黄河三角洲全新世以来沉积环境的划分及各环境中碳埋藏速率的评价

为了研究黄河三角洲全新世不同古环境中的碳埋藏速率,于2007年在研究区布设了一口30.3 m浅钻,以对其进行了沉积学观测以及含水量、有机碳、总碳和营养成分测试分析.通过地层分析,将其全新世地层划分为8种沉积环境.运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析方法对现代黄河三角洲沉积环境中部分层位进行了精确的年代划分,其他层位也进行了年代推测.同时利用确定的年代计算了不同沉积环境碳的埋藏速率.结果表明:总碳和有机碳与各营养元素都呈很好的线性相关;沉积物的沉积速率是有机碳和总碳埋藏速率的主控因素;虽然沉积物C_org浓度相对较低,但由于其高沉积速率,C_org的平均埋藏速率达到1 331 g/(m2·a),远高于世界其他高C_org浓度的湿地,因此是很好的碳汇地质体.      

四川盆地西缘上二叠统宣威组顶部泥岩、砂岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

沉积物源分析是认识盆山演化的重要途径。了解四川盆地西南缘上二叠统宣威组物源,对于重建晚二叠世扬子克拉通周缘演化具有重要意义。本文对峨眉山地区宣威组顶部泥岩、砂岩开展了岩石学和全岩地球化学分析,进行了物源、沉积环境和构造背景的研究。宣威组泥岩主要成分为黏土矿物,SiO₂含量(平均49.42%)中等;砂岩成分大部分为火山岩屑,含有少量石英及长石,具中等的SiO₂含量(平均44.12%),属于杂砂岩系列。泥岩与砂岩均具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素较右倾的稀土元素配分型式,微量元素相对大陆上地壳富集高场强元素(如Nb、Zr),亏损大离子亲石元素(如Sr、Ba)。根据地球化学分析结果结合已发表的扬子克拉通周缘二叠系沉积岩数据,认为上二叠统宣威组顶部沉积岩物源区经历了强烈的化学风化作用,沉积古环境为富氧的淡水沉积环境;宣威组顶部沉积物物源不仅来自于近源搬运的峨眉山高Ti玄武岩,还接受了扬子克拉通的补给,扬子克拉通西缘晚二叠世时期是活动大陆边缘沉积。     

湘鄂赣二叠纪岩相古地理研究

湘鄂赣二叠纪沉积盆地是在华南陆块基础上发育而成，具有扬子克拉通北缘被动大陆边缘盆地，扬子克拉通盆地，湘赣板内拉张盆地和华夏克拉通边缘盆地等四类。根据古暴露等标志，建立了各类盆地的沉积层序，并进行了区域对比。     

碳酸盐岩C,O,Sr同位素组成在古气候、古海洋环境研究中的应用

碳酸盐岩C,O,Sr同位素研究是地球化学重要的示踪手段之一,它可以为研究古气候、古环境的变化提供定量的依据.研究结果表明:δ(13C)的高值对应海平面的上升和有机碳埋藏速率的增加,δ(13C)的低值则对应了海平面的下降和有机碳埋藏速率的降低;87Sr/86Sr比值与海平面变化呈负相关性;δ(18O)常作为判断碳酸盐是否受后期变化的标志之一.用海相碳酸盐岩C,O,Sr同位素示验古气候,古海洋环境,一般要求(Mn/Sr)＜-10×10-3,δ(13C)与δ(18O)不呈正相关关系.     

四川广元上寺剖面不同地史时期沥青的钼同位素组成及意义

对四川广元地区寒武纪、二叠纪和石炭纪部分海相碳酸盐岩地层中沥青的Mo同位素和微量元素进行了测定.结果表明,该区不同时期沥青的δ98Mo有较大的变化范围(+0.34‰～+1.71‰),总体上,接近缺氧沉积岩δ98Mo的范围.寒武纪海相地层中沥青具有明显的δEu正异常(0.75～1.68),其Mo、Ni、V等氧化还原敏感元...     

距今14亿年低生物量的碳同位素证据

北京十三陵和天津蓟县两剖面中距今十四亿年海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素表明,十三陵—蓟县地区当时具有较低的δ¹³C 值(共分析了152个样品),平均占δ¹³C=-0.7‰(PDB)。这种较低的δ¹³C 值很可能具有全球性。原始的海相碳酸盐岩较低的碳同位素组或反映较低的有机碳埋藏速率。有机碳的埋藏速率与当时全球生物量的大小有着密切的关系。磷酸盐岩较低的δ¹³C 值进一步反映当时较小的全球生物量的存在。每年8.11×10⁸吨有机碳推测是距今十四亿年全球生物量的最小值。     

扬子克拉通后太古宙碎屑沉积岩地球化学及其构造意义

系统分析了扬子克拉通从中元古代到白垩纪不同时代8个碎屑沉积岩的主量元素和微量元素成分.这8个样品的REE分配模式与全球典型细粒碎屑沉积岩PAAS、NASC、ES及全球平均大陆上地壳一致.志留纪—泥盆纪样品以高w (La) /w (Co)、w (La) /w (Sc)、w (Th) /w (Co)、w (Th) /w (Sc) 比值为特征, 物源上表现出北秦岭的特征, 表明扬子克拉通曾与华北克拉通南缘的北秦岭在志留纪—泥盆纪对接.      

