Zonal character of failure near the wells and openings in high depth conditions

Rock mass failure on the high depth near the underground openings often has zonal character. The mechanism of this phenomenon consists in the periodical character of stresses in surrounding rock mass and developing of tensile macrocracks at the places （zones） of maximum tangentional stresses. Mathematical model of the high stressed rock mass is developed on the base of the defect media mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics principals. The correspondence between the experimental research of faulted zonal structures near the high depths openings and mathematical model calculation is achieved. Relationships between the width of cracking zones and rock mass strength property have been determined.     

Distribution and quantitative zonation of unloading cracks at a proposed large hydropower station dam Site

Rock mass unloading is an important rock engineering problem because unloading may impact the stability of a rock mass slope. Based on hydroelectric engineering principles, this study focuses on the classification of unloading zones to reflect the rock mass structure characteristics. Geological background and slope structure of the study region were considered to investigate the distribution and deformation of the unloading process. Quantitative indices were classified according to the formation mechanisms and the geological exhibition of unloading zones. The P-wave velocity (V _P ), the ratio of the wave velocity (K _V , the ratio of the test P-wave velocity along the adit depth to the P-wave velocity of intact rock), the sum of joint openings every 2 meters (S _t ), and the density of open joints (D _t ) were calculated as quantitative indices for the rock mass unloading zone. The characteristics of the unloading zone of rock mass slopes at the dam site were successfully determined. The method of combining qualitative data with quantitative indices was found to be effective for the classification of slope unloading zones.     

Deformation features and failure mechanism of steep rock slope under the mining activities and rainfall

Underground mining activities and rainfall have potential important influence on the initiation and reactivation of the slope deformations, especially on the steep rock slope. In this paper, using the discrete element method (UDEC), numerical simulation was carried out to investigate deformation features and the failure mechanism of the steep rock slope under mining activities and rainfall. A steep rock slope numerical model was created based on a case study at the Wulong area in Chongqing city, China. Mechanical parameters of the rock mass have been determined by situ measurements and laboratory measurements. A preliminary site monitoring system has been realized, aiming at getting structure movements and stresses of unstable rock masses at the most significant discontinuities. According to the numerical model calibrated based on the monitoring data, four types of operation conditions are designed to reveal the effect of mining excavation and extreme rainfall on the deformation of the steep rock slope.     

嵩县公峪金矿矿化富集规律浅析

构造蚀变岩型金矿产于拆离断层附近陡倾斜破碎带中 ,矿体定位明显受控于拆离断层。文中分析了不同成矿阶段、围岩蚀变和含金破碎带产状变化对矿化富集的影响。根据矿化和主要蚀变类型的对称分布特点 ,认为拆离断层是金矿的直接导矿构造。     

初论我国浊积岩金矿床

以浊积岩为容矿围岩的金矿床是世界上一种重要类型的金矿床。本文较系统地阐述了我国浊积岩金矿床的分布、地质地球化学特征及成矿作用。作者认为,浊积岩金矿床在我国分布广泛,其成矿时期横跨晚太古代至中、新生代,并具有一些独特的成矿特点,因此,有很大的找矿潜力。     

陕西镇巴火焰溪法门阶牙形刺研究

陕西镇巴火焰溪剖面位于大巴山西段，临近川陕交界、交通便利。那里晚泥盆世地层出露完好，层序清楚，化石丰富。本文就该剖面法门阶牙形刺动物群、泥盆系石炭系的界线进行了研讨，建立了该区法门阶的两个浅水相牙形刺生物组合带。     

Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods

Assessment of fractured rock aquifers in many parts of the world is complicated given their strong heterogeneity. Delineation of the subsurface geological formation in the weathered terrain is essential for groundwater exploration. To achieve this goal, 2D electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) and self-potential(SP) in combination with joint profile method(JPM) and boreholes have been carried out to delineate the subsurface geological units, detect the fracture/fault zones in hard rock, monitor the groundwater flow, and estimate the groundwater reserves contained within the weathered terrain at a complex heterogeneous site of Huangbu, South Guangdong of China. The integration of resistivity images with the borehole lithology along three profiles delineates three subsurface distinct layers namely topsoil cover, weathered and unweathered layers. The incorporation of ERT and SP with JPM reveal five fractures/faults, i.e., F_1, F_2, F_3, F_4 and F_5. 2D ERT models interpret the less resistive anomalies as the fractures/faults zones, and high resistive anomalies as the fresh bedrock. The inversion program based on the smoothness-constraint is used on the resistivity field data to get more realistic three layered model. SP measurements are obtained along the same electrical profiles which provide the negative anomalies clearly indicating the groundwater preferential flow pathways along the fracture/fault zones. Hydraulic parameters namely hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined to estimate the groundwater resources contained within the fractures/faults. The integrated results suggest that the fractures/faults zones are most appropriate places of drilling for groundwater exploration in the investigated area. Geophysical methods coupled with the upfront borehole data provides better understanding about the conceptual model of the subsurface geological formations. The current investigation demonstrates the importance of the integrated geophysical methods as a complementary approach for groundwater assessment in the hard rock weathered areas.     

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior. In this paper, we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method. First, a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed. Then, the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint) distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method, i.e., a new rheological damage model(RDL model) of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic, viscous, viscoelastic, viscoplastic and plastic elements. A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province, southwestern China, which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock) under high geo-stress. The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure, thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems. The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization, and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress. Thus, the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method. Compared with the single primary support method, the surrounding rock pressure, secondary lining force, surrounding rock deformation, and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60% after the double primary support method was used.     

青藏高原物质东流的岩石层力学背景探讨

利用地表大地热流观测资料、岩石生热率及热导率数据研究了三江和四川盆地 6个地区的岩石层平均温度结构及强度分布。结果表明 ,整个三江地区岩石层温度较高 ,而四川盆地温度较低 ;在岩石层强度分布上 ,四川盆地为高强度区 ,而三江地区则为低强度区 ;整个三江地区构成了一条青藏高原物质东流的低强度通道 ;由于四川盆地高强度块体的阻挡 ,青藏高原向东的物质流在此转向近南向 ,沿三江地区流逸 ;不同岩石层块体的强度差异可能是控制高原物质流动态势的重要力学背景之一。     

泗河冲洪积扇松散岩土体地温场自恢复能力研究

泗河冲洪积扇区域分布厚层松散岩土体,浅层地温能开发利用潜力巨大,查明地温场的温度自恢复能力并分析其影响因素,对地源热泵工程换热器的设计具有重要参考价值。笔者开展了多组现场热响应试验,并采用高精度测温线缆,长期监测地埋管换热器周边不同岩性、不同深度岩土体温度变化情况,以查明其变化规律。研究表明:在同种工况下,砂性土的温度恢复能力要远强于粘性土,地温的恢复主要发生在负荷停止的初期。研究区粘性土温度自恢复能力差,岩土体热物性参数、地下水径流条件、埋管循环水温度、气温及变温带深度是影响地温场恢复能力的因素。     

利用半自由点质量模型拟合局部（似）大地水准面

为提高GPS/水准法拟合（似）大地水准面的精度,基于重力场等效逼近理论,建立一种半自由点质量模型。顾及相邻点之间的关系并结合高程异常与扰动位之间解析式的特殊性,提出确定模型参数（埋深和大小）的迭代算法,通过拟合点下方多个不同埋深质点实现重力场元的多频段拟合,并利用不同条件的实验数据进行拟合实验。结果表明,利用该模型进行（似）大地水准面拟合是可行的,其精度较传统的Kriging/Co-Kriging法高。     

Insights into a giant landslide-prone area on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,China

A good understanding of giant landslide-prone areas could greatly enhance the understanding of the formation and failure mechanisms of giant landslides.In this study,a classic giant landslide-prone area named the Diexi area located along the upstream stretch of the Minjiang River on the eastern Tibetan Plateau is adopted to analyze the failure mechanism and evolution process by detailed field investigations,Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)images and a digital surface model(DSM).The results show that among the 37 giant landslides located in the Diexi area,18 landslides are transverse landslides(wedge failure),and the others are consequent landslides(buckling failure).All landslides blocked rivers,and some barrier lakes still remain.The Diexi area features special geological structural conditions related to the hinge section of the Jiaochang arc tectonic belt,the intersection of two active fault zones(the Songpinggou and Minjiang fault zones)and high levels of geostress.The numerous radial fissures induced by the Jiaochang arcuate belt provided lateral sliding boundaries for buckling deformation(consequent landslides)and head scarps for wedge failure(transverse landslides).The rapid incision(1.88 mm/yr)since the middle Pleistocene formed a deep gorge with steep slopes and strong lateral unloading.Frequent earthquakes and rainfall further reduced the rock mass integrity,and strong earthquakes or other factors triggered the landslides.     

