岩石宏观流变性质的数值模拟

本文用有限元方法研究多矿物岩石的流变性质,即在一定温度压力范围内单矿物流变性质已知的情况下,采用随机网格划分和材料性质指定的方法,建立三维多矿物岩石的有限元模型,在计算机上计算该岩石模型在不同温度压力下的变形,根据这种数值模拟实验的结果,确定岩石整体的流变性质,而不必再进行真实多矿物岩石的高温高压实验.用有限元方法进行多矿物岩石流变性质的研究可以更为高效和节省,但其前提是多矿物间没有发生化学反应,变形机制仍与单矿物实验时的主导机制一样.本研究中进行了由锗橄榄石和锗尖晶石组成的双矿物岩石的流变实验,鉴于单个的随机生成的模型不一定居有代表性,因此对每一种矿物比例均随机生成了多个岩石模型,进行大量Monte Carlo实验和统计分析.计算结果表明,由两种矿物组成的双矿物岩石整体流变性质介于两者之间且按一定规律分布,与矿物比例有关;但即使同等矿物比例混合后的岩石会由于内部矿物分布结构的不同仍会出现一定差异,特别在试件尺度小时这种效应更为明显,因此多矿物岩石实验试件应该有足够大的尺度.     

单轴压缩下绿砂岩长期强度的尺寸效应研究

岩石的蠕变特性是影响岩体工程稳定性的重要因素,而岩石的长期强度是确定岩体工程长期稳定的一个重要指标。由于岩石材料的非均质性,其长期强度具有明显的尺寸效应。为了研究岩石长期强度的尺寸效应,首先,在幂函数模型基础上,基于损伤力学理论,建立了能够描述岩石蠕变全过程的非线性蠕变损伤模型;然后,把运用该模型计算得到的单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟结果与室内单轴压缩蠕变试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;最后,采用所提出的模型对7个不同尺寸的岩样进行了单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟,并对岩石长期强度尺寸效应进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明：随着试样尺寸的逐渐增大,岩石长期强度值逐渐减小,当试样尺寸增大到一定程度时,岩石长期强度稳定在一个特定值附近。     

陕南泥岩三轴压缩蠕变试验及其数值模拟研究

在对泥岩进行室内三轴流变压缩蠕变试验的基础上,确定了泥岩Burgers流变模型本构方程中的各参数数值,描述了陕南勉宁地区泥岩的流变特征。结果表明:随着荷载的增加,泥岩出现明显的三个阶段的蠕变曲线,试块的总体蠕变量较大。利用FLAC3D软件对三轴压缩蠕变试验(围压1MPa)进行了模拟计算,确定泥岩计算机模拟时的流变计算参数。在此基础上,分别对泥岩不同围压和不同试件形态状态下的三轴压缩蠕变试验进行了数值模拟计算,结果表明:圆柱体试件的应变量数值整体小于立方体试验试件的应变量数值。     

海底隧道风化花岗岩流变试验研究

采用全自动三轴流变试验机对厦门东通道海底隧道风化槽地段岩石进行三轴压缩流变试验,研究了岩石在不同围压和不同应力水平作用下轴向应变随时间的变化规律。试验表明,强风化花岗岩时效特性较全风化花岗岩更加明显;围压对岩石蠕变变形存在很大影响,围压越大,蠕变变形量越小。通过分析岩石压缩流变过程中应力-应变关系可知,蠕变变形在弹性阶段不对岩石整体构成明显损伤。而进入塑性阶段后,黏塑性变形对岩石破坏影响较大。建议通过支护增加围压,以提高隧道围岩屈服强度和减小流变变形,防止隧道失稳破坏。     

冻结黏土卸载状态下双屈服面流变本构关系研究

卸载状态下冻土三轴蠕变试验结果表明,冻土具有明显的剪胀性,且体积应变不能忽略。为了全面反映冻土在卸载状态下的蠕变变形规律,以简单的黏弹塑模型为基本流变元件,提出了冻土服从椭圆-DP双屈服面流变本构力学模型。通过有限元程序的二次开发,将该模型嵌入到ADINA有限元程序中。对冻土三轴蠕变试验过程进行了数值模拟表明,椭圆-DP型双屈服面本构力学模型能够较好地反映冻土的剪胀性和体积应变等变形性质,数值模拟和试验结果吻合良好,可为冻土工程数值计算提供参考。     