扬子陆块古-中元古代地质演化与Columbia超大陆重建

扬子陆块在古-中元古代时期经历了较为强烈的岩浆-变质-沉积-成矿等地质事件,这些事件是理解该陆块陆壳演化和成矿效应内在联系及动力学的关键,也是探讨该陆块在Columbia超大陆中古地理重建的前提。本文以古-中元古代地质单元出露较为完整的扬子西南缘为重点研究对象,在总结已有资料的基础上,对扬子陆块古-中元古代时期地质事件进行剖析和讨论,明确了扬子陆块西南缘在古-中元古代时期经历了由Columbia超大陆初始裂解引起的陆内裂谷相关的沉积作用,岩浆侵位及矿产富集等地质过程。通过与全球陆块进行对比,发现相似的裂谷的相关沉积-岩浆-成矿事件在劳伦大陆西北部、澳大利亚北部及Siberian克拉通都有体现。本文认为扬子陆块在2. 4～2. 3 Ga通过增生拼贴到劳伦大陆Rae克拉通。在共同经历过Columbia超大陆聚合的峰期变质作用(2. 03～1. 81 Ga)之后,超大陆开始逐步裂解并形成大陆内部裂谷,最终在古元古代后期(～1. 66～1. 60 Ga)扬子陆块和Columbia超大陆主体分离。     

冲绳海槽中部28ka以来陆源物质输入和古环境演化的生源组分记录

沉积物中有机碳、生物碳酸盐和生物硅等生源组分的埋藏速率在很大程度上受到海洋古生产力的控制,常常被用作古生产力的替代指标.本文利用TOC、生物硅及CaCO3等生源组分探讨冲绳海槽中部DGKS9604孔(28°16.64'N,127°01.43'E;水深766m;柱长10.76m)距今28ka以来陆源物质输入和古环境演化对海洋生产力的影响.研究结果表明,在冬季风较强的末次冰期晚期(28～22kaB.P.),长江直接输运大量的陆源营养物质进入冲绳海槽,古生产力较高;在末次盛冰期(LGM,22～18kaB.P.),虽然河口距离海槽区更近,但大陆流域降水匮乏,河流人海径流量偏低导致海槽陆源营养物质明显减少,生产力降低,表现在生物硅和有机碳堆积速率明显降低;冰消期早期生产力与末次盛冰期相比并未明显降低,此阶段气候回暖,大陆流域降雨增加,陆源物质输入相对较高.全新世早期,古生产力快速下降,既反映海平面降低,陆源物质输入减少.还可能与冰消期寡营养盐的黑潮在海槽加强有关.DGKS9604孔CaCO3含量及堆积速率变化的总体趋势与有机碳和生物硅相反,表现为末次冰期晚期低.冰消期以来逐渐升高,一方面反映陆源物质输入的稀释作用;另一方面与黑潮加强致使钙质生物生产力增强有关.此外,15～7kaB.P.期间CaCO3含量及其堆积速率有几次明显降低,可能对应黑潮减弱、陆源冲淡水较强的环境事件.     

米仓山地区构造演化

米仓山地区构造变形序列和构造沉积、岩浆、变质同步事件记录了五大构造发展阶段演化历史。克拉通结晶基底的形成与古裂陷开合构造有关，褶皱基底形成于扬子古板块活动大陆边缘环境，澄江期基性超基性、碱性、中酸性侵入岩序列发育良好，与古大陆裂谷活动有关，克拉通沉积盖层形成于被动大陆边缘，中新生代构造格局为大型推覆—滑脱构造。     

Molybdenum isotope composition from Yangtze block continental margin and its indication to organic burial rate