浑厚山体随高程增加由表及里地震动响应研究

为探究浑厚山体不同高程由表及里地震动响应规律,以冷竹关山体为例,采用离散元软件建立地形与风化介质组合模型,并从底部边界输入汶川地震波信号,研究该山体两侧边坡的内外动力响应规律。结果表明,随着高程的增加,靠大渡河一侧边坡坡体内与坡表的加速度放大系数均表现出先增大后减小的节律性变化,在近坡顶时增大较快并达到最大值;靠近瓦斯沟一侧边坡坡表受地形起伏的影响,加速度放大系数存在凸坡放大、凹坡减小的特征;相同高程,随边坡由表及里深度的增加,加速度放大系数表现为逐步减小,当距坡表150~200 m时放大曲线趋于平缓;随高程的增加,加速度放大系数由表及里的减小速度变缓,且放大曲线收敛平缓的深度增大;随岩体风化程度的增加,岩体介质波速降低,共振效应使得加速度响应增大,与此同时,斜坡地形与介质组合效应使得坡表峰值加速度放大系数在2.0附近。     

北祁连中西段与超基性岩有关的金矿化特征及成因探讨

北祁连中西段发育三套早古生代蛇绿岩及相应的基性、超基性岩,呈北、中、南三条带状分布。区内金的活化、迁移主要受控于超基性岩带和与其分布近于一致的两条韧性剪切带,金矿化主要发生在强蚀变超基性岩体内、岩体与围岩接触带、断裂破碎蚀变带内。根据包裹体测温及成分测定、稳定同位素特征资料及超基性岩中金丰度值等分析,金矿物质主要来自超基性岩,流体来源于深部,其成因属与超基性岩有关的韧性剪切带型金矿床。     

试论大型、超大型金矿金质来源的途径——以吉林和山东地区金矿为例

通过对吉林夹皮沟及山东上庄等金矿床成矿地质条件、循环流体、构造机制及高温、压模拟实验的分析,指出金质并非由某一地质时期的地质作用所产生,而是构造成矿系统的产物;金质并非直接来自某一类岩性,而是源于多层次循环流体对多类型围岩的萃取、勾通和混合;金质并不单纯取决于成岩成矿和物理化学作用,而是多层多类型构造机制数次应力作用的综合结果。     

Landslide distribution and sliding mode control along the Anninghe fault zone at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world. Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, many active fault zones are present. These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China. In this paper, high-resolution topographic data, multitemporal remote sensing images, numerical calculations, seismic records, and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe. The influence of active faults on the lithology, rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied. The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass, reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes. The faults have also controlled the stress field, the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope, thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides. We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone, and more than 80% of these landslides are within 2-3 km of the fault rupture zone. Moreover, the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows. This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone, e.g., constituting the whole landslide body, controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide, controlling the crown of the landslide, and constituting the toe of the landslide. The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.     

甘肃及附近地区断层形变异常特征的综合提取与震例总结

基于20世纪80年代以来的跨断层短水准资料,利用“点-线-面”相结合的研究方法,全面分析甘肃地区1990~2016年8次5.5级以上地震的震前应变背景、断层活动和短期形变异常的时空演化特征。结果显示,多个地震震前不同层面上出现如下典型的异常特征：1）地震往往发生在垂直形变累积率的高值区或差异显著的高梯度带上,震前出现有序的形变场分布;2）震前不同断裂带之间或断裂带的不同段之间常存在显著的运动差异,发震断裂震前中短期运动速率显著增强,造成区域运动的不均衡;3）随着强震的逼近,显著异常场地在空间分布上明显向近震区迁移和集中,或近震源区的一些跨断层场地异常强度逐渐增大。地震震前典型异常的时、空、强演化特征说明,断层运动失稳前,近震区附近断层活动、应力应变场均有一定程度的显现,地震发生前断层活动存在不同往常的失稳波动现象,应力出现向近震源区传递的特征。     

