广西涠洲岛南湾火山喷发特征

涠洲岛是北部湾内的一座火山岛, 火山熔岩构筑了该岛的基底, 岛南端的南湾火山喷发物形成了涠洲岛现代火山地貌.南湾火山喷发以岩浆喷发和射气岩浆喷发交替进行为特征, 火山碎屑岩和基浪堆积物向岛北延伸, 覆盖了大半个涠洲岛.选取了鳄鱼嘴和猪仔岛2个典型剖面, 对南湾火山喷发活动进行详细的观察和描述, 发现了诸如爬升层理、大型低角度交错层理和板状层理等射气岩浆喷发成因的基浪堆积物中特有的构造, 并且观察到射气岩浆作用的指相物质——增生火山砾.所有这些现象都反映了南湾火山是射气与岩浆交替喷发成因的复合火山, 其中射气岩浆喷发占据重要地位, 而喷发中心位于南湾海中.      

Change of landscape structure of Matua Island after the Sarichev Volcano Peak Eruption June 12–15, 2009

Due to the Sarichev volcano peak eruption June 12–15, 2009, the landscape of Matua Island was modified greatly. On the basis of field data, the spatial structure of the island landscape before and after eruption was analyzed. Scale maps 1: 200 000 reflecting the landscape structure of the island before June 12 and on June 30 are presented. It was established that the landscape on the slope of the volcano cone was essentially restructured by the influence of pyroclastic flows and volcanic ash fall-out. Complication of the island structure was noted after the volcanic eruption.     

吉林省龙岗火山群南龙湾第四纪火山碎屑颗粒特征研究

爆炸性火山喷发形成的碎屑颗粒的粒度、分选性、表面结构和内部结构等特征与火山喷发的机制、岩浆与水作用的程度、搬运过程等有着重要的联系。本文以此为线索,研究了龙岗火山群南龙湾火山的一个剖面,以探讨其喷发类型和特征。在该剖面上采集了不同层位火山碎屑颗粒样品,然后进行显微形貌观测、粒度分析和扫描电镜形貌观测。显微镜下观测表明,射汽爆发、射汽岩浆爆发和岩浆爆发的碎屑颗粒具有不同的成分和形貌特征。粒度分析结果显示,粒度与喷发类型之间存在很好的对应关系,不同的爆发类型具有不同的分维值D范围。SEM分析可以提供有关火山喷发特征对火山碎屑颗粒的影响。本文的研究结果表明,南龙湾火山喷发为爆炸式喷发,包括早期的射汽岩浆爆发,到岩浆爆发至晚期以射汽爆发为主的射汽岩浆爆发的不同阶段,该区火山喷发的不同时期,水参与喷发的程度不同。     

Large landslides triggered by caldera collapse events in Tenerife,Canary Islands

Landsliding is a significant process on volcanic edifices, with individual events exceeding several cubic kilometres in volume. The causes of such mass movements and their relationship with volcanic activity are still poorly understood. Landslide events are an important factor in the evolution of volcanic islands such as Tenerife, where vertical and lateral collapses have occurred repeatedly. Subaerial and submarine processes related to landslide events strongly influence the morphology of the island. On Tenerife there are three very big valleys, Güimar, La Orotava and Icod, that have been created by large landslide events with ages ranging from Upper Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene. The landslides affect the northern flanks of the island and the slopes of a large central volcanic edifice, the Las Canadas volcano, which is truncated by the Las Canadas caldera, a multicyclic collapse depression, formed between 1.02 and 0.17 Ma. We have focused our studies on the potential for caldera collapse events to trigger large scale landslides. The available geological and morphological information has been incorporated into numerical models, which simulate the destabilising effects of a caldera collapse episode. The results of the numerical modelling indicate that processes associated with caldera collapse events can overcome the stabilising forces on the volcano flank and trigger landslides. We propose that caldera collapse events may have triggered large landslides on the slopes of the Las Canadas volcano.     