The paper presents the molybdenum isotope data, along with the trace element content, to investigate the geochemical behavior of authigenic Mo during long-term burial in sediments in continental margin settings of the Yangtze block, as well as their indication to the burial of original organic carbon. The burial rate of original organic carbon was estimated on the basis of the amount of sedimentary sulfur (TS content), whilst the carbon loss by aerobic degradation was estimated according to calculated Mn contents. On these points, the original organic carbon flux was calculated, exhibiting a large range of variation (0.17–0.67 mmol/m²/day). The strong correlation between sedimentary Mo isotope values and organic carbon burial rates previously proposed on the basis of the investigations on modern ocean sediments, was also used here to estimate the organic carbon burial rate. The data gained through this model showed that organic carbon burial rates have large variations, ranging from 0.43–2.87 mmol/m²/day. Although the two sets of data gained through different geochemical records in the Yangtze block show a deviation of one order of magnitude, they do display a strong correlation. It is thus tempting to speculate that the Mo isotope signature of sediments may serve as a tracer for the accumulation rate of original organic carbon in the continental margin sediments. __________ Translated from Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2007, 32(6) [译自: 地球科学—中国地质大学学报]     

扬子克拉通北缘碎屑沉积岩地球化学特征及意义

通过系统研究扬子克拉通北缘西乡-碑坝小区后太古代变质沉积岩的主量元素、微量元素和Nd同位素组成, 得出如下结论: (1) 扬子北缘中、晚元古代三花石组杂砂岩的ε_Nd(t), 分别为+2.72和+0.69, T_DM分别为1.40Ga和1.57Ga, 与扬子北缘同时期西乡群火山岩具有相近的Nd同位素组成, 扬子克拉通北缘新元古代存在的岛弧物质控制着该区中、晚元古代沉积物源的地球化学组成, 后河群碎屑物质对火地垭群沉积岩有一定的影响; (2) 扬子克拉通北缘古生代沉积物源区以再旋回沉积物源为主, 并随时间变化对再旋回沉积物源的接受逐渐加强, 沉积源区的长英质物质逐渐增多, 分异程度越来越高; 西乡-碑坝小区从寒武纪-志留纪沉积物源很可能是扬子克拉通基底崆岭群和基性火山岩等风化剥蚀后混合的产物, 本区从晚泥盆世开始, 其沉积物源区与秦岭群片麻岩的风化剥蚀有明显的关系; (3) 扬子北缘西乡-碑坝小区从晚二叠世到早侏罗世碎屑沉积岩的ε_Nd(t) 比早古生代碎屑沉积岩的明显偏大, 结合微量元素数据分析, 这与晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩的多次喷发(火山灰) 和风化剥蚀作用有关.      

Carbon Isotopic Evolution of the Late Ediacaran Gaojiashan Biota on the Northern Yangtze Platform,South China

Metazoan fossils in the Gaojiashan Biota are famous for being well preserved and may provide new insights into the early evolution and skeletonization of Metazoans. We are studying the isotopic compositions of organic and carbonate carbon from a sequence of sedimentary rocks at the Gaojiashan section, northern Yangtze Platform, Shaanxi Province of China. Organic carbon isotope values display a range between –30.8‰ and –24.7‰ with clear stratigraphic variations. Carbonate carbon isotope data vary between 0.1‰ and +6‰. Positive δ13C values from sediments with Gaojiashan biota reflect temporal variations in carbon turnover, i.e. an increasing in photosynthetic carbon fixation followed by an increasing subsequent fractional organic carbon burial, and that related to bio-radiation such as increasing algae, bacteria, and original creatures productivity in biomass. These secular variations are interpreted to reflect perturbations of the regional carbon cycle, specifically changes in the fractional burial of organic carbon, and discuss the relationship between Gaojiashan biota and paleoenvrionmental variation.     

Sedimentary Organic Carbon Mineralization and Its Contribution to the Marine Carbon Cycle in the Marginal Seas

Continental margin sediments are important ocean carbon repository, and the internal carbon cycle is mainly driven by the mineralization processes of sedimentary organic matter. Most organic carbon is transformed to Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) by mineralization processes after being delivered to continental margin sediments, and DIC from pore water diffuses into the upper water column and participates in the ocean carbon cycle. At the same time, some DIC combines ions such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and precipitates as authigenic carbonate minerals so that carbon is stored in the deposits. Based on the biogeochemical study of the mechanism and efficiency of organic matter burial, we discussed the interaction among sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of methane, and the effect of organic mineralization on the formation of authigenic carbonate. By reviewing the above-mentioned aspects, we can obtain a better understanding of the role of continental margin sediments in the global carbon cycling budgets as well as its climate and environmental effects.     

