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This article extends the earlier work (Haavisto et al. 2008. Optical spectrum based measurement of flotation slurry contents. Int. J. Miner. Process. 88 (3–4), 80–88), where visible and near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used together with an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to improve the assaying of zinc flotation concentrate. Especially the sampling interval of the assay could be drastically reduced by the presented approach. In this study, a multichannel VNIR spectrum analyzer is utilized to measure the spectrum of the seven most important slurry lines in copper and zinc flotation circuits. Recursive data-based modeling is applied to the VNIR spectrum data and XRF assays to calculate and adaptively maintain the calibration model. The accuracy of the VNIR assays is evaluated in all the lines, and the benefits of the obtained high frequency assays in detecting oscillations and sudden grade changes are demonstrated. 相似文献
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G.W. Cutting D. Watson A. Whitehead S.P. Barber 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1981,7(4):347-369
The paper discusses the obstacles in the way of making mathematical models of flotation circuits for use in process design; and describes also a route towards simple, but practical, models of full-scale flotation plant performance, which overcome the major problems. The principal difficulties lie in simulating the froth processes at full-scale. Timed batch tests may be used to identify the pulp-froth transfer processes, and steady-state (“equilibrium”) cell tests may be used to identify static froth concentration profiles. Froth mobility in a real cell is different from that in an “equilibrium” cell, and this paper shows how these dynamic patterns have been investigated, and may be used to simulate full-scale circuits. It is shown that it is not possible, at the present time, to completely eliminate judgement and experience from the establishment of parameter values; but the position should improve as experience accumulates. 相似文献
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J.C.A. Green 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1984,13(2):83-103
The generalised optimisation of a flotation network is studied by means of using variable connections (structural parameters) and variable enhancement factors which are used instead of a flotation model to describe the separation process. The enhancement factors are functions of variables affecting the flotation process. These functional relationship may be derived by means of using a flotation model. Bounds are placed on the enhancement factors by means of either using a flotation model or by inspection of existing pilot or commercial plant data. These bounds, together with external, system and mass balance constraints and an appropriate objective function, define the general optimisation problem for a flotation network.The optimisation problem above may be solved by non-linear programming methods, however, it is easily transformable into a Linear Programme which is easy to solve. The procedure has been applied to a flotation circuit comprising three banks of cells for which an optimal set of connections and enhancement factors has been computed for varying constraints.A simulation procedure based on a gamma flotation model has been applied to one of the optimal circuits so as to compute the flotation variables. 相似文献
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Vasudev Singh Trilok Nath Singh Veerendra Singh 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(7-8):1163-1171
During the mining operation, ore sorting and directing different grade ores to different processing circuits is a manual task in most of working mines, but this work puts a step forward toward automation of this process. The radical development in the area of image and data processing allows speedy processing of the full color digital images for the preferred investigations. In this paper, an approach has been proposed to classify the ores for blast furnace feed, based on the visual texture of the ore particles. The visual texture of ore particles vary with the mineral contents, for example, blue dust, hard ore, soft ore, etc. This information can be quantified by using image processing technique in red, green, and blue color space and first- and second-order statistical analysis. Commonly used Hartlics textural features were calculated along with red, green, and blue color values for 5?×?5-pixel size windowpanes extracted from five separate images. Results obtained show encouraging accuracy to apply the approach to develop an expert system for online ore quality monitoring to control the ore blending in the feed ore circuits as well as separating gangue minerals present in the feed ores. Matlab 6.5 was used for visual textural analysis and classification. 相似文献
