热带大气季节内振荡的季节性特征及其在SAMIL-R42L9中的表现

分析了NCEP资料和SAMIL-R42L9中热带大气季节内（30～60天）振荡（ISO）的季节变化特征及其与平均气候场季节变化的关系。NCEP资料的分析表明：热带地区大气ISO在空间分布上存在明显的季节变化,大气ISO的季节变化与平均背景场的季节变化有明显的一致性。在空间分布上,热带大气ISO的活动对暖的SST、强的对流活动、西风、强的降水和低层水汽辐合有很强的依赖性。大气环流模式SAMIL-R42L9基本能够再现热带大气ISO空间分布上的季节转换特征,尤其在动力场（纬向风）上表现得最为明显。但对基本气候态季节变化的模拟,对不同的物理量有明显的差异。模式结果表明：热带大气ISO动力因子的季节性比热力因子的季节性对平均背景场的依赖性更大,模式不能很好地反映NCEP资料表现出来的ISO对平均背景场的强依赖性,同时也说明热带大气ISO的季节性可能并不完全依赖于平均背景场的季节变化。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION AND THE EFFECT OF WARM SST

An atmospheric general circulation model is used in a series of three experiments to simulate the intraseasonaloscillation in the tropical atmosphere.Analyses of the model daily data show that various physical variables,from sever-al different regions,exhibit fluctuations with a spectral peak between 30 and 60 days.This represents a 30—60 dayoscillation in the tropical atmosphere and possesses several features which are consistent with observations.These in-clude a horizontal structure dominated by zonal wavenumber 1 and a vertical structure which is predominantlybaroclinic.The effect of warm SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies on the 30—60 day oscillation in the tropical atmos-phere is also simulated by prescribing global SST as observed in 1983.This has the effect of weakening the oscillationwhile at the same time the vertical structure becomes less baroclinic.The importance of cumulus convection to the propagational characteristics of this oscillation is demonstrated by acomparison of results based on different parameterizations for convection.In one case,where the maximum convectionover the Pacific is simulated to be too far east,the simulated 30—60 day oscillation shows evidence of westward propa-gation.In the second case,where the convection maximum is located near the observed position in the western Pacific,there is more clearly evidence of eastward propagation.Both results suggest that the location of maximum convection in the Pacific can have an important influence on thestrength,structure and propagation of the 30—60 day oscillation.     

热带大气季节内振荡对东亚季风区的影响及不同时间尺度变化研究进展

在引证论述大气ISO对东亚季风区天气气候重要作用的基础上,概括性地回顾大气ISO基本特征及其形成机制的主要成果,重点针对热带大气ISO的季节变化、年际变化甚至年代际变化方面的研究工作进行总结评述.     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION ON THE TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

In this work,an index of tropical 20-90 d oscillation(intra-seasonal oscillation;ISO)in the western North Pacific(WNP)was determined via the combined empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method using daily outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)field data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA),daily wind field data(at 850 hPa)from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)and referencing the Madden-Julian oscillation(MJO)index proposed by Wheeler and Hendon.An in-depth investigation was conducted to examine the impact of the ISO on changes in tropical cyclone(TC)tracks in the WNP during different ISO phases.The research results indicate that during the easterly phase of the ISO,under the impact of the northeastern airflow of anti-cyclonic ISO circulation,the easterly airflow south of the western Pacific subtropical high is relatively weak,and TCs generated in the subtropical high tend to change their tracks east of 140°E;during the westerly phase,there is a relatively high probability that TCs change their tracks west of 140°E.This work also analyzed the ISO flow field situation in cases of typhoons and determined that the track of a tropical cyclone will experience a sudden right turn when the center of the ISO cyclonic(anti-cyclonic)circulation coincides with that of the cyclone.     

大气季节内振荡对热带气旋活动影响的研究进展

近30年来，大气季节内振荡对热带气旋活动影响的研究已逐渐成为人们关注的焦点，并取得了显著的进展。就大气季节内振荡对热带气旋生成、路径及登陆的影响进行概述，并揭示了这种影响的主要机制。同时回顾了与季节内振荡密切相关的季风槽活动对热带气旋的影响。在此基础上简单讨论了该领域中存在的问题及未来研究前景，并提出当前该研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题。     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS ON THE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN JUNES

