4.0以上地震的视应变值随震级增加呈非线形快速增大,说明:湖南地区地震视应变的时空演变与地震具有较好的对应关系.     

木里地区地震震源参数特征研究

选取了2011年9月至2016年9月地震数据及资料,研究了水库水位与地震时空活动特征,计算了168次ML3.0级以上地震的震源参数.结果显示:区域视应力值随震级的增大而增大,反映了不同震级地震在应力水平积累等方面的差异;视应力有随地震矩增大而增大的趋势,意味着人类活动可能为该区域地震活动的主要因素;拐角频率与震级的关系可分为两段来看,当震级范围为ML3.0～3.5时,拐角频率随震级增大而降低的现象并不明显,当震级范围为ML3.5～4.4时,拐角频率随震级增大而降低,表明震级越大,库区破裂尺度在增大,反应了区域应力积累,应力水平有所增强;视应力时空分布特征显示,视应力随时间变化与频次存在着一定的相关性,且整体视应力水平逐渐增高,且最大地震发生在大坝附近,这些现象都可能为水库蓄水导致区域构造环境发生变化而造成.     

福建古田水口水库M_L4.8级地震序列震源参数研究

应用福建省区域数字地震台网观测记录到的古田水口水库ML4.8级地震序列的资料,在扣除地震记录数据中传播路径效应、台站场地响应和仪器响应后,采用Atkinson单地震、多台记录平均的反演方法计算震源参数,共计算了序列中的38个ML≥2.5级地震的震源参数。结果显示：地震矩与震级之间有较好的线性关系,统计关系式为logM0=1.08ML＋9.63;建立了用ML震级估算矩震级MW的公式MW=0.72ML＋0.387;其它的参数间虽有一定的相关性,但很难给出定量的关系。对地震序列应力降随时间发展的变化分析认为,在前震期水口水库区域存在应力加速积累的过程,有出现高应力降异常值的发生,临近主震时,应力降有所回调;最大余震后,应力降呈逐步衰减,未出现高异常值。     

2008年、2009年大柴旦两次6级地震序列地震视应力特征

计算得到2008年、2009年大柴旦两次6级地震序列中109个ML≥3.0地震的视应力,两次序列主震视应力分别为5.1 MPa、3.4 MPa,平均视应力为0.48 MPa。2008年地震序列视应力的整体平均水平小于2009年地震序列,综合USGS及哈佛大学CMT给出的震源参数,发现两次地震震中相近,但震源深度有很大差异,2008年地震深度约25 km,而2009年地震震源深度约12 km,震源深度及发震构造的差异可能造成两次地震序列视应力的不同。     

2010年滦县地震序列视应力变化研究

2010年3月6日河北滦县发生ML4.5地震,其前震较为活跃且余震丰富?利用首都圈数字化地震台网监测到的2009年12月至2010年3月滦县ML≥2.5地震的宽带带数字地震波数据,计算得到地震视应力?结果表明:①ML4.5地震视应力表现出震前存在高值异常,震时达到峰值,震后波动下降的变化特点,而且主震视应力远大于多数余震,由此推断该序列类型为主余型?② 视应力的数值变化可以反映震源区应力状态,利用视应力的变化过程来探讨地震序列性质,结合传统序列判别方法,可以更准确地判别序列类型?③ 在震级ML≤3.3范围内震级与视应力大体为正相关?     

浙江地区水库地震与构造地震应力参数特征研究

利用浙江区域数字地震台网记录到的地震波数据,采用布龙模式下近震源记录计算震源谱参数的方法,系统测定了发生在温州珊溪水库、宁波皎口水库库区以及浙江地区构造地震共326次地震的应力降、视应力等参数。给出了两个水库区地震与构造地震的应力降与视应力参数特征,并进行了对比分析。初步研究发现,皎口地震的应力降和视应力值均低于浙江地区构造地震;珊溪水库地震与构造地震在应力降和视应力值上具有震级分段的特征:震级ML<4.0级的地震,同震级的应力降和视应力值两者相差不大,而震级ML>4.0级的地震,构造地震的应力降和视应力值均高于珊溪水库地震。此外,测定的应力降、视应力的对数与震级ML之间存在较好的线性关系。     

温州珊溪水库ML3.9震群震源参数特征

采用地震波谱方法测定了温州珊溪水库地震序列的震源参数，分析了震源应力降特征及地震矩与震级的关系。研究结果认为：珊溪震群地震矩和震级统计关系为logMo=1．07ML 10．3；占地震总数60％的小震应力降为0．018～O．049MPa，珊溪震群属于低应力背景下的地震活动；珊溪震区应力降分维数D=0．85，属于低值，反映了震区介质强度和应力分布的非均匀程度较高。     

云南姚安地震序列震源参数研究

2000年1月15日云南姚安发生5.9级和6.5级地震,利用布设在震中附近的6个流动数字地震台所记录的地震波资料,采用波谱分析和Brune理论的方法,得到姚安地震序列震源谱参数和震源参数。结果表明:地震序列的地震矩在108～1014N·m之间,应力降在0.005～10MPa之间,震源半径分布在50～660m之间,并得到地震矩M0和震级ML的关系为:lgM0=8.24+1.4ML。随着地震矩增大应力降增加,拐角频率反而减小;随震级的增大震源半径变大,但震源半径与应力降之间不存在明显的相关关系。     

云南地区中小地震静力学和动力学参数定标关系

通过消除S波观测谱中的传播路径、场地响应、仪器响应等影响因素,得到中小地震的震源谱.根据Brune震源模型,运用遗传算法计算了地震矩、应力降、震源半径等震源参数;通过考虑由于有限的仪器带宽带来的地震辐射能量低估及补偿问题,测定了中小地震辐射能量;分析了云南地区ML2.0 ～5.3地震静力学和动力学参数定标关系.结果表明:地震矩为2.1×1012～1.2 ×1016N·m,地震矩M0和震级ML的线性关系式为lgM0=1.01ML+10.59;震源破裂半径在86.9～1220.4m之间,地震矩M0与震源半径a之间的关系式为lgM0 =0.003a+ 12.90;应力降结果介于0.03 ～57.55MPa之间,当M0＜4×1014N.m时,应力降随地震矩的增大而增大,当M0≥4 ×1014N·m时,应力降与地震矩之间无明显的依赖关系;地震矩M0与拐角频率∫c明显有依赖关系,二者之间的关系式为lgfc=- lgM0+5.32;地震辐射能量ER在3.01×106～2.06×1012J之间,地震辐射能量ER与震级ML之间的关系为lgER=1.18ML+5.69.当M0＜4×1014N·m时,折合能量有随地震矩增大而增大的趋势,当M0≥4×1014N·m时,折合能量不随地震矩的增大而变化;地震视应力范围为0.02～31.4MPa之间,视应力与震源深度之间没有明显的依赖性.     

马尔康地震序列震源参数研究

利用马尔康台记录的数字地震波资料，使用波谱分析方法计算了马尔康地震序列93次ML2．5～5．0地震的震源参数，并对其进行了初步分析。结果表明：马尔康地震序列的地震距（M0）与震级（ML）有较好的相关性，关系式为log10M0=0．92ML＋10．24，相关系数R为0．86；地震应力降与震级的关系不明显，二者基本无关。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.