铁橄榄石高温高压流变性的实验研究

通过高温高压实验研究了铁橄榄石集合体的流变性.首先,利用高精度的Paterson气体介质变形装置对铁橄榄石集合体Fe2SiO4进行了高温三轴压缩蠕变试验.变形试验条件为温度1273～1423K,围压300MPa,差应力10～250MPa,应变率10-7～10-4s-1,试件的最大变形量不超过20%.利用三维非线性拟合方法对蠕变试验数据进行分析,得到铁橄榄石集合体的微观变形机制为扩散域和位错域,扩散域的应力指数为1左右.位错蠕变域中,干燥铁橄榄石集合体的应力指数为5.4.活化能为781kJ/mol;含水铁橄榄石集合体的应力指数为3.4,活化能为516kJ/mol.实验结果表明,含水时铁橄榄石的流变强度比干燥时小一个数量级.将实验结果与铁橄榄石单晶的强度进行对比,发现铁橄榄石集合体的流变强度比铁橄榄石单晶的强度高.从而得到了铁橄榄石集合体高温高压流变性(强度)的初步试验结果.     

红砂岩长期强度特性的试验研究

岩石的流变特性是岩石的重要力学特性之一,其中岩石的长期强度是绝大多数岩土工程所必须引起重视的力学特性,然而就目前研究现状而言,与蠕变特性相比较是极不对称的。由岩石蠕变试验确定岩石的长期强度是现有最常用的方法,具有重要的现实意义。通过对完整红砂岩在CSS－2950岩石双轴流变试验机上进行的单轴压缩蠕变试验,利用过渡蠕变法、等时曲线法探讨了这些方法确定岩石长期强度在理论上的正确性和试验方法的可操作性,同时,将蠕变曲线与应力-应变曲线结合,提出了确定岩石长期强度的新方法,预测了岩石在荷载作用下可能破坏的时间。分析结果表明,将蠕变曲线与应力-应变曲线结合确定岩石长期强度对岩土工程设计具有重要的指导意义     

塔里木盆地北缘幔源岩石包体特征及岩石圈上地幔流变规律

岩石圈上地幔岩石包体保存着上地幔物质组成和岩石学的特征以及岩石圈上地幔构造变形特性、岩石变形机制和流变性质的丰富信息。塔里木盆地西北缘的巴楚地区的幔源包体主要由橄榄岩组成,次为单辉橄榄岩,与中国东部以及西部其他地区发育的尖晶石、石榴石二辉橄榄岩幔源包体有所区别。从莫霍面至岩石圈上地幔下部,随着深度、温度和压力的增高,幔源包体橄榄石中出现直线状位错、位错缠结、网络—曲线状、环状位错—直线状位错、位错缠结、网络—曲线状位错,环状位错的变化规律;其微观变形机制有从碎裂—位错滑移—位错蠕变—扩散蠕变的变化规律;差异应力值有从低—高—低—高的正弦波状变化趋势,在莫霍面附近以及上地幔韧性软层与脆性层附近差异应力值一般较高;应变速率值则是逐渐减慢的总体变化趋势,整体反映出岩石和矿物从脆—韧性的流变性质。     

基于颗粒流程序的黏弹塑性本构模型开发与应用

在深入研究西原体模型黏弹塑性特征的基础上,推导出不同塑性条件下的流变特性方程,并将其推广到离散单元法中,研究了颗粒间力与位移关系的数值积分方案,总结出颗粒流程序中接触本构模型开发方法,并基于二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D)开发出具有黏弹塑性特征的西原体接触本构模型。通过两个互相接触的固定球体之间的应力松弛试验,分3种情况验证了模型编制的准确性。利用取自张家洼铁矿巷道内的岩石试样,通过单轴和三轴压缩试验获取计算参数,并进行了单轴压缩蠕变试验的模拟,通过与室内蠕变试验结果的对比,验证了PFC2D中自定义西原体模型用于岩石流变特性研究的可行性。利用西原体模型与线弹性模型对D型深埋巷道进行分析计算和破坏模式研究,结果显示,西原体模型预测结果与Hoek-Brown准则理论结果更为接近。在围岩蠕变作用下,巷道两帮变形量大于顶板和底板,破坏程度更为严重,计算结果与现场监测数据基本吻合。根据巷道长期稳定性的要求,提出着重支护两帮的治理建议。     

利用地球化学测井-密度测井建立的孔隙度解释模型及其校正分析

地球化学测井能给出二十余种元素的含量,根据矿物组合模型、元素含量与矿物的转换关系可以得到岩石的矿物种类及其百分含量,然后得出比较准确的岩石骨架密度。由骨架密度、体积密度、流体密度联合建立孔隙度解释模型。由于骨架密度和体积密度均是动态变量,且都包含有碎屑、杂基、胶结物组分,模型中参数的地质含义和应用条件相互统一,从而使得计算的孔隙度值更加准确。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861