垂直上升管中油气水三相流流型多尺度熵分析

为了研究垂直上升管中油气水三相流流动特性,本文利用纵向多极阵列电导式传感器（VMEA）和阵列电导探针组合测量方法在内径为125 mm多相流流动环中采集了油气水三相流电导波动信号,在定义6种油气水三相流流型基础上,绘制了4种油水混合液量下油气水三相流流型转换图,分析了含油率对流型转化及气相流速对油水相态逆转的影响.对水为连续相的5种流型VMEA传感器波动信号进行了多尺度熵分析,研究结果表明：含油率增加可使水包油段塞流在较低气相表观速度下产生;较低流速下的油水相态逆转可发生在油液比为0.9左右,气相流速增加使得逆转点向含油率低的方向偏移;多尺度熵细节可以刻画油气水三相流非线性动力学特性,而低尺度的多尺度熵变化率敏感地反映流型转变,是划分油气水三相流流型的有效准则.多尺度熵有助于理解油气水三相流流型非线性动力学特征.     

低流量水平井油水两相分层流速度场数值模拟与实验研究

低流量水平井中,由于存在重力分异,油水两相的流型主要以分层流为主,流体速度场的分布沿重力方向发生变化,致使油田现场生产测井的流量和持水率测量及多相流分相流量解释非常困难.为了充分了解水平井流体流动特征提高生产测井解释精度,本文以低流量水平井油水两相分层流为研究对象,采用流体动态测量实验和数值模拟计算相结合的方法,研究其...     

基于地震资料的三种岩性流体预测方法对比分析

利用地震资料识别储层流体是储层预测的一项重要内容,对储层流体的识别是通过流体识别因子来实现的.首先引入三种流体识别因子并介绍其预测流体的方法原理,在此基础上以湿砂岩和含气砂岩为例,对比分析了不同流体识别因子对流体的敏感度,然后通过一个具体实例进一步验证了不同方法的特点.分析结果表明,第三种方法对流体的敏感度最高,能更准确地表征岩石孔隙中流体的性质.     

弱度比在裂隙含流体检测中的应用

裂隙中的流体检测对油气田勘探和开发有重要意义.裂隙弱度比受裂隙中流体的影响,而弱度比对速度比特别敏感,本文对弱度比与速度比的关系进行了研究,给出了弱度比与转换波速度比和时间比的表达式,并将此应用到WJT气田的裂隙含气检测中.实际资料的应用表明,用弱度比检测裂隙中的流体是可能的,弱度比剖面可作为裂隙含流体检测的基本剖面之一.     

油井流动成像电磁测量方法研究

油井内流体的流动成像需要对非均匀介质进行动态非线性测量,基于油气与水的导电特性和介电特性差异,提出一种电磁成像测量方法,通过在井下激发电磁场对流体流动截面进行扫描测量,经过反演处理,实时成像显示流体分布及流动状况.数值模拟和物理模型实验结果表明,该方法可以获得多相流体流动截面的清晰图像.     

夏河5.7级地震前湟源地震台地下流体数据异常分析

夏河5.7级地震前,湟源地震台地下流体数据存在明显的异常变化.通过与该台形变数据的对比,证实地下流体数据对孕震区和外围区介质变化的响应较灵敏.地下流体由于其可流动的特性,有可能比形变观测仪器能更早地感知到来自地下应力场的变化.研究结果可为地震观测分析提供基础资料.     