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This paper deals with the counting and measuring of overlapping circular objects in binary images, a problem that arises in the mineral processing industry when estimating the distribution of bubble diameters in flotation cells in order to predict the geometallurgical performance of the flotation process. By viewing the images as realizations of a stationary planar Boolean model with circular grains and by using two-point set statistics, it is possible to jointly estimate the average number of objects per unit area and their diameter distribution. When applied to real and simulated images, this method is shown to give accurate estimates, to be robust to the presence of noise contaminating the images and of moderate drifts in the number of objects per unit area, and to speed up the processing time with respect to currently used methods. Combined, these properties serve to make the method suitable for an on-line monitoring of the flotation process. 相似文献
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Mineralogical and elemental variation of coal from Alberta, Canada: an example from the No. 2 seam, Genesee Mine 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mineralogy and elemental contents were determined on 18 samples from a vertical profile of the No. 2 seam, Genesee mine, AB. The samples analyzed consist of coal, coaly shale, shaly coal, carbonaceous shale, shale, mudstone and siltstone. Proximate analysis was determined on all samples. Elemental analyses were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for all elements except As, B, Cd, Hg, Mo, Pb, Se (Atomic Absorption) and B, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Nb, Sr and V (inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy, ICP-ES). Samples were low temperature ashed (LTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to determine quantitative major mineralogy. Accessory mineralogy was determined with Scannining Electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM/EDX) on four samples. In general, the coals in the Genesee mine are within the low end of the range for trace element contents given by Swaine [Swaine, D.J., 1990. Trace Elements in Coal. Butterworths, London, 278 pp.] for most coals. High contents of Cr (9–2620 ppm) and Ni (1–1440 ppm) can be related to an increased amount of a Cr–Ni–Fe oxide (chromite–magnetite?) likely derived from ultrabasic diatremes in the Golden-Columbia Icefields, BC area. The No. 2 seam of the Genesee mine can be divided into two geochemical cycles on the basis of mineralogy, trace element contents and rare earth element (REE) behavior. Cycle I consists of quartz, calcite and kaolinite, lower trace element contents, REE slightly enriched in high rare earth elements (HREE), and thick coal with few partings. Cycle II consists of quartz, calcite, kaolinite, illite, mixed layer and/or expandable lattice clays, feldspar, gypsum, calcium aluminum sulfate hydrate, clinoptilolite, calcite and diopside, higher trace element contents, REE slightly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and thin coal with a greater frequency of partings. The differences between the two geochemical cycles can be accounted for by a decreasing stability of the peat-forming environment resulting from an increasing fluvial influence and volcanogenic input. 相似文献
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J.A. Frew 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1982,9(2):173-189
The detailed flotation behaviour observed in industrial zinc cleaning circuits at Broken Hill differs markedly from that commonly reported for rougher and scavenger flotation. Flotation is strongly influenced by solids to liquid ratio (pulp density) and the behaviour can be described by an exponential relationship between the flotation rate coefficient and the pulp density in each cell. The dependence on pulp density is largely independent of mineral type but does depend upon particle size. The largest variation is observed for coarse particles.The observations are of considerable significance to control of circuit performance. The results of simulations incorporating the dependence of rate coefficient upon pulp density differ substantially from those obtained from conventional models which assume constant rate coefficients. 相似文献
