新疆首次发现中志留世放射虫化石

1987年,笔者在西准蛇绿岩队野外考察中,于玛依拉山南坡托里县西南约48km的克尔哈达采集了一套硅质岩样品,从硅质粉砂岩标本(R87-243)中分离出保存完好的放射虫化石13属17种(其中包括3新属9新种)。     

矿物热电效应测试

1965年笔者曾简要地介绍过有关热电效应的基本概念,国外有关矿物热电效应研究及其在地质学中的应用。 近年笔者装配了一套热电效应测试仪器,先后对33种矿物共103块标本作了测试。现将测试设备及结果简介如下。     

广西来宾、合山地区二叠系地层中的遗迹化石及其环境意义

1982、1983年,笔者在广西来宾、合山地区进行考察时,在该区地层中先后发现了比较丰富的遗迹化石。这些发现,无疑会丰富我国遗迹化石方面的实际资料,并对判明该区的沉积环境和古地理概貌,起着突出的作用。     

契尔卡索夫平行光线油浸新法的试验和讨论

前言 1958年春,笔者曾在地貭部矿物原料专业会議上作了“油浸法测驗折光率的发展和討論”的报告,在报告中并介紹了契尔卡索夫油浸新法的理論。1959年地貭部出版的“矿物原料”第四輯內刊登了伍桂芳同志所写的“介紹两种测折光率的方法”一文,文內曾扼要地介紹了笔者对于契尔卡索夫油浸新法的試驗。現在将我们试驗的全部过程,詳述于后,以供参考和討論。二、平行偏光的重要性油浸法是測驗矿物折光率的主要方法。     

论“东川式铜矿”的成因

云南东川地区,元古界昆阳群落雪白云岩中规模巨大的层状铜矿,1941年由谢家荣命名为“东川式铜矿”^[1],用以代表与闪长岩有关的岩浆热液矿床。李洪谟、王尚文(1941年)、孟宪民等(1948年)^[3]对这一成因观点都有详细的论述。1960年后,孟宪民指出,东川铜矿可能为沉积成因。笔者在东川白锡腊、因民、落雪、汤丹等地,发现铜矿床中保留了很多沉积成岩的标志,同时根据脉状铜矿是变质脉、岩浆岩的同位素年龄小于层状铜矿等特征,从而提出了沉积变质的成因认识。1975年,桂林冶金地质研究所提出此类矿床应更名为火山—沉积—浅变质矿床^[4]。近年来,通过对含矿层的岩相和岩石学的研究、铜矿与藻类叠层石关系的研究,笔者认为,“东川式铜矿”的成因不是单一的,是沉积成岩、蒸发成岩、变质改造等多成因、多阶段形成的一种复合矿床,本文就此进行了探讨。     

四川盆地西北部晚三叠世卡尼期的海绵斑块礁

四川盆地西北部晚三叠世卡尼期的海绵斑块礁是在1975年由张长俊、朱永铭及本文作者发现的。笔者对其进行了野外及室内研究。     

有序地质量的简单分段法

近年来出现了用数学方法处理地质工作中的分层、分带或分段问题。费歇分段法(W.D.Fisher,1958),即“最优分割法”被普遍采用。应当指出,这个方法有一定的局限性。笔者曾对这个方法作了一些分析讨论¹⁾。为了克服费歇法的不足,笔者在本文中提出了另一种算法,称为简单分段法。     

对“含矿溶液上昇的力学性质(充填型)及其对若干内生铅锌矿床空间分布的影响”一文的几点意见

前些日子,笔者读到了高旭征在地质科学1958年第3期上发表的“含矿溶液上升的力学性质(充填型)及其对若干内生铅锌矿床空间分布的影响”一文。     

长白山地区新生代火山岩的钾-氩年龄测定

长白山地区自晚第三纪以来有过多次火山活动,形成了大量的玄武岩和粗面岩,笔者运用钾-氩稀释法测定了这些火山岩的年龄,得到30多个表面年龄和4个等时年龄,年龄区间为19.91±0.20-0.0876±0.015百万年。     

湖北当阳白垩纪风成石英砂

风成沉积是干旱或半干旱气候下的一种典型产物,包括石漠戈壁滩,沙漠和风成黄土。世界上研究得较详细的古代沙漠沉积的地质时代是侏罗纪、二叠-三叠纪、泥盆纪、下寒武世和前寒武纪,尤其是二叠纪最佳。在我国,已经报道的古风成沉积时代不老于白垩纪。1963年张步春和王景钵首次报道在广东河源红色盆地地层中,发现了风成斜层理和风棱石。后来,笔者在湖南沅麻红色盆地的白垩系中也发现有风成砂。     

Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution by Natural and Pretreated Zeolites

Hazardous metal cations enter water through the natural geochemical route or from the industrial wastes. Their separation and removal can be achieved by adsorptive accumulation of the cations on a suitable adsorbent. In the present work, toxic Pb(II) ions are removed from water by accumulating it on the surface of natural zeolite in three different forms; one untreated and two treated samples, one sample treated with 2 M HCI solution and other is treated with 3 M NaOH solution. Natural zeolite is mainly composed of clinoptilolite, and mordenite, with amount of non-zeolite phase (smectite and illite) and C and CT opal. The adsorption experiments are carried out using a batch process in environments of different pH, initial Pb(II) concentration, interaction time and amount of zeolites. Treated zeolite samples show high exchange capacity for Pb(II) compared to untreated sample, however, acid-treated sample shows an exceedingly good exchange capacity. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 115, 126, and 132 mg g⁻¹ of untreated natural zeolites, alkali-treated zeolites and acid-treated zeolites respectively. The rates of adsorption were found to confirm to pseudo-first order kinetic with good correlation and the overall rate of lead ions uptake.     

我国的一些斜发沸石、片沸石和丝光沸石的研究

本文收集了我国一些地区的斜发沸石、片沸石和丝光沸石样品,进行了矿物分离、提纯和化学分析,测定了沸石的晶胞参数,将其结果与国外资料进行了对比,指出了我国目前所发现的一些斜发沸石和丝光沸石的特点。     

碱处理对河北围场天然沸石结构和性能的影响及其机理研究

采用NaOH对围场地区天然沸石进行处理,采用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、N2吸附-脱附技术、扫描电子显微镜等对材料进行表征分析,采用水蒸气吸附法评价材料的亲水性,采用Cr3+和Mn2+评价材料的离子交换性能,探讨了碱处理对天然沸石的结构、亲水性和离子交换性能的影响及其机理.实验结果表明,围场地区天然沸石中主要含有斜发沸石...     

阳离子对斜发沸石物理化学性能的影响

利用离子交换方法可以制备出K-型、Na-型和Ca-型斜发沸石。斜发沸石所含的阳离子类型不同,其物理化学性能有明显的差异。本文就不同类型的阳离子对斜发沸石的某些物理化学性能的影响进行了研究。     

The sorption of toxic elements onto natural zeolite,synthetic goethite and modified powdered block carbon

Inorganic elements analyses of Carapicuíba lake reveal that As, Cr, Pb and Mn are above the recommended drinking water standards. The mean total concentrations of toxic elements in surface water decrease in the order Mn > Cr > Pb > As. At elevated concentrations, toxic elements like Cr can accumulate in soils and enter the food chain, leading to serious health hazards and threatening the long-term sustainability of the local ecosystem. Absorbing materials has often been used to improve water quality. In this investigation three types of material were studied: the natural zeolite (mordenite); synthetic goethite and the powdered block carbon modified. The adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Mn²⁺ onto natural zeolite as a function of their concentrations was studied at 24°C by varying the metal concentration from 100 to 400 mg L⁻¹ while keeping all other parameters constant. The low-cost zeolites removed Pb from water without any pretreatment at pH values <6. The maximum adsorption attained was as follows: Pb²⁺ 78.7% and Mn²⁺ 19.6%. The modified powdered block carbon effectively removed As(V) and Cr(VI) while goethite removed more chromate than arsenate in the pH range 5–6. Results of this study will be used to evaluate the application these materials for the treatment of the Carapicuíba lake’s water.     

An experimental study on the process of zeolite formation

Results are reported of an experimental study which examined the effect of solution composition on the composition, structure, and crystallization path of phillipsite and merlinoite in the system Na₂OK₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂H₂O at 80°C and $\text{pH = 13.34–13.71}$.At a fixed 3.5 M total dissolved silica concentration, zeolite Si/Al ratio was found to be a linear function of pH within the pH range of the experiments.²⁹Si NMR spectra of the initial solutions show that pH determines the distribution of aqueous aluminosilicate species and, as a result, the precipitated zeolite Si/Al ratio. SEM observations reveal that zeolites may precipitate with or without the presence of an intermediary gel phase, depending on solution composition. The growth rate of the zeolites was found to be dependent upon solution pH and total dissolved aluminum concentration. These observations are discussed in terms of their possible applications to natural zeolite paragenesis and serve to delineate the framework of a comprehensive theory for the mechanism of zeolite crystallization from highly alkaline solutions.     