介观尺度孔隙流体流动作用对纵波传播特征的影响研究——以周期性层状孔隙介质为例

介观尺度孔隙流体流动是地震频段岩石表现出较强速度频散与衰减的主要作用.利用周期性层状孔隙介质模型,基于准静态孔弹性理论给出了模型中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度以及固体骨架位移等物理量的数学解析表达式,同时利用Biot理论将其扩展至全频段条件下,克服了传统White模型中介质分界面处流体压力不连续的假设. 在此基础上对准静态与全频段下模型介质中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度变化形式及其对弹性波传播特征的影响进行了讨论,为更有效理解介观尺度下流体流动耗散和频散机制提供物理依据.研究结果表明,低频条件下快纵波孔压在介质层内近于定值,慢纵波通过流体扩散改变总孔隙压力, 随频率的增加慢波所形成的流体扩散作用逐渐减弱致使介质中总孔压逐渐接近于快纵波孔压,在较高频率下孔压与应力的二次耦合作用使总孔压超过快纵波孔压.介质中孔隙流体相对运动速度与慢纵波形成的流体相对运动速度变化形式一致;随频率的增加孔隙流体逐渐从排水的弛豫状态过渡到非弛豫状态,其纵波速度-含水饱和度变化形式也从符合孔隙流体均匀分布模式过渡到斑块分布模式,同时介质在不同含水饱和度下的衰减峰值与慢纵波所形成的孔隙流体相对流动速度具有明显的相关性.     

利用时移地震资料划分油藏流体流动单元的可行性分析

油田开发过程中,油层内部流体渗流所引起的含油饱和度、流体压力变化以及原油脱气均可导致时移地震资料的差异振幅. 时移地震资料可以揭示油层内部渗流的影响,为划分油藏流体流动单元提供依据,根据差异振幅的幅度及范围可以确定流动单元的品质及范围,并且油层内部的渗流影响发生在同一流动单元之内. 本文从理论上分析并证明了该方法的可行性.     

三相周期成层Patchy模型中地震波频散和衰减

本文基于White周期层状模型,将传统两相流体（气,水）模型扩展至三相流体（油、气、水）周期层状模型,在Biot理论框架下将其延伸至高频,研究介观尺度地震频带下纵波在三相Patchy模型中的传播规律.应用孔隙介质弹性波波动方程解耦方法,结合等效边界条件,得到Biot1956年理论框架下的纵波速度频散与衰减的解析解.利用频率域有限差分方法,将Biot1941年、1956年理论方程中的微分算子离散化,正演得到纵波速度频散与衰减的数值解,结合由Biot-Gassmann-Hill公式和Biot-Gassmann-Wood公式计算得到的纵波速度上下限,证明了三相流体模型解析解的正确性.随后,研究了三种流体排列顺序对于纵波速度频散和衰减的影响.从受力分析角度来看,油层抵消部分水流对气层的力,使其受力减小,反之水流促进油流入气层,气层受到叠加力,因此改变流体顺序后气层受力情况不同,造成纵波频散和衰减结果有所差异.最后研究了含气饱和度变化对于纵波速度频散和衰减影响.     

基于支持向量机法识别砂岩中流体类型

砂岩储层孔隙中的流体识别一直是石油勘探开发过程中重要的环节,传统方法主要依赖于测井数据,但是在测井数据缺失的条件下较难得到准确的流体识别结果.本文提出一种只依靠地震数据的砂岩中流体识别的新方法,并选择地球物理方法可测或可求的地球物理参数σ、ρλ和ρμ作为流体识别因子,然后进行模型实验.首先,设置典型流体状态,用Gassmann方程进行流体替换,将得到的流体识别因子作为支持向量机的训练集数据,并定义支持向量机的分类标签;之后,设置随机流体状态,利用Gassmann方程计算流体因子,将得到的结果作为支持向量机的测试集数据.将训练集、测试集数据集输入支持向量机,进行分类,得出测试集数据的分类结果.模型实验分类结果表明,支持向量机法可以判别砂岩孔隙中流体的主要属性.     

Flow imaging method of electromagnetic measurement in well logging

Multiphase flow in an oil well is a dynamic phenomenon of inhomogeneous medium,which should be studied in a nonlinear way. This paper presents an electromagnetic measurement method based on the electrical property differences between oil,gas and water to scan,inverse and show the distribution and condition of multiphase flow. Both numerical simulation and physical experiments have proved that clear images could be obtained by this way.     