The impact of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on the precipitation of Guangdong in Junes and its physical mechanism are analyzed using 30-yr (1979 to 2008), 86-station observational daily precipitation of Guangdong and daily atmospheric data from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis. It is found that during the annually first rainy season (April to June), the modulating effect of the activity of intraseasonal oscillations propagating eastward along the equator (MJO) on the June precipitation in Guangdong is different from that in other months. The most indicative effect of MJO on positive (negative) anomalous precipitation over the whole or most of the province is phase 3 (phase 6) of strong MJO events in Junes. A Northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3. Water vapor transporting along the edge of the subtropical high from Western Pacific enhances significantly the water vapor flux over Guangdong, resulting in the enhancement of the precipitation. The condition is reverse during phase 6. The mechanism for which the subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3 is related to the atmospheric response to the asymmetric heating over the eastern Indian Ocean. Analyses of two cases of sustained strong rainfall of Guangdong in June 2010 showed that both of them are closely linked with a MJO state which is both strong and in phase 3, besides the effect from a westerly trough. It is argued further that the MJO activity is indicative of strong rainfall of Guangdong in June. The results in the present work are helpful in developing strategies for forecasting severe rainfall in Guangdong and extending, combined with the outputs of dynamic forecast models, the period of forecasting validity.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUMMER LOW-FREQUENCY RAINFALL OVER SOUTHERN CHINA AND PROPAGATION OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION

This study investigates the relationship between summer low-frequency rainfall over southern China and tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the atmosphere by examining systematically the propagation features of the tropical ISO in terms of focusing on five large-scale low-frequency rainfall regimes in summer over southern China. It is demonstrated that there is a close linkage between the five rainfall regimes over southern China and the northward propagation of the tropical ISO. The moist ISO signals, which influence the low-frequency rainfall events in different regions of southern China, mainly propagate northwestward from the tropical ocean to the southeast of China. The southeast China rainfall regime is intimately associated with the moist ISO signals propagating northwestward from the equatorial mid-western Pacific Ocean. For both the Yangtze River regime and South of Yangtze River regime, the moist ISO signals over the northern South China Sea show an evident northward propagation towards the Yangtze River region, and then propagate westward. It is further found that the interaction between the northward propagation of low-latitude ISO signals and the southward propagation of high-latitude ISO signals can also make a clear influence on the low-frequency rainfall in southern China. For the Southern China regime, the moist ISO signals show a significant northward propagation from the Philippines. Moreover, for the rainless regime, southern China is under dry ISO signals’ control, and the latter shows no clear propagation to southern China. This study may provide insights for the extended-range forecasting of summer rainfall in southern China.     

MODULATION OF TC GENESIS OVER THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC BY ATMOSPHERIC INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION

The influence of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) on TC genesis over the northwestern Pacific is studied through comparing analyses of the more and less TC years from 1979 to 2006. It is indicated that the ISO strongly affects the TC genesis. In the years for more TC genesis, the ISO is weak and propagates insignificantly in the area to the west of the Philippines, but the ISO is strong in the area to the east of the Philippines and propagates significantly northwestward. In this situation, the Walker cell shifts gradually westward from the tropical western Pacific to the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. Convergent winds appear in the lower atmosphere while divergent winds in the upper atmosphere, suggesting the presence of enhanced ascending flow over the 140-160°E region and a favorable condition for TC genesis. Moreover, in the years for less TC genesis, the ISO gradually becomes stronger in the area to the west of the Philippines and significant eastward propagation prevails from the eastern Indian Ocean to the area around 120°E; the ISO is weak in the area to the east of the Philippines. During these years, the Walker circulation gradually moved eastward, with convergent winds in the upper troposphere and divergent winds in the lower troposphere. Sinking motion was significant, unfavorable for the TC genesis over the Northwestern Pacific.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRING PRECIPITATION OVER SOUTHERN CHINA AND ITS INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION

Based on observations and reanalysis data, the characteristics of the evolution of climatological spring precipitation over Southern China (SPSC) and the associated climatological intraseasonal oscillation (CISO) and atmospheric circulation are studied. Results show that SPSC increases in an oscillatory way. Although the evolution of SPSC is similar in different regions, there are also differences. In different regions of Southern China, the onset dates of the rain season are from the 12th to 24th pentad and the peak dates are after the 20th pentad. CISO is an important component of SPSC, which is not only statistically significant, but also accompanies a dynamically coherent structure. The peak wet/dry phase of each CISO cycle corresponds to a significant rainfall increasing/decreasing period and modulates the evolution of SPSC. The rainfall growth in the second half of March and mid-April is the result of the modulation. The wet/dry phase of CISO is accompanied by low-level convergent (upper-level divergent) and cyclonic (anti-cyclonic) circulation, which favors ascending motion to develop over Southern China.     