An assessment of the risk from future eruptions of the Soufriere volcano of St. Vincent,West Indies

The Soufriere volcano is a 1220 m high stratovolcano which occupies the northern part of the island of St. Vincent. It is one of the most active centres of volcanism in the Caribbean and has a record of activity dating back to the Pleistocene. Historic eruptions (since 1718) have caused over 1600 deaths and resulted in damage to property valued in excess of 4.8 million USD. In addition, current development plans for the area point towards increased risk of disastrous consequences from future activity at the volcano.All aspects of risk relevant to the volcano, are discussed, with particular emphasis on the manner in which these are perceived and on the question of acceptable risk. A method is presented for use in risk assessment of volcanic hazard and a number of risk zones are defined for the Soufriere volcano. Numerical estimates of the relative loss expected within each zone are obtained from a consideration of the value of property at risk, its vulnerability to the hazardous volcanic events and the expected spatial impact of volcanic events. Such estimates suggest that the northern-most third of the island is at least ten times more at risk than areas further south. The likelihood of death and destruction is extreme in such high risk areas, while the most feasible method of loss reduction is evacuation before an eruption occurs.Formerly at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.     

古碧口洋盆岛弧成矿系列划分

碧口火山岩系中产出铁、铜、铅、锌、金、银、硫铁矿等系列矿床。在"成矿系列"理论的指导下,通过新一轮地勘基金项目新发现BIF型金矿、碧玉矿、汉白玉矿等新型资源和一大批新矿床（点）,丰富了碧口火山岩系矿产资源内涵。这些矿床多是与原始火山作用有成生联系的岩浆热液、火山热液、火山沉积矿产经后期变质改造叠加而成。笔者在原区域成矿系列划分的基础上,结合新发现和新认识,以碧口岩群为单元重新进行了成矿系列的划分。研究认为碧口-阳坝-黑木林为古碧口洋盆岛弧位置;岛弧火山大致经历了3个大旋回,由此形成岛弧岩浆岩和岛弧火山岩2个成矿系列,5个成矿亚系列,对碧口地区找矿具有一定的指导作用。     

广西北海涠洲岛火山最后喷发活动时代

广西北海涠洲岛是我国最大的第四纪火山岩海岛。近些年来随着我国核电事业的不断发展,涠洲岛火山最后喷发时代和对区域核电厂址的潜在火山灾害,受到了国内外地学界和核电工业界的广泛关注。我们通过对涠洲岛南部地区射汽岩浆喷发的基浪堆积物的野外地质地貌考察,研究了火山喷发物的岩性特征、沉积结构和堆积规模。同时,对系统采集于不同堆积部位的喷发物样品和上覆的黄土样品进行了电子自旋共振（ESR）年代测试分析,结合前人光释光（OSL）测年结果,得出涠洲岛火山最后一次喷发的时间为晚更新世晚期至全新世早期,距今约13~33ka。

     

长白山天池老虎洞期火山活动地质特征及成因意义

长白山天池火山老虎洞期火山活动发生在更新世晚期白头山组碱性粗面岩喷发之后,火山活动的产物主要为玄武岩质火山碎屑岩和少量玄武岩质或粗面岩质熔岩;老虎洞组火山岩的稀土元素地球化学特征介于早期玄武岩和气象站组碱流岩两者之间,将二者有机地联系在一起,使整个天池火山岩的演化趋势更加清晰。老虎洞组火山岩的存在充分证明了天池火山的粗面岩类与该区早期的大量玄武岩具有成因联系。长白山天池火山活动的成因并非简单地用西太平洋板块的俯冲作用所能解释的。     

Susceptibility of intrusion-related landslides at volcanic islands: the Stromboli case study