Stochastic analysis of multiphase flow in porous media: 1. Spectral/perturbation approach

Stochastic analysis of steady-state multiphase (water, oil, and air) flow in heterogeneous porous media was performed using the perturbation theory and spectral representation techniques. The gas phase is assumed to have constant pressure. The governing equations describing the flow of oil and water are coupled and nonlinear. The key stochastic input variables are intrinsic permeability,k, and the soil grain size distribution index, . Three different stochastic combinations of these two input parameters were considered. The perturbation/spectral analysis was used to develop closed-form expressions that describe stochastic variability of key output processes, such as capillary and individual phase pressures and specific discharges. The analysis also included the derivation of the mean flow equations and estimation of the effective flow properties. The impact of the spatial variability ofk and on the effective conductivities and the variances of pressures and specific discharges was examined.     

Characteristics of petroleum accumulation in syncline of the Songliao basin and discussion on its accumulation mechanism

The relation between oil and water in reservoirs with low and ultra-low permeability is very complicated. Gravitational separation of oil and water is not obvious. Normal reservoirs are located in depression and structural high spot, oil and water transitions are located in their middle. Stagnation is the key fact of oil-forming reservoir in the axis of a syncline based on the research of oil, gas and water migration manner, dynamics and non-Darcy flow in the Songliao basin. In low and ultra-low permeable reservoir, gas and water migrate easily through pore throats because their molecules are generally smaller than the pore throats; but the minimum diameter of oil droplets is larger than pore throats and they must be deformed to go through. Thus, gas and water migrate in advance of oil, and oil droplets remain behind. Pressure differential and the buoyancy force in a syncline reservoir are a main fluid driving force; and capillary force is the main resistance to flow. When the dynamics force is less than resistance, oil is immobile. When the buoyancy force is less than the capillary force, a gravitational separation of oil and water does not occur. The reservoir in the mature source rock of a syncline area with the low and ul- tra-low permeability belongs to an unconventional petroleum reservoir.     

多相管流电磁成像测井方法研究

基于油、气与水的导电特性和介电特性差异,提出一种多相管流成像测井方法,可测量并求出油井内多相流体流动的截面图像．通过分析油井内流体中电磁场的特性,提出新的成像测井方法,并用自行研制的环状阵列式测量探头进行实验,验证了方法的可行性．     

Three-phase measurements of oil and gas trapping in sand packs

We measure the trapped saturations of oil and gas as a function of initial saturation in water-wet sand packs. We start with a water-saturated column and inject octane (oil), while water and oil are produced from the bottom. Once water production has ceased, air (gas) then enters from the top, allowing oil and gas to drain under gravity for different times. Finally water is then injected from the bottom to trap both oil and gas. The columns are sliced and the fluids analyzed using gas chromatography. We find that for high initial gas saturations more gas can be trapped in the presence of oil than in a two-phase (gas/water) system. The residual gas saturation can be over 20% compared to 14% in two-phase flow [Al Mansoori SK, Iglauer S, Pentland CH, Bijeljic B, Blunt MJ. Measurements of non-wetting phase trapping applied to carbon dioxide storage. Energy Procedia 2009;1(1):3173–80]. This is unlike previous measurements on consolidated media, where the trapped gas saturation is either similar or lower to that reached in an equivalent two-phase experiment. For lower initial gas saturation, the amount of trapping follows the initial-residual trend seen in two-phase experiments. The amount of oil trapped is insensitive to initial gas saturation or the amount of gas that is trapped, again in contrast to measurements on consolidated media. More oil is trapped than would be predicted from an equivalent two-phase (oil/water) system, although the trapped saturation is never larger than the maximum reached in two-phase flow (around 11%) [Pentland CH, Al Mansoori SK, Iglauer S, Bijeljic B, Blunt MJ. Measurement of non-wetting phase trapping in sand packs. In: SPE 115697, proceedings of the SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA; 21–24 September 2008]. These initially surprising results are explained in the context of oil layer stability and the competition between snap-off and piston-like advance. In two-phase systems, displacement is principally by cooperative piston-like advance with relatively little trapping, whereas in consolidated media snap-off is generally more significant. However, oil layer collapse events during three-phase waterflooding rapidly trap the oil which acts as a barrier to direct water/gas displacement, except by snap-off, leading to enhanced gas trapping.     