TBB资料揭示的热带大气低频振荡周期的年变化特征

１９８０－１９９２年ＧＭＳＴＢＢ格点资料，分析了１３年平均的ＴＢＢ功率谱随时间的变化，讨论了低频振荡周期的年变化特征及其可能的成因。结果表明，热带大气低频振荡周期有很明显的年变化。北半球热速睦区比赤道附近和南半球热带地区的周期变化幅度更大。总体上，冬季比夏，秋季低频振荡周期更长。     

热带大气季节内振荡的几个基本问题

在一系列资料分析、数值模拟试验和理论研究的基础上，对热带大气季节内（３０－６０天）振荡的几个基本问题进行系统的综合讨论，包括热带大气季节内振荡的地域特征、空间尺度特征、水平传播特征、与中高纬度大气季节内振荡的联系、同Ｅ１Ｎｉｎｏ间的相互作用以及热带大气季节内振荡的动力学机制。通过讨论和分析，对热带大气季节内振荡得到一个更全面和更系统的认识。     

中国东部地区降水季内变化的季节锁相

用１９５４－１９８３年５－８月的逐日降水资料分析了中国东部地区降水的气候特征，并讨论了它同东亚季风季节内变化的联系。结果发现，江淮梅雨同华南夏季风降水都具有季节锁相特征，前者呈单峰分布，后者呈双峰分布。同时，降水量的季内变化均具有２０－２５天的周期振荡特征。江淮流域降水的峰值和华南地区的第一个峰值主要受副热带季风影响，同夏季风的季节性北进和加强有关，华南地区第二个降水峰值受南海热带季风影响，与同期     

2007 年南海夏季风季节内振荡的北传及影响因子

利用2007年全球降水气候计划GPCP(the Global Precipitation Climatology Project)卫星红外窗口导出的全球降水指数GPI(the Global Precipitation Index)的日降水资料及频率-波数分析方法,分析2007年南海夏季风季节内振荡(Intraseasonal Oscillation,ISO)的传播特征,并使用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)/美国大气研究中心(NCAR)再分析的逐日资料,探讨影响其传播的主要因子.结果表明,南海夏季风ISO有明显的北传趋势,并且明显比南传分量占优.影响南海夏季风ISO北传的主要因子是平均纬向风垂直切变和平均经向风对异常水汽的输送.之所以异常经向风对平均水汽的输送及海-气相可作用的影响在南海地区不重要,而在印度季风区有一定的贡献,是因为平均水汽和纬向风分布在两个地区的差异.     

亚洲-西太平洋夏半年季节内振荡：热带气旋活动强、弱年的对比

应用有限区域波数-功率谱和滞后线性回归统计方法，对比分析1979—2004年热带气旋（TC）活动强、弱年亚洲-西太平洋区域（AWP）夏半年大气季节内振荡（ISO）的传播特征及海气相互作用过程。分析结果表明：在整个AWP和西太平洋区域都存在TC强年ISO东传特征更显著的特征，ISO对流传播在纬向上伸展更偏东，强年沿赤道东传20～60 d周期波动更强，西太平洋区域是传播特征强弱年区别较显著的区域，与TC活动密切联系；TC强、弱年ISO过程中海气相互作用过程相同，海洋和大气间的能量交换对维持ISO西北传播时起作用；TC强年的海气相互作用比弱年更加强烈，尤其是对流凝结潜热的释放在强年比弱年强，这可能是导致TC强、弱年ISO特征区别的原因之一。     

大气季节内振荡的数值模拟比较研究

用国内外两个较好的大气环流模式、在观测海表温度的强迫下进行了长时间(1978-1989年)的数值积分,然后对数值模拟结果与NCAR/NCEP再分析资料进行比较分析,其结果清楚表明,模式模拟结果的均方根误差中有30%-40% 是来自于模拟的大气季节内振荡的均方根误差.尤其是,大气季节内振荡模拟的均方根误差的分布形势与总的均方根误差的分布形势几乎完全一致.对热带地区大气季节内振荡动能的模拟结果与NCAR/NCEP再分析资料的比较分析表明,其差异也十分明显,说明模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟能力也还比较差.因此可以认为,大气季节内振荡在天气气候模拟中极为重要,而如何在数值模式中模拟好大气季节内振荡还需要进行很好地研究.     

2003年东亚季风季节内振荡对我国东部地区降水的影响

将2003年东亚夏季风指数IM进行30~60天带通滤波后,分析结果表明,大气季节内振荡(ISO)的经向传播主要表现为从南海南部地区向北传播,其传播过程中的高值中心分别对应我国南海地区、华南前汛期以及江淮流域梅雨的强降水过程。ISO的传播还表现出纬向与经向相互接力的特征,纬向上源于热带地区孟加拉湾向东传播的ISO和源于副热带西太平洋地区向西传播的ISO 在120 °E附近汇合后,分别补充到由南海南部向北传播的ISO中,使其可以继续加强北传,最北界可延伸到35 °N以北,对我国东部地区大尺度降水过程产生一定的影响。     

INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS IN ASIA TO WESTERN PACIFIC REGION IN BOREAL SUMMER: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVE AND INACTIVE YEARS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