Susceptibility of intrusion-related landslides in an active volcano was evaluated coupling the landslide susceptibility estimation by random forest (RF), and the probabilistic volcanic vent opening distribution, as proxy for magma injection, using the QVAST tool. In order to develop and test the method proposed here, the RF/QVAST approach was adopted for Stromboli volcano (Southern Italy) since it experienced moderate to huge instability events, it is geomorphologically prone to instability events, and it is affected by active intense volcanic activity that can produce slope instability. The main destabilizing factors of the volcanic flanks are the slope, the aspect, the terrain roughness, the land cover and the litho-technical features of the outcropping rocks. Estimation of volcanic susceptibility shows that the areas with high probability of new vent opening are located in the north-western unstable volcano flank (Sciara del Fuoco), in the volcano summit and the north-eastern volcano flank coherent with the possible re-activation of the eruptive fissures related to the regional tectonic setting. The areas with higher probability of intrusion-related landslides are located in the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, while the rest of the island show moderate to low probability of intrusion-related landslide occurrence.     

碧口群形成的地质构造环境探讨

碧口群是一套浅变质的中晚元古代火山－沉积岩建造,主要分布于川陕甘三省交界地区。其中火山岩主要由细碧－石英角斑岩系列火山岩组成,还有少量的玄武－流纹岩系列火山岩和富钾流纹岩。下亚群以酸性火山岩为主,上亚群既有基性火山岩,又有酸性火山岩,中性火山岩出露较少。火山财变质很浅,基本保持原岩的结构和化学组成。岩石化学、微量元素和稀土元素等一系列图解,都一致判别为大肆秒火山岩主要是钙碱系列,也有少量的拉斑系列     

藏东南碧土带瓦浦组火山岩形成的大地构造环境

首次对藏东南原称的瓦浦组进行系统的岩石化学研究 ,发现它包括了两套不同时代和大地构造环境下形成的火山岩。瓦浦组火山熔岩由下部的玄武岩夹玄武安山岩和上部的流纹岩组成 ,是古特提斯洋盆中的洋岛火山岩 ,其时代初定为早二叠世—晚二叠世早期。在觉马—巴格和扎西所见的岩层是以钙质浊积岩为主的火山 -沉积岩系 ,火山岩为岛弧拉斑玄武岩 ,属晚三叠世早期活动大陆边缘产物。上述发现为碧土带是复杂的造山带拼贴体、古特提斯主洋盆是开阔的多岛洋和晚三叠世活动大陆边缘可能属马里亚纳型提供了重要证据     

额尔古纳超大型火山热液型铀成矿带地质特征及找矿前景

本文介绍了在额尔古纳超大型火山热液型铀成矿带中发现的超大型火山热液脉型铀矿末有５个，大型火山热液脉型铀矿床有６个，总共有铀金属储量３３万ｔ，在世界热液脉型铀矿资源量中占有重要地位。经研究认为，该成矿带内铀矿就成矿作用在时间上具有突发性特征，成矿时代集中在早白垩世，受统一中生代大陆裂陷－火山岩浆活动控制；成矿介质中深源的火山岩水，大气水和变质水三者相混合的具中低温的火山热液，成矿物质主要来自中生代深     

Origin of silicic volcanism in the Panamanian arc: evidence for a two-stage fractionation process at El Valle volcano