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The use of the concept of maximum technical efficiency as a criterion for optimum setting of a mineral separation stage is discussed. The graphical assessment of an optimum is illustrated by the use of minerals separation curves for flotation of pentlandite and chalcopyrite.For multi-stage circuits it is shown that in some circumstances an often used recycle rule requiring matching streams is in accord with optimizing criteria. However, the rule cannot always be applied, and in the case of flotation systems it may be misleading. Also for flotation, distinctions between optimum setting of a stage and optimum setting of a system are important.An attempt is made to analyze some commonly occurring flowsheet features in terms of optimizing by maximizing technical efficiency. Specifically, cleaner-scavenger operation, bulked recycle streams and open-circuit re-treat systems are assessed by reference to some operations in Australia. The assessment suggests that (within analysis limitations imposed by use of simple optimizing criteria) it may be best to stay with well-established conventional circuitry. 相似文献
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同步辐射X射线荧光光谱分析(SRXRF)是一种基于同步加速器光源与X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)相结合的原位分析方法, 可以直接对沉积物进行扫描获得每个点的能谱图, 从而计算元素含量的相对变化。但是由于荧光光谱定性和定量分析中存在的问题, 国内发表文献中各种XRF原位分析数据均以相对含量或者计数表示。本文通过对各种标准物质(土壤、沉积物和岩石)的SRXRF分析, 结合标准样品的定量数据, 对同步辐射X射线荧光光谱的定量方法进行了研究。鉴于元素质量数和谱线强度的差异, 不同元素需要运用不同的归一方法。对于K和Ca元素, 采用ROI0-195背景归一; Ti元素采用ROI293-303背景归一; Mn元素采用ROI214-222背景归一; 而较高序数的元素Fe采用拟合康普顿散射峰归一。通过上述归一方法, 我们获得了K、Ca、Ti、Mn和Fe元素的定量标准曲线, 相关系数分别为0.89、0.98、0.96、0.93和0.98。运用标准样品对各元素的定量标准曲线进行检验, 结果表明:Fe元素含量预测的平均相对偏差小于10%, K、Ca和Ti的平均相对偏差小于20%, Mn的相对偏差较大, 为35.9% 。从总体上看, SRXRF获得的数据可以基本满足湖泊沉积物中元素分析的定量化需求。为验证SRXRF方法能否揭示元素含量的季节性变化, 我们对四海龙湾纹层沉积物进行了分析, 按选定的归一方法计算样品中元素特征谱线的强度, 利用各元素的标准曲线计算岩芯沉积物中元素含量。K、Ca、Ti、Mn和Fe元素含量具有明显的季节韵律变化, 浅色碎屑微层中Ti和Ca含量较高, 而Mn和Fe丰度的高值对应于暗色有机质-碎屑混合层。初步研究结果表明同步辐射X射线荧光光谱分析可以揭示湖泊中沉积的元素的季节性变化, 对研究过去季节-年尺度的古气候、古环境变化具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
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Time-series analysis techniques are used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the flotation circuits on the Renison tin concentrator in Tasmania. Routine plant-operating data provide information on the variability of feed streams, the disturbances resulting from normal manual operation, the suitability of certain locations for sitting instruments, and some simple time delays in the circuit. It is also shown how plant upsets and abnormal conditions caused by large perturbations to the operation can prove useful in such studies. Finally, a dynamic experiment is described which shows that disturbances higher in frequency than those in the feed are induced in the roughing and scavenging operations, but that these are filtered out again in the cleaner circuit. The uses and limitations of these techniques are discussed. 相似文献
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Estimation of the long-term environmental impact of mining wastes is of socio-economic interest. Bulk analytical approaches of the neutralizing (NP) and acid potentials (AP) provide in general worst-case scenarios for acid rock drainage (ARD) predictions and long-term evaluation. Taking individual graded layers with variable reactive mineral ratios into consideration, alternating zones, highly contrasting in their neutralizing and acid potential, can be identified and quantified using scanning electron microscope–mineral liberation analyzer (SEM–MLA) and μ-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF)–petrographic analyst (PA) for the first time. The bulk NP and AP values increased by a factor of 2.13 and 1.37, respectively, compared to the average values of the mineralogical NP/AP. At the contrasting boundaries, precipitation of pore-clogging secondary phases might be enhanced. These new information can be used as input parameters to model the future behavior of a non-homogeneous multiplied laminated body with reactive transport modeling. 相似文献
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现在市面上所谓的"美国松"其实大多经过一种Zachery的处理方法,本文采用放大观察、紫外-可见光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪等测试手段,对Zachery处理绿松石进行了宝石学、矿物学、化学成分和谱学特征的研究.结果显示,由于自然界产出的绿松石的光泽、结构、密度、硬度等变化范围较大,因此常规宝石学测试无法区分Zachery处理绿松石,紫外-可见光谱仪和红外光谱也无法鉴定Zachery处理的绿松石,只有X荧光光谱仪测试结果显示K+元素含量高以及扫描电镜显示表面具结晶现象可以作为绿松石经过Zachery处理的准确判断依据. 相似文献