陆架边缘海沉积物有机碳矿化及其对海洋碳循环的影响

边缘海沉积物是海洋重要的碳储库,其内部的碳循环主要是由有机质矿化分解过程来驱动的。有机碳进入边缘海沉积物后,矿化分解为溶解无机碳(DIC)进入沉积物孔隙水并扩散到上层水柱,参与海洋系统碳循环;同时还有部分DIC与钙镁等离子结合形成自生碳酸盐,保存于沉积物碳库。从生物地球化学角度探讨有机质埋藏机制和效率,在此基础上重点综述沉积物硫酸盐还原、产甲烷和甲烷厌氧氧化过程的耦合机制,以及有机质矿化对自生碳酸盐形成的影响等方面的研究进展,以期加深对陆架边缘海沉积物在全球碳循环收支平衡中的作用及其气候环境效应的认识。     

Control of sulfate pore-water profiles by sedimentary events and the significance of anaerobic oxidation of methane for the burial of sulfur in marine sediments

Gravity driven mass-flow deposits proven by sedimentary and digital echosounder data are indicative for prevailing dynamic sedimentary conditions along the continental margin of the western Argentine Basin. In this study we present geochemical data from a total of 23 gravity cores. Pore-water SO₄ is generally depleted within a few meters below the sediment surface by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). The different shapes of SO₄ profiles (concave, kink- and s-type) can be consistently explained by sedimentary slides possibly in combination with changes in the CH₄ flux from below, thus, mostly representing transient pore-water conditions. Since slides may keep their original sedimentary signature, a combined analysis and numerical modeling of geochemical, physical properties, and hydro acoustic data could be applied in order to reconstruct the sedimentary history. We present first order estimates of the dating of sedimentary events for an area where conventional stratigraphic methods failed to this day. The results of the investigated sites suggest that present day conditions are the result of events that occurred decades to thousands of years ago and promote a persisting mass transport from the shelf into the deep-sea, depositing high amounts of reactive compounds. The high abundance of reactive iron phases in this region maintains low hydrogen sulfide levels in the sediments by a nearly quantitative precipitation of all reduced sulfate by AOM. For the total region we estimate a SO₄ (or CH₄) flux of 6.6 × 10¹⁰ moles per year into the zone of AOM. Projected to the global continental slope and rise area, this may sum up to about 2.6 × 10¹² moles per year. Provided that the sulfur is completely fixed in the sediments it is about twice the global value of the recent global sulfur burial in marine sediments of 1.2 × 10¹² moles per year as previously estimated. Thus, AOM obviously contributes very significantly to the regulation of global sulfur reservoirs, which is hitherto not sufficiently recognized. This finding may have implications for global geochemical models, as sulfur burial is an important control factor in the development of atmospheric oxygen levels over time.     

扬子克拉通北西缘碧口群的解体与地层划分

碧口群组成十分复杂,论述了对其解体的必要性;解体出了包括鱼洞子花岗绿岩地体周缘的稳定陆缘沉积建造,扬子地台北西缘古元古代间裂谷型火山－沉积建造,中元古代洋壳残生及深海沉积物和新元古代的火山弧前盆地堆积,新元古代的残留地中海式堆积以造山后的山间盆地堆积等众多不同性质的构造地层单元;并对其形成过程作了初步讨论。     

Assessment on Redox Conditions and Organic Burial of Siliciferous Sediments at the Latest Permian Dalong Formation in Shangsi, Sichuan, South China

The redox sensitive elements, molybdenum (Mo) and uranium (U), in marine sediments from the latest Permian Dalong (大隆) Formation at the Shangsi (上寺) Section, Northeast Siehuan (四川), South China, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine their response to a range of redox conditions, and to estimate the organic carbon burial rate. On the basis of the correlation between authigenic Mo abundance and organic carbon content in modern oceans, the organic carbon burial rates were calculated for the rocks at Dalong Formation, ranging from 0.48-125.83 mmol/(m2-d), which shows a larger range than the mineralization rate of organic carbon at the continental margins (1.6-4.23 mmol/(m2.d)). The Zr-normalized Mo and U abundances show large fluctuations in the entire section. The maxima of Zr-normalized Mo abundance and thus the maxima of the organic carbon burial rates were observed at the interval between the 155th and 156th beds (404-407 m above the base of Middle Permian). A decrease (the minimum) in U/Mo ratios is present in this interval. It is speculated that the oxygen-limited conditions and ultimately anoxia or euxinia may develop within this depth interval. In contrast, an enhanced enrichment of Zr-normallzed U abundance is found, in association with less enrichment in Zr-normnllzed Mo abundance in the interval from the I51st to 154th beds (395-404 m above the base of Middle Permian), inferring the dominance of a suboxic/anoxic depositional condition (denitrifying condition), or without free H2S. The presence of small quantities of dissolved oxygen may have caused the solubilization and loss of Mo from sediments. It is proposed that the multiple cycles of abrupt oxidation and reduction due to the upwelllng at this interval lead to the enhanced accumulation of authigenic U, but less enrichment of Mo. A decrease in the contents of U, Mo, and TOC is found above the 157th bed (407 m above the base of Middle Permian), in association with the enhanced U/Mo ratio, suggesting the overall oxic conditions at the end of the Dalong Formation.