In the Central American Volcanic Arc, adakite-like volcanism has often been described as volumetrically insignificant. However, extensive silicic adakitic volcanism does occur in the Panamanian arc and provides an opportunity to evaluate the origin of this magma-type as well as to contrast its origin with other Central American silicic magmas. The Quaternary volcanic deposits of El Valle volcano are characterized by pronounced depletions in the heavy rare earth elements, low Y, high Sr, high Sr/Y, relatively high MgO, and low K₂O/Na₂O, when compared with other Quaternary Central American volcanics at similar SiO₂. These chemical features are also diagnostic of adakitic signatures. Our new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of lava flows and ash flows that compose the volcanic edifice of El Valle volcano illustrate that the eruptive volume of adakitic-like volcanism is substantial during the Quaternary (~120 km³). Adakitic-like magmas dominate the stratigraphic record. Common to all models for the origin of an adakite geochemical signature is the involvement of garnet, as a residual or fractionating phase. The stability of garnet in hydrous magmas has been recently reevaluated with important consequences; garnet is a stable primary igneous phase at pressure and temperature conditions expected for magma differentiation at the roots of a mature island arc. Moreover, adakite-like volcanism erupted at El Valle volcano displays the middle rare earth element depletion observed in other Panamanian volcanic centers that has been attributed to significant amphibole fractionation. Extensive amphibole fractionation may have occurred in two stages. The first stage of fractionation, garnet + amphibole fractionation, occurs from hydrous basaltic–andesitic parental magmas that have ponded at the base of an overthickened crust. The second stage occurs at mid-lower crustal levels where abundant amphibole + plagioclase and minor sphene crystallized from water-rich magmas. These two stages combined may have resulted in an amphibole-rich cumulate layer. This amphibole layer is likely the source of the abundant amphibole-rich cumulate enclaves and blobs found in volcanic products across the Panamanian arc. Stalling of water-rich magmas during this two-stage fractionation process could drive the interstitial liquids to the evolved compositions typical of continental crust, while leaving behind amphibole-rich cumulate rocks that may eventually be returned to the asthenosphere. Differentiation of H₂O-rich magmas under the conditions appropriate for the roots of island arcs may therefore be a key process in developing a better understanding of the generation of continental crust in island arc environments.     

Magma Emplacement and Remobilization Timescales Beneath Montserrat: Insights from Sr and Ba Zonation in Plagioclase Phenocrysts

Since 1995, the Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat,Lesser Antilles island arc, has erupted crystal-rich andesitemagma that is geochemically very similar to the volcanic productsof at least the last 174 ± 3 kyr (1     

The Ischia debris avalanche: first clear submarine evidence in the Mediterranean of a volcanic island prehistorical collapse

Sector or flank collapse with related debris avalanches is increasingly recognized as a relatively common volcanic behaviour, in particular, for large, hot‐spot related oceanic islands. Here, we report the case of a catastrophic collapse that occurred at Ischia volcanic island in prehistorical times and was driven by the volcano‐tectonic uplift of Mt Epomeo, the major relief of the island. The collapse left a subaerial to submarine horseshoe scar on the southern flank of the island and generated a debris avalanche incorporating thousands of giant blocks dispersed as far as 50 km from the island. During the emplacement, part of the debris avalanche evolved into a debris flow covering an area of 250–300 km². This constitutes the first, clear evidence of a submarine debris avalanche in the Mediterranean Sea. The major collapse was followed, and probably also preceded, by recurrent, less catastrophic terrestrial and underwater failures. Two other undersea hummocky deposits are found north and west of the island and might tentatively be correlated to the major southern collapse. Such volcanic behaviour, previously unknown for Ischia Volcano, has likely triggered tsunami waves over the entire Bay of Naples raising the question of their impact on prehistorical/historical communities.     

冰岛区域地质及矿产资源特征

冰岛是欧洲的第二大岛屿,在成因类型上,是由于地幔柱上涌而形成的碱性玄武岩区,属于周期性的海底岩浆活动和海底火山喷发而形成的火山岛。全岛主要由玄武岩组成,并可分为4个主要地层单元,分别为中新世-早上新世岩层、晚上新世-早更新世岩层、晚更新世岩层及冰后期岩层。构造方面,冰岛火山断裂系统发育,可分为3个火山侧翼带和4个火山裂谷带。冰岛地热资源极丰富,其具有分布广、类型多、温度高、地热流体多为淡水等特征。近年来,冰岛发现了一系列金矿（化）点,主要分布在冰岛沿海地区,可分为3个成矿带,与地热系统具有密切的时空分布关系,成因类型多为浅成低温热液型金矿床,与中国新疆西天山地区阿希金矿床具有相似的成矿环境和地质特征。在系统收集前人资料的基础上,简要介绍了冰岛地质特征及演化历史,阐述了冰岛地热、金矿资源分布规律,旨在为中国地质科技人员了解冰岛的地质和矿产资源特征提供参考依据。     