DNAPL场地污染通量升尺度预测的敏感性分析

重非水相液体(DNAPL)污染问题日益严重。为评估DNAPL污染场地的环境风险, 常采用升尺度模型推估DNAPL污染源区溶解相的质量通量(溶解通量)。由于升尺度模型中的参数较多, 调查成本较高, 因此需筛选模型中的关键参数, 指导实际污染场地设计合理的观测数据采集方案。首先对升尺度模型中6个参数(地下水平均流速q、标准化浓度C₀/Ceq、离散状DNAPL质量比例GF₀、初始时刻离散状DNAPL贡献的通量比例f_g、拟合参数β₁及β₂)开展全局敏感性分析, 识别其中关键参数, 进而采用局部敏感性分析定量化关键参数的变化对通量预测的影响。研究结果表明, 参数q、C₀/Ceq、GF₀和f_g对通量预测有较大影响。q和C₀/Ceq在整个衰减过程中敏感性均相对较高, GF₀和f_g随着衰减过程的进行, 敏感性不断增高, 分别在衰减中后期和后期达到峰值; 对于不同结构的污染源区, q或C₀/Ceq增大时, 通量的增幅基本不变。随着污染源区中离散状DNAPL和池状DNAPL间的质量比例(GTP)增大, GF₀或f_g增大时, 其对通量预测的影响不断增大或减小。因此在预测溶解通量时需将调查成本重点应用于q和C₀/Ceq; 在合理设计污染源区修复方案时, 应重点调查GF₀; 在预测污染源区寿命时, f_g为重要调查对象; 对于所有结构的污染源区, q和C₀/Ceq均为重要调查对象, 对于GTP较大的污染源区, 应将调查成本重点应用于GF₀, 对于GTP较小的污染源区, 应重点调查f_g。      

山东齐河-禹城富铁矿区李屯岩体地质特征初探

近年来,山东省齐河-禹城地区矽卡岩型铁矿找矿工作取得了重大进展,但对控矿岩体的研究相对薄弱,该文对岩体的基本地质特征、形成演化及其与成矿的关系进行了系统研究。研究表明,李屯岩体平面形态呈不对称“马蹄”形,总体产状E倾,垂向形态呈“驼峰”状,侵位于奥陶系和石炭-二叠系等地层内。岩性主要为角闪闪长岩、辉石闪长岩、石英闪长岩及辉长岩等。远矿闪长岩属钙碱性系列,为富钙、富镁、贫铁的过铝质岩石;近矿闪长岩因热液影响显示为低钾系列,为贫钾、富钙、贫铁、贫镁的过铝质岩石。形成时代为早白垩世,在华北克拉通岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏构造背景下,深部岩浆沿齐广断裂上侵,在断裂东侧的奥陶纪及石炭-二叠纪等地层拉张空间就位,后经构造抬升、剥蚀,形成现在的分布格局。岩体不仅控制了富铁矿体的产出,同时为其提供了成矿物质来源。     

烟台市地质灾害与岩土体类型相关性分析

根据最新一轮地质灾害排查结果,烟台市共发育471处地质灾害隐患点,主要类型包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷。该文以烟台市地质环境背景和岩土体类型特征为基础,通过对471处地质灾害隐患点进行统计,首先从地质灾害发育数量和发育密度2个方面分析了烟台市地质灾害在各类岩土体类型中的分布特征,然后重点分析了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷地质灾害与岩土体类型的关系,分析结果表明,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流主要分布在层状变质岩组中,采空塌陷主要分布在侵入岩岩组中,岩溶塌陷发育区土体结构主要为上部第四系松散土体、下部灰岩或大理岩的二元结构。依据地质灾害与岩土体类型相关性分析,可以有针对性地开展地质灾害易发性分区和监测预警工作。