Isopropylxanthate ions uptake by modified natural zeolite and removal by dissolved air flotation

This work describes a laboratory study concerning the adsorption of isopropylxanthate ions onto modified zeolites particles. The separation of the loaded carrier and their removal, from aqueous solutions, was conducted by flocculation followed by dissolved air flotation, DAF. The zeolite employed was a natural sample (approximately 48% clinoptilolite and 30% mordenite) which was previously treated with sodium ions (activation) and modified with copper ions (Cu–Z) before the xanthate ions uptake. Adsorption capacities (q_m) for Cu–Z were 0.34 meq g^− 1 for the powdered form, and 1.12 meq g^− 1 for the floc form. The adsorption capacity for the floc form appears to involve an enhanced electrostatic adsorption due to the positive sites on the floc surface. In all cases, the isopropylxanthate concentration in the treated water was found to be negligible (< 0.04 mg L^{− 1}). The flotation technique showed to be a fast process, requires a low recycle ratio (20%) in air saturated water, and the treated water ended up with a very low residual turbidity (6.8 NTU). It is believed that this adsorption–flotation technique, here named adsorptive particulate flotation, using activated and modified natural zeolite has a high potential as an alternative for pollutants removal (copper and isopropylxanthate ions) from waste mining effluents.     

Chromium,molybdenum, vanadium,and fluoride sorption from steelwork slag eluates by different mineral additives

Today, the environmental behavior of steelwork slags is very important for their application. When slags are used as building materials, they can interact with water and soil, with the possibility of leaching of harmful components, e.g., metals such as vanadium or anions such as fluoride. The leachable concentrations of various environmentally relevant parameters have to be below defined limit values, which are given by environmental authorities. In this study, different mineral additives have been investigated for their suitability to reduce chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, and fluoride concentrations in slag eluates, as a basis for planned investigations of the long-term leaching behavior of slag/additive mixtures. Seven mineral additives including iron oxide hydroxide, sludge from aluminum production, triple superphosphate, two water work sludges I and II, zeolite powder, and zeolite granules were tested for their efficiency to sorb trace elements and fluoride from four slag eluates comprising two basic oxygen furnace slags and two electric arc furnace slags. The limit values according to the German Alternative Construction Material Ordinance were used to verify which additives were able to minimize concentrations of trace elements and fluoride in slags eluates. Due to high eluate concentrations, the sludge from aluminum production and the triple superphosphate could be excluded from further investigations. The efficiency of the other additives follows the trend iron oxide hydroxide > water work sludges > zeolites. Particularly, the iron oxide hydroxide and the water work sludge I seem to be appropriate to enhance possible applications of slags with respect to the German regulation.     

斜发沸石和丝光沸石的吸水性能

用离子交换、酸和碱处理斜发沸石来提高它的吸水能力没有取得明显效果。测得的斜发沸石、丝光沸石吸附水的等温线具有非线性特征,但25℃的等温线在水蒸气分压高于2400Pa 时,斜发沸石、丝光沸石和有粘合剂的合成分子筛的吸水量随着分压的升高而增加。这是由于样品中含有粘土矿物产生水蒸气的毛细凝聚作用而引起的。根据沸石的吸附热和水的蒸发热,用沸石作为吸附剂和水作为工质能建立一个高效的沸石太阳能利用体系。     

Characterization and environmental application of a Chilean natural zeolite

The use of natural zeolites for environmental applications is gaining new research interests mainly due to their properties and significant worldwide occurrence. The present work describes the characterization of a natural Chilean zeolite and the results as adsorbent for ammonia from aqueous solutions. The zeolitic-rich tuff sample, mainly composed of clinoptilolite and mordenite, consisted of 13 μm mean volumetric particle diameter, 55 m² g⁻¹ (methylene blue adsorption) and 177 m² g⁻¹ (nitrogen adsorption) of specific surface area. Particles were negatively charged over a broad pH range (with or without ammonia) and 1.02 meq NH₄⁺ g⁻¹ cation-exchange capacity. The ammonia removal appears to proceed through ion-exchange and rapid kinetics (rate constant of 0.3 min⁻¹) at neutral pH value, with removal capacities up to 0.68 meq NH₄⁺ g⁻¹. The Langmuir isotherm model provided excellent equilibrium data fitting (R²=0.97). Results indicate a significant potential for the Chilean natural zeolite as an adsorbent/ion-exchange material for wastewater treatment and water reuse applications.