火山监测研究进展及其对中国火山灾害监测预警工作的启示

中国及邻区分布着众多的全新世陆相活火山,并留下了大量的喷发历史记录。对这些活火山开展监测和研究工作是预测火山喷发和火山灾害减灾防灾工作的重要途径。高度剥蚀的晚中生代火山区的大量地质填图,以及在活火山区的地球物理、地球化学等近实时的探测工作,极大地深化了我国东部中生代—新生代陆相火山岩的成分特征、岩浆演化规律及喷发方式等方面的认识,是开展火山监测的理想研究对象。近年来,火山灾害日益引起关注,全球火山监测研究进展迅速。本文系统梳理了目前国内外主要的火山监测方法及取得的重要进展,并分析了未来火山灾害减灾防灾工作的发展趋势及我国火山监测工作的发展方向,旨在通过介绍国际火山监测工作,为我国将来开展火山监测、预测与火山灾害相关的减灾防灾等方面的研究和国际合作提供借鉴。     

初论苏门答腊（印尼）的岩浆一构造旋回及其板块构造背景

本文将晚古生代以来苏门答腊火成岩划分出四个岩浆-构造旋回或岩浆活动期次（海西期、印支期、燕山期和喜山期）,并讨论其板块构造背景。结果表明：分布于西苏门答腊地体海西期酸性侵入岩属于碰撞后地壳的火山弧I-型花岗岩带,其火山岩为大陆拉张带（初始裂谷）中的安山．玄武岩系列,而分布在东苏门答腊地体的大多数酸性侵入岩具有s-型花岗岩的性质。印支期西苏门答腊地体侵入岩为I-型花岗岩,属于火山弧花岗岩。印支期碰撞后板内岩浆活动带（廖内群岛-班加岛-勿里洞岛）的侵入岩以含锡s-型花岗岩为特色。燕山期以后的深成岩-火山岩活动的岩石类型和分布特征,受大陆拉张带（初始裂谷）及其相邻的洋岛的控制。燕山早期细碧岩属于陆缘裂谷火山岩。喜山期火山岩属于陆缘火山弧,其中橄榄玄粗岩落在洋岛玄武岩与洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）交界线附近。     

贵州西部峨眉山玄武岩铜矿特征及成矿作用

通过对峨眉山玄武岩含铜性及与铜矿的关系研究,提出玄武岩铜矿存在两个阶段成矿作用,即火山活动阶段和后期热液活动阶段成矿。控矿条件有：(1)喷发中心地区火山沉积富铜矿源层;(2)具相当规模的水循环系统;(3)与矿源层有较大接触面的容矿构造。     

Cretaceous complexes of the frontal zone of the Moneron-Samarga Island arc: Geochemical data on the basalts from the deep borehole on Moneron Island, the Sea of Japan

The variations of petrogenic oxides and trace elements have been studied in the Cretaceous volcanic rocks recovered by a deep borehole from the depth interval of 1253–4011 m on Moneron Island. The volcanic section is subdivided into two complexes: the Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The rocks of the Early Cretaceous Complex occur below 1500 m. Chemically, they belong to low-potassium island arc tholeiites, and their trace element distribution suggests their formation in a suprasubduction mantle wedge under the influence of water fluids that were subsequently released from subducted sediments and oceanic plate during the dehydration of subducted sedimentary rocks and oceanic basalts and, finally, mainly from basalts. The Early Cretaceous basalts from the borehole are interpreted as ascribing to the frontal part of the Moneron-Samarga island arc system. The volcanic rocks of the Late Cretaceous Complex are situated at depths above 1500 m. They also were formed in a suprasubduction setting, but already within the East Sikhote-Alin continental-margin volcanic belt that was initiated after the accretion of the Moneron-Samarga island arc system to the Asian continent. The island-arc section of the Moneron borehole contains basaltic andesite dikes, which are geochemically comparable with the Early-Middle Miocene volcanic rocks of Southwestern Sakhalin.