Development and verification of deep-water blowout models

Modeling of deep-water releases of gas and oil involves conventional plume theory in combination with thermodynamics and mass transfer calculations. The discharges can be understood in terms of multiphase plumes, where gas bubbles and oil droplets may separate from the water phase of the plume and rise to the surface independently. The gas may dissolve in the ambient water and/or form gas hydrates––a solid state of water resembling ice. All these processes will tend to deprive the plume as such of buoyancy, and in stratified water the plume rise will soon terminate. Slick formation will be governed by the surfacing of individual oil droplets in a depth and time variable current. This situation differs from the conditions observed during oil-and-gas blowouts in shallow and moderate water depths. In such cases, the bubble plume has been observed to rise to the surface and form a strong radial flow that contributes to a rapid spreading of the surfacing oil. The theories and behaviors involved in deepwater blowout cases are reviewed and compared to those for the shallow water blowout cases.     

River flow regimes in a changing climate

Abstract

A river flow regime describes an average seasonal behaviour of flow and reflects the climatic and physiographic conditions in a basin. Differences in the regularity (stability) of the seasonal patterns reflect different dimensionality of the flow regimes, which can change subject to changes in climate conditions. The empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) approach can be used to describe the intrinsic dimension of river flow regimes and is also an adopted method for reducing the phase space in connection to climate change studies, especially in studies of nonlinear dynamic systems with preferred states. A large data set of monthly river flow for the Nordic countries has been investigated in the phase space reduced to the first few amplitude functions to trace a possible signature of climate change on the seasonal flow patterns. The probability density functions (PDF) of the weight coefficients and their possible change over time were used as an indicator of climate change. Two preferred states were identified connected to stable snowmelt-fed and rainfed flow regimes. The results indicate changes in the PDF patterns with time towards higher frequencies of rainfed regime types. The dynamics of seasonal patterns studied in terms of PDF renders it an adequate and convenient characterization, helping to avoid bias connected to flow regime classifications as well as uncertainties inferred by a modelling approach.     

A practical model for mobile, residual, and entrapped NAPL in water-wet porous media

Flow of nonvolatile nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and aqueous phases that account for mobile, entrapped, and residual NAPL in variably saturated water-wet porous media is modeled and compared against results from detailed laboratory experiments. Residual saturation formation in the vadose zone is a process that is often ignored in multifluid flow simulators, which might cause an overestimation of the volume of NAPL that reaches the ground water. Mobile NAPL is defined as being continuous in the pore space and flows under a pressure gradient or gravitational body force. Entrapped NAPL is defined as being occluded by the aqueous phase, occurring as immobile ganglia surrounded by aqueous phase in the pore space and formed when NAPL is replaced by the aqueous phase. Residual NAPL is defined as immobile, nonwater entrapped NAPL that does not drain from the pore spaces and is conceptualized as being either continuous or discontinuous. Free NAPL comprises mobile and residual NAPL. The numerical model is formulated on mass conservation equations for oil and water, transported via NAPL and aqueous phases through variably saturated porous media. To account for phase transitions, a primary variable switching scheme is implemented for the oil-mass conservation equation over three phase conditions: (1) aqueous or aqueous-gas with dissolved oil, (2) aqueous or aqueous-gas with entrapped NAPL, and (3) aqueous or aqueous gas with free NAPL. Two laboratory-scale column experiments are modeled to verify the numerical model. Comparisons between the numerical simulations and experiments demonstrate the necessity to include the residual NAPL formation process in multifluid flow simulators.