Comparative analysis is carried out by using finite-domain power spectrum and lagged regression methods for the propagating characteristics and air-sea interaction processes of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in the Asia to western Pacific (AWP) region during the boreal summer between the active and inactive tropical cyclone (TC) years from 1979 to 2004.The results show as follows.(1) There exist more significant eastward propagating characteristics of the ISO in the active TC years over the whole AWP region.The ISOs of convection propagate zonally with more eastward extension in the years with active tropical cyclone activities,during which the 20-60-day period is strengthened,western Pacific becomes an area with evident characteristics of the propagation that is closely related to TC activities.(2) The air-sea interaction processes are the same in both active and inactive TC years,and the energy exchanges between the air and the sea play a role in maintaining the northwestward propagation of ISOs.(3) The air-sea interaction is more intensive in the active TC years than in the inactive ones.It is particularly true for the latent heat release by condensation as the result of convection,which may be one of the reasons resulting in significant differences in characteristics of ISOs between the active and inactive TC years.     

热带季节内振荡时空特征的诊断研究

文中应用谱分析、小波分析等方法及较长时段的资料进一步总结了热带季节内振荡的一些基本气候特征。热带季节内振荡主要活跃在 3个地区 ,最强的是西太平洋地区 ,其次是印度洋地区 ,第三是东太平洋沿岸的赤道以北地区。热带季节内振荡有明显的季节变化 ,西太平洋地区和印度洋地区的季节内振荡 1a中有两次极大值 ,冬季主要活跃在南半球 (10°S附近 ) ,而夏季则活跃在北半球 (10°N附近 ) ,春、秋季热带季节内振荡则明显减弱。东赤道太平洋北侧的季节内振荡只在夏季活跃 ,而冬季则很弱 ,且不随季节而南北移动。对于大气的大尺度要素 ,例如u风场 ,热带季节内振荡的能量主要集中在 1波。而对于像降水这样尺度较小的要素 ,热带季节内振荡的能量则相对较分散 ,尽管它仍然在 1波有最大的能量 ,但 2～ 4波也具有较接近的能量。热带季节内振荡以东移的波动为主。热带季节内振荡存在着年际甚至更长时间的变化。 2 0世纪 70年代末期季节内振荡的幅度有一明显的突变。     

亚洲热带气候态夏季风涌传播特征及其对中国降水的影响

基于1979—2020年逐日的NOAA向外长波辐射资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,以及全球CMAP再分析降水资料,探讨了气候态亚洲热带夏季风涌的传播过程及与我国夏季相应的降水联系。分析结果表明,主汛期亚洲热带气候态夏季风季节内振荡(CISO)活动是亚洲夏季风活动的主要特征,随时间北传的亚洲热带夏季风CISO称为亚洲热带夏季风涌,主要有南亚夏季风涌和南海夏季风涌。亚洲热带夏季风涌的传播可分为四个阶段。在亚洲热带夏季风涌的发展阶段,印度洋区域低频气旋与对流活跃,孟加拉湾和南海热带区域被低频东风控制,我国大部分地区无降水发生,降水中心位于两广地区。当进入亚洲热带夏季风涌活跃阶段,孟加拉湾和南海热带地区低频气旋和对流活跃,东亚低频“PJ”波列显著,我国降水中心北移到长江以南的附近区域。亚洲热带夏季风涌减弱阶段,孟加拉湾与南海低频气旋消亡,对流减弱,低频西风加强,日本南部附近为低频反气旋控制,我国长江中下游低频南风活跃,降水中心也北移到长江中下游地区,而华南地区已基本无降水,此阶段的大气低频环流场与亚洲热带夏季风涌发展阶段基本相反。进入亚洲热带夏季风涌间歇阶段时,孟加拉湾和南海热带地区低...     

全球变暖背景下热带大气季节内振荡的变化特征及数值模拟

利用欧洲中期数值预报中心的ERA40再分析逐日的200 hPa风场资料,选取1958-1977年和1980-1999年各20年,对比分析了在全球变暖背景下前后两个时段热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的特征及其变化.研究表明: 近20 a来,原来在赤道中太平洋上活跃的ISO减弱,而在中印度洋、孟加拉湾地区ISO变得活跃;全球变暖背景下,ISO的强度变化幅度加大,表明ISO更加活跃,且季节变化明显,冬、春季强,夏、秋季弱;对流层上层的纬向风能量更集中于1-3波,ISO的频率有加大的趋势.还利用中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG发展的耦合气候系统模式FGOALS-1.0g中的控制试验及其二氧化碳浓度加倍试验结果,分别对应实测资料的前后20年进行对比分析.发现模式对ISO的空间结构模拟较好,但低估了ISO的强度;时空谱分析表明模式结果中包含有更多的纬向风的高频成分,由于能量的分散,导致对ISO活动强度的低估.但通过对模式的控制试验和温室气体增加试验结果的对比分析,发现耦合模式还是较好地反映出在全球变暖背景下ISO在中印度洋、孟加拉湾地区变得活跃、频率加